Validation of a novel resin-porcine thorax model for chest drain insertion training.

Chest drain insertion in inexperienced hands carries a significant morbidity and mortality. The royal colleges, recognising this, stipulated that chest drain insertion be included as one of the core competences for all core medical trainees. However, there is no formal training in chest drain insertion included in training programmes. Simulation training should, in theory, provide a safe and objective method to overcome the obstacles in chest drain insertion training. There have been a number of attempts to find the ideal simulator for chest drain insertion with varying success. This article describes a model which is practical and affordable in all clinical skills labs, using porcine ribs mounted on a resin cast of a human thorax, and the data about the validation of the porcine-thorax model for chest drain insertion presented.

The incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of Branhamella catarrhalis in respiratory infections.

The incidence of Branhamella catarrhalis in respiratory infections at City Hospital, Edinburgh from January 1981 to April 1984 is described. Beginning in January 1982 there was an increased incidence associated with a high proportion of beta-lactamase-producing strains. The number of these strains increased: from January 1981 to April 1983, 61% of strains produced beta-lactamase, and 83% produced beta-lactamase from January to April 1984. 53% of patients were infected in hospital. Environmental studies showed that 7% of staff and 8% of patients were carriers; there was also circumstantial evidence of ward and patient-to-patient infection. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 54 clinical strains was tested: all strains were resistant to trimethoprim but were susceptible to clavulanic acid plus amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, cefotaxime and cefuroxime. beta-Lactamase-negative strains were uniformly susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin.

Bronchopulmonary infection due to B. catarrhalis. Clinical features and therapeutic response.

A study was made of the clinical features and therapeutic response of 144 patients from whose sputum Branhamella catarrhalis was isolated. Typically, features of bronchopulmonary infection with cough productive of moderate amounts of purulent sputum, fever and dyspnoea were present. Of 74 patients who were infected in the community, 50 required hospital admission. Nosocomial infection occurred in the remaining 70 patients. Most patients had chronic pulmonary diseases or carcinoma bronchus; pneumonia occurred in 12 patients. Acute tracheobronchitis developed in 4 healthy non-smokers after viral illnesses. B. catarrhalis contributed to the death of 8 patients. Overall, 59% of isolates produced beta-lactamase but the proportion had risen to 70% by the end of the study; half of these were community acquired. 41% of patients who were treated initially with ampicillin did not respond. Clavulanic acid plus amoxycillin, co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and cefotaxime are useful alternative antibiotics. All strains of B. catarrhalis were resistant to trimethoprim.

Characterisation of Branhamella catarrhalis and differentiation from Neisseria species in a diagnostic laboratory.

To distinguish Branhamella catarrhalis from Neisseria species a study of 140 strains was made on simple laboratory media, with particular reference to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) production, superoxol reaction, and growth characteristics. All 97 clinical isolates of B catarrhalis (58 of which were beta-lactamase positive) and eight strains of B catarrhalis from the National Collection of Type Cultures were DNase positive and superoxol positive. None grew on modified New York City medium, modified Thayer Martin medium, MacConkey agar, crystal violet blood agar, nor under anaerobic conditions. Of the 16 different non-pathogenic Neisseria species tested, all were DNase negative, eight (50%) were superoxol reaction negative, and 13 (81%) grew on crystal violet blood agar. Using simple laboratory media, DNase, and superoxol tests, it was possible to identify B catarrhalis and to distingish it from pathogenic and non-pathogenic Neisseria species.

Branhamella catarrhalis prevalence in a hospital population.

The prevalence of environmental and nasopharyngeal carriage of Branhamella catarrhalis in hospital staff members and in-patients was higher than previous studies suggested. Pernasal swabs performed on 59 members of staff revealed four isolates of Branh. catarrhalis, two of which were beta-lactamase producers. Seven isolates, two beta-lactamase positive, were recovered from 89 in-patients none of whom had bronchopulmonary infection with Branh. catarrhalis. From 117 settle plates six isolates, one beta-lactamase positive, were recorded. Attempts to bacteriocine type the isolates failed. In the absence of a typing system for Branh. catarrhalis evidence of nosocomial spread remains circumstantial.

Pulmonary diseases in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Zimbabwe, Central Africa.

During the 11 month period up to 30 September 1987, 37 patients (26 male, 11 female, mean age 27 years) with respiratory symptoms who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, were studied prospectively on 40 occasions to determine the cause of any pulmonary complications. HIV was heterosexually transmitted. Predominant symptoms were cough (89%), fever (89%), weight loss (83%), and dyspnoea (60%). Transnasal fibre-optic bronchoscopy (with bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brushings and transbronchial lung biopsies) was performed on 35 patients, twice on 3 patients. 'Tru-cut' lung biopsies were obtained from 2 patients who died before bronchoscopy. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the commonest disease, being found in one-third of the patients (12 of 37). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from 4; the remainder of the plates were contaminated. Pneumocystis carinii was present in 8 patients: as the sole pathogen in 3, with Streptococcus pneumoniae in 4, Staphylococcus aureus in 2, and one also had tuberculous lymphadenitis. Endobronchial Kaposi's sarcoma was seen in 6 of 7 patients with skin nodules. Bacterial pathogens isolated included Staph. aureus (5), S. pneumoniae (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2), Haemophilus influenzae (2), H. parainfluenzae (1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1). Invading Aspergillus fumigatus was diagnosed by lung biopsy in one. No diagnosis was reached for 8 patients. It is concluded that in Central Africa pulmonary complications in AIDS patients are similar to those in Europe and North America but the incidence of different pathogens depends on the prevalence of pathogens in the community. M. tuberculosis is probably the commonest pathogen. This study has confirmed that P. carinii pneumonia does occur, but occurs less frequently.

Audit of the use of erythromycin in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory infections.

The British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia recommend initial therapy with a betalactam antibiotic, with the addition of erythromycin if there are features of an atypical pneumonia. To see if these guidelines were being followed, a prospective study was undertaken of all adult patients admitted to hospital over a 3-month period who were given erythromycin for a community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection. Erythromycin was given to 62 patients who could be fully assessed. Continued prescription of erythromycin was justified in 10 (16%)--two patients with penicillin allergy, two with M. catarrhalis infection and one patient with legionnaires disease. Five patients had infections severe enough on admission to warrant combined therapy in line with the BTS recommendations. Five patients had erythromycin stopped on day 2. Erythromycin was prescribed on admission and continued unnecessarily in 47/62 patients, showing that the BTS recommendations are not being followed correctly.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS in Central Africa.

Over a period of 11 months, 37 patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) presenting with symptoms of bronchopulmonary disease were investigated. Patients presented with cough, weight loss, fever and dyspnoea. Investigations included fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy. In eight patients (22%) Pneumocystis carinii was found. Pulmonary infiltrates were found on chest radiographs of six patients, while in the remaining two patients chest radiographs showed clear lung fields. P. carinii was found in two patients with pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma. Infection with P. carinii often occurred with other pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae was found in four patients, Staphylococcus aureus in two and tuberculosis in two. P. carinii pneumonia does occur in patients with HIV infection in Africa and the diagnosis is relatively simple to make provided that transbronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage are carried out through a fibreoptic bronchoscope and specimens examined after appropriate staining. However, the prevalence of P. carinii in patients with HIV infection in Africa appears to be lower than that found in patients with HIV infection in Europe and North America.

Infection and Branhamella catarrhalis.

Of the Gram-negative cocci found in the nasopharynx to which any pathogenic status can be attributed, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria (Branhamella) catarrhalis have gained significant notoriety. Traditionally, B. catarrhalis is regarded as a nasopharyngeal commensal and thus there is, in general, considerable reluctance to accept that B. catarrhalis may be a pathogen when it is seen. Hence, it is under-reported or totally ignored though there is more awareness regarding its pathogenic potential, particularly as an increasingly high incidence of beta lactamase producing strains is being reported from many countries. The importance of this development concerns the choice of routine antibiotic therapy as ampicillin, to which this organism was previously sensitive, may no longer be effective.

Is thiacetazone necessary or useful in the intensive phase of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy?

A retrospective study of 596 case notes of 1195 patients notified for tuberculosis during a three year period, in one district, was conducted. Drug reactions occurred in 75 patients (12.6 percent) and required discontinuation of therapy in 59 (10 percent). In 69 patients the skin was involved. Thiacetazone was by far the commonest drug implicated: two patients died with the Stevens Johnson syndrome. This study suggests that in the all important first two months of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, thiacetazone, a therapeutically unnecessary agent, should be omitted as its inclusion results in an unacceptably high rate of side effects.

Gestational choriocarcinoma presenting as endobronchial carcinoma.

A patient is reported who presented with features of bronchial obstruction due to endobronchial tumour. Failure to recognise this as being due to choriocarcinoma led to a delay in diagnosis and effective treatment which, given earlier, may have proved lifesaving.

Co-existing conjunctival non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and pulmonary sarcoidosis.

A 55 year old woman with a conjunctival non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was found to have pulmonary nodules on a thoracic computed tomographic scan which were initially thought to be lymphomatous deposits. A subsequent biopsy specimen demonstrated granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. The relationship between sarcoidosis and malignancy, in particular lymphoma, is discussed.

Economy and efficiency in routine thyroid-function testing: use of a sensitive immunoradiometric assay for thyrotropin in a general hospital laboratory.

We measured thyrotropin (TSH) with a sensitive immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in 2329 consecutive serum samples received for thyroid-function tests from hospital and general practice. Of these, 185 (7.9%) had TSH values less than 0.2 milli-int. unit/L: 33 (1.4%) were hyperthyroid, 20 (0.9%) were being treated for hyperthyroidism, 115 (4.9%) were receiving L-thyroxin, and 17 (0.7%) were clinically euthyroid but had severe non-thyroidal illnesses. In the first 506 serum samples, we also measured free thyroxin, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and total thyroxin. Thyroliberin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH) tests performed on 84 patients showed that an undetectable initial TSH (usually ascribable to therapy with thyroxin) predicted a flat TRH response. All untreated thyrotoxic patients had undetectable TSH. Experience confirmed that this TSH assay, in conjunction with a supplementary assay of FT3 when the TSH concentration is less than twice the limit of detection, is efficient and economical for routine evaluation of thyroid function in an unselected population.

Comparison of the Tru-cut biopsy needle with the Abrams punch for pleural biopsy.

In a prospective study pleural biopsy specimens obtained with a Tru-cut needle were compared with those obtained with an Abrams pleural biopsy punch from 36 patients in Zimbabwe judged to have an effusion of at least 1.5 litres; one patient had two biopsies. Both instruments were used on each patient, the Abrams punch being followed by the Tru-cut needle. There were no serious complications. The diagnoses determined by biopsy were: tuberculosis (11); carcinoma (12); chronic inflammation (9); and pleural fibrosis (4); one biopsy showed nothing abnormal. In 23 (62%) patients both biopsy needles produced adequate diagnostic material; in eight the Tru-cut needle alone produced diagnostic material and in six the Abrams punch alone. Thus diagnostic material was obtained in 31 patients from the Tru-cut needle and in 29 from the Abrams punch. The Tru-cut needle was useful and safe for pleural biopsy in this series and appeared to be particularly useful when the pleura was thickened.

Pulmonary sarcoidosis presenting with large haemoptysis.

We describe a previously healthy young male Caucasian with pulmonary sarcoidosis whose presenting symptoms were two copious haemoptyses.

Lack of immunoglobulin A1 protease production by Branhamella catarrhalis.

Clinical isolates of Branhamella catarrhalis from the sputum of 20 patients with acute bronchopulmonary infection were examined for synthesis of immunoglobulin A1 protease by immunoelectrophoresis. Ten strains produced beta-lactamase, and 10 were beta-lactamase negative. None of the strains demonstrated immunoglobulin A1 protease activity despite the fact that three different culture media were used.

Intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide in chronic severe asthma.

Seventeen subjects with chronic severe asthma completed a 48 week prospective, double blind study with crossover of treatment at 24 weeks, in which triamcinolone acetonide 80 mg intramuscularly every four weeks was compared with oral prednisolone 10 mg daily. Spirometry, twice daily measurements of peak expiratory flow rate, and self assessment of asthma symptom scores showed significant improvement during triamcinolone treatment; less extra prednisolone was required and there was significant weight loss. Two patients withdrew, one because of dissatisfaction with prednisolone and one because of side effects while taking triamcinolone. Three were withdrawn, one with proximal muscle weakness and two because of intercurrent illness. Adrenal suppression, bruising, and hirsuitism were worse with triamcinolone, other side effects being comparable. On completion of the study 16 of the 17 patients opted to continue taking triamcinolone acetonide. This treatment is an important addition to the therapeutic options available for chronic severe asthma.