RESUMEN
Bacterial DNA contains CpG oligonucleotide (ODN) motifs to trigger innate immune responses through the endosomal receptor Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). One of the cell surface receptors to capture and deliver microbial DNA to intracellular TLR9 is the C-type lectin molecule DEC-205 through its N-terminal C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD). CD93 is a cell surface protein and member of the lectin group XIV with a CTLD. We hypothesized that CD93 could interact with CpG motifs, and possibly serve as a novel receptor to deliver bacterial DNA to endosomal TLR9. Using ELISA and tryptophan fluorescence binding studies we observed that the soluble histidine-tagged CD93-CTLD was specifically binding to CpG ODN and bacterial DNA. Moreover, we found that CpG ODN could bind to CD93-expressing IMR32 neuroblastoma cells and induced more robust interleukin-6 secretion when compared with mock-transfected IMR32 control cells. Our data argue for a possible contribution of CD93 to control cell responsiveness to bacterial DNA in a manner reminiscent of DEC-205. We postulate that CD93 may act as a receptor at plasma membrane for DNA or CpG ODN and to grant delivery to endosomal TLR9.
Asunto(s)
ADN Bacteriano/inmunología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/inmunología , Oligodesoxirribonucleótidos/inmunología , Receptores de Complemento/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 9/inmunología , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Transporte Biológico/genética , Transporte Biológico/inmunología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Clonación Molecular , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Endosomas/inmunología , Endosomas/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/química , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Vectores Genéticos/química , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/inmunología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Menor/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Menor/inmunología , Modelos Biológicos , Neuronas/inmunología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Oligodesoxirribonucleótidos/genética , Oligodesoxirribonucleótidos/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Dominios Proteicos , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Receptores de Superficie Celular/inmunología , Receptores de Complemento/genética , Receptores de Complemento/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Receptor Toll-Like 9/genéticaRESUMEN
Src, originally identified as an oncogene, is a membrane-anchored tyrosine kinase and the Src family kinase (SFK) prototype. SFKs regulate the signalling induced by a wide range of cell surface receptors leading to epithelial cell growth and adhesion. In the intestine, the SFK members Src, Fyn and Yes regulate epithelial cell proliferation and migration during tissue regeneration and transformation, thus implicating conserved and specific functions. In patients with colon cancer, SFK activity is a marker of poor clinical prognosis and a potent driver of metastasis formation. These tumorigenic activities are linked to SFK capacity to promote the dissemination and tumour-initiating capacities of epithelial tumour cells. However, it is unclear how SFKs promote colon tumour formation and metastatic progression because SFK-encoding genes are unfrequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we review recent findings on SFK signalling during intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. We also describe the key nongenetic mechanisms underlying SFK tumour activities in colorectal cancer, and discuss how these mechanisms could be exploited in therapeutic strategies to target SFK signalling in metastatic colon cancer.
RESUMEN
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) phosphorylate proteins on tyrosine residues as an intracellular signalling mechanism to coordinate intestinal epithelial cell communication and fate decision. Deregulation of their activity is ultimately connected with carcinogenesis. In colorectal cancer (CRC), it is still unclear how aberrant TK activities contribute to tumour formation because TK-encoding genes are not frequently mutated in this cancer. In vertebrates, several TKs are under the control of small adaptor proteins with potential important physiopathological roles. For instance, they can exert tumour suppressor functions in human cancer by targeting several components of the oncogenic TK signalling cascades. Here, we review how the Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP) and the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) adaptor proteins regulate the SRC and the Janus kinase (JAK) oncogenic pathways, respectively, and how their loss of function in the intestinal epithelium may influence tumour formation. We also discuss the potential therapeutic value of these adaptors in CRC.