Enhanced activation of human NK cells by drug-exposed hepatocytes.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents one of the major causes why drugs have to be withdrawn from the market. In this study, we describe a new interaction between drug-exposed hepatocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. In a previous genome-wide expression analysis of primary human hepatocytes that had been exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of 148 drugs, we found that several activating ligands for NK cell receptors were regulated by various drugs (e.g., valproic acid, ketoconazole, promethazine, isoniazid). Especially expression of the activating NKG2D ligands (MICA, MICB and ULBPs) and the NKp30 ligand B7-H6 were upregulated in primary human hepatocytes upon exposure to many different drugs. Using the human hepatocyte cell lines Huh7 and HepG2, we confirmed that protein levels of activating NK cell ligands were elevated after drug exposure. Hepatocyte cell lines or primary human hepatocytes co-cultivated with NK cells caused enhanced NK cell activation after pretreatment with drugs at in vivo relevant concentrations compared to solvent controls. Enhanced NK cell activation was evident by increased cytotoxicity against hepatocytes and interferon (IFN)-γ production. NK cell activation could be blocked by specific antibodies against activating NK cell receptors. These data support the hypothesis that NK cells can modulate drug-induced liver injury by direct interaction with hepatocytes resulting in cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production.

Oxytocin enhances amygdala-dependent, socially reinforced learning and emotional empathy in humans.

Oxytocin (OT) is becoming increasingly established as a prosocial neuropeptide in humans with therapeutic potential in treatment of social, cognitive, and mood disorders. However, the potential of OT as a general facilitator of human learning and empathy is unclear. The current double-blind experiments on healthy adult male volunteers investigated first whether treatment with intranasal OT enhanced learning performance on a feedback-guided item-category association task where either social (smiling and angry faces) or nonsocial (green and red lights) reinforcers were used, and second whether it increased either cognitive or emotional empathy measured by the Multifaceted Empathy Test. Further experiments investigated whether OT-sensitive behavioral components required a normal functional amygdala. Results in control groups showed that learning performance was improved when social rather than nonsocial reinforcement was used. Intranasal OT potentiated this social reinforcement advantage and greatly increased emotional, but not cognitive, empathy in response to both positive and negative valence stimuli. Interestingly, after OT treatment, emotional empathy responses in men were raised to levels similar to those found in untreated women. Two patients with selective bilateral damage to the amygdala (monozygotic twins with congenital Urbach-Wiethe disease) were impaired on both OT-sensitive aspects of these learning and empathy tasks, but performed normally on nonsocially reinforced learning and cognitive empathy. Overall these findings provide the first demonstration that OT can facilitate amygdala-dependent, socially reinforced learning and emotional empathy in men.

Spatio-Temporal Multiscale Analysis of Western Diet-Fed Mice Reveals a Translationally Relevant Sequence of Events during NAFLD Progression.

Mouse models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are required to define therapeutic targets, but detailed time-resolved studies to establish a sequence of events are lacking. Here, we fed male C57Bl/6N mice a Western or standard diet over 48 weeks. Multiscale time-resolved characterization was performed using RNA-seq, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, intravital imaging, and blood chemistry; the results were compared to human disease. Acetaminophen toxicity and ammonia metabolism were additionally analyzed as functional readouts. We identified a sequence of eight key events: formation of lipid droplets; inflammatory foci; lipogranulomas; zonal reorganization; cell death and replacement proliferation; ductular reaction; fibrogenesis; and hepatocellular cancer. Functional changes included resistance to acetaminophen and altered nitrogen metabolism. The transcriptomic landscape was characterized by two large clusters of monotonously increasing or decreasing genes, and a smaller number of 'rest-and-jump genes' that initially remained unaltered but became differentially expressed only at week 12 or later. Approximately 30% of the genes altered in human NAFLD are also altered in the present mouse model and an increasing overlap with genes altered in human HCC occurred at weeks 30-48. In conclusion, the observed sequence of events recapitulates many features of human disease and offers a basis for the identification of therapeutic targets.