The association between obesity severity and food reward in adolescents with obesity: a one-stage individual participant data meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Food reward and cue reactivity have been linked prospectively to problematic eating behaviours and excess weight gain in adults and children. However, evidence to date in support of an association between degree of adiposity and food reward is tenuous. A non-linear relationship between reward sensitivity and obesity degree has been previously proposed, suggesting a peak is reached in mild obesity and decreases in more severe obesity in a quadratic fashion. OBJECTIVE: To investigate and characterise in detail the relationship between obesity severity, body composition, and explicit and implicit food reward in adolescents with obesity. METHODS: Data from seven clinical trials in adolescents with obesity were aggregated and analysed in an independent participant data meta-analysis. Linear and curvilinear relationships between the degree of obesity and explicit and implicit reward for sweet and high fat foods were tested in fasted and fed states with BMI-z score as a continuous and discrete predictor using clinically recognised partitions. RESULTS: Although positive associations between obesity severity and preference for high-fat (i.e. energy dense) foods were observed when fasted, none reached significance in either analysis. Conversely, adiposity was reliably associated with lower reward for sweet, particularly when measured as implicit wanting (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.06), independent of metabolic state. However, this significant association was only observed in the linear model. Fat distribution was consistently associated with explicit and implicit preference for high-fat foods. CONCLUSIONS: A limited relationship was demonstrated between obesity severity and food reward in adolescents, although a lower preference for sweet could be a signal of severe obesity in a linear trend. Obesity is likely a heterogenous condition associated with multiple potential phenotypes, which metrics of body composition may help define. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: NCT02925572: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT02925572 . NCT03807609: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03807609 . NCT03742622: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03742622 . NCT03967782: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03967782 . NCT03968458: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT03968458 . NCT04739189: https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT04739189 . NCT05365685: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/study/NCT05365685?tab=history .

Job satisfaction and job tenure of people with mental health disorders: a UK Biobank cohort study.

AIMS: Job satisfaction plays an important role for the life quality and health of working individuals. While studies have shown that self-reported mental health conditions such as stress, anxiety and depression are associated with job satisfaction, a large population-based study exploring and comparing self-reported physician posed diagnosed conditions and their association with job satisfaction and job tenure is missing. This study addresses the gap along with exploring the impact of the neurotic personality trait and other possible contributing factors. METHODS: Sixteen mental health disorders diagnosed by physicians, categorised into four major groups were investigated in relation to employment status (108,711 participants) and in relation to job satisfaction and job tenure (34,808 participants). Analyses were performed using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, townsend deprivation index, body mass index, education, physical activity, work hours and neuroticism. RESULTS: Neurotic and stress disorders, eating disorders and other mental health disorders were strongly associated with lower job satisfaction and shorter job tenure in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Neuroticism was strongly linked to job satisfaction but was not associated with job tenure. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings clarify the complex relationship of mental health with job satisfaction and job tenure, which is very important to understand in designing measures to improve working life participation of individuals with mental health issues.

Perceived stress is related to lower blood pressure in a Swedish cohort.

AIMS: General psychosocial stress and job strain have been related to blood pressure (BP) with conflicting results. This study sought to explore the contribution of several lifestyle factors in the relation between general psychosocial stress, job strain and BP. METHODS: This cross-sectional study investigated the association of general stress and job strain with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP in a sample of 9441 employed individuals from the EpiHealth cohort. General stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale. Job strain was assessed with the Job Content Questionnaire, assessing two dimensions of job strain: psychological job demand and decision latitude. Linear regression and sensitivity analysis were performed. RESULTS: At the uncorrected model, general stress, job demand and decision latitude were all inversely associated with SBP. After further adjustment for lifestyle and health parameters, only general stress was associated with SPB (ß coefficient: -0.103; 95% confidence interval -0.182 to 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: General stress is associated with lower SBP independently of lifestyle in middle-aged adults. Our findings point towards a major contribution for job-unrelated stressors in determining SBP and support the pivotal role of lifestyle behaviours and health status in modulating the effect of stress on BP, calling for a careful selection of confounders.

The energy content of meals with a similar macronutrient distribution may have a greater impact on appetite sensations than food preferences in adolescents with obesity: A secondary analysis.

PURPOSE: The energy and macronutrient composition of a meal has been shown to influence postprandial appetitive responses, but it is not clear how energy content independent of macronutrient distribution affects postprandial appetite in adolescents with obesity. Extracting data from a primary study testing the effect of energy turnover on appetite, this secondary analysis assessed how fixed meals varying in energy content with similar macronutrient distributions influences postprandial appetite sensations and food reward. METHODS: Using a randomised, counterbalanced crossover design, N = 14 adolescents with obesity (Mage = 12.71, SDage = 0.99; 10 female) consumed fixed lunch meals with similar macronutrient content starting at 750 kcal in energy and progressively increasing by 250 kcal on three different test days. Liking and wanting for food images varying in fat and taste were assessed at baseline and immediately after meal consumption. Appetite sensations were assessed in half-hour intervals from baseline to 1-h post-meal. RESULTS: The area under the curve for subjective hunger (p < .001, ω = 0.36), desire to eat (p < .001, ω = 0.54), and prospective food consumption (p = .004, ω = 0.32) were significantly lower after consumption of the higher calorie meals relative to the lowest. Explicit wanting for sweet foods increased after intake of the intermediate calorie meal yet decreased after the highest calorie meal (p = .014, ω = 0.09). Conversely, implicit wanting sweet bias increased after consumption of the test meal independent of energy content (p < .001, ω = 0.15). CONCLUSION: The consumption of additional calories without a meaningful change in macronutrient distribution may affect appetite sensations more reliably than hedonic responses to energy-dense foods in adolescents with obesity.

Time spent outdoors and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in middle and old aged adults: Results from the UK Biobank prospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: Time spent outdoors has been previously related to several cardiovascular risk factors, implying that it may confer either beneficial or harmful effects on cardiovascular health. However, no large population-based studies have examined the relation between time spent outdoors and myocardial infarction and stroke. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the longitudinal relation between time spent outdoors and myocardial infarction and stroke in large UK population-based cohort. METHODS: A total of 446,648 participants from UK Biobank were included in the study of which 431,146 participants (56% females and 44% males with a mean age of 56.4 ± 8.1 years) were followed for a median time of 7 years. Time spent outdoors was self-reported and participants were stratified into quantiles (less than 1.5 [reference group]; 1.5 to 2.4; 2.5 to 3.5 and more than 3.5 h per day outdoors). Myocardial infarction and stroke events were either collected from hospital records and death registries or were self-reported by the participants. Cox proportional hazard regression was used for the analysis. In addition to age and sex, analyses were adjusted for potential demographic (TDI, ethnic background, current employment status), lifestyle (alcohol intake frequency, current tobacco use, sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity), health related factors (BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) and environmental indicators (NO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5-10, PM2,5, noise pollution, % greenspace, % natural environment and % water). RESULTS: A 20% increased risk for myocardial infarction incidence was observed among participants who reported spending more than 3.5 h/day outdoors (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06-1.36) compared to the reference group. A trend was also observed for stroke (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.97-1.34). CONCLUSION: Findings from the present study indicate that spending more than 3.5 h/day outdoors is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke. Future research is needed to further understand the relation between time spent outdoors and cardiovascular disease.

Major sex differences in migraine prevalence among occupational categories: a cross-sectional study using UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: Migraine represents one of the most prevalent neurological conditions worldwide. It is a disabling condition with high impact on the working situation of migraineurs. Interestingly, gender-related differences regarding an association of migraine with important occupational characteristics has been hardly studied. METHODS: The current study scrutinizes gender-specific differences in the prevalence of migraine across a broad spectrum of occupational categories, shedding also light on associations with important job-related features such as shift work, job satisfaction, and physical activity. The study included data from 415 712 participants from the UK Biobank cohort, using the official ICD10 diagnosis of migraine and other health conditions as selection criteria. Prevalence ratios of migraineurs compared to healthy controls among different occupational categories and job-related variables were estimated using log-binomial regression analyses. Statistical models were adjusted for important sociodemographic features such as age, BMI, ethnicity, education and neuroticism. To better highlight specific differences between men and women we stratified by sex. RESULTS: We detected a differential prevalence pattern of migraine in relation to different job categories between men and women. Especially in men, migraine appears to be more prevalent in highly physically demanding occupations (PR 1.38, 95% CI [0.93, 2.04]). Furthermore, migraine is also more prevalent in jobs that frequently involve shift or night shift work compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, this prevalence is especially high in women (shift work PR 1.45, 95% CI [1.14, 1.83], night shift work PR 1.46, 95% CI [0.93, 2.31]). CONCLUSION: Our results show that migraine is genderdependently associated with physically demanding jobs and shift working.

Does exercising before or after a meal affect energy balance in adolescents with obesity?

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Exercise timing has been suggested to affect appetite and energy intake (EI). The aim of this study was to examine the impact of exercising immediately before or after a meal on EI, appetite sensations and food reward (FR) in adolescents with obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventeen adolescents with obesity completed 3 experimental sessions (randomized controlled trial): rest + lunch (CON); exercise + lunch (EX-MEAL); lunch + exercise (MEAL-EX). The exercise consisted of cycling 30 min at 65%V̇O2peak. Outcomes included ad libitum EI (weighed lunch and dinner), FR (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire at pre- and post-combination of exercise/rest and lunch, and pre-dinner) and appetite sensations (visual analogue scales). EI was not different between conditions. Compared with CON, relative EI at lunch was lower in EX-MEAL and MEAL-EX (p ≤ 0.05) and daily only in MEAL-EX (p < 0.01). Postprandial fullness was higher in EX-MEAL compared to CON. Compared with CON, both EX-MEAL and MEAL-EX attenuated the increase in wanting for sweet food and reduced explicit liking for fat. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that exercising immediately before or after a meal produce few differences in appetite and have small beneficial effects on overall energy balance in adolescents with obesity, as well as on FR. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT03967782.

Sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents with obesity: When does it start to affect cardiometabolic health?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pediatric obesity and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are associated with cardiometabolic risk (CMR), but the degree of severity at which SDB affects cardiometabolic health is unknown. We assessed the relationship between the CMR and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), to identify a threshold of AHI from which an increase in the CMR is observed, in adolescents with obesity. We also compared the clinical, cardiometabolic and sleep characteristics between adolescents presenting a high (CMR+) and low CMR (CMR-), according to the threshold of AHI. METHODS AND RESULTS: 114 adolescents with obesity were recruited from three institutions specialized in obesity management. Sleep and SDB as assessed by polysomnography, anthropometric parameters, fat mass (FM), glucose and lipid profiles, and blood pressure (BP) were measured at admission. Continuous (MetScoreFM) and dichotomous (metabolic syndrome, MetS) CMR were determined. Associations between MetScoreFM and AHI adjusted for BMI, sex and age were assessed by multivariable analyses. Data of 82 adolescents were analyzed. Multivariable analyses enabled us to identify a threshold of AHI = 2 above which we observed a strong and significant association between CMR and AHI (Cohen's d effect-size = 0.57 [0.11; 1.02] p = 0.02). Adolescents with CMR+ exhibited higher MetScoreFM (p < 0.05), insulin resistance (p < 0.05), systolic BP (p < 0.001), sleep fragmentation (p < 0.01) and intermittent hypoxia than CMR- group (p < 0.0001). MetS was found in 90.9% of adolescents with CMR+, versus 69.4% in the CMR- group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of a threshold of AHI ≥ 2 corresponding to the cardiometabolic alterations highlights the need for the early management of SDB and obesity in adolescents, to prevent cardiometabolic diseases. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT03466359, NCT02588469 and NCT01358773.

Is the SPARTACUS 15-15 test an accurate proxy for the assessment and tracking of maximal aerobic capacities in adolescents with obesity?

[Purpose] While there is a need for reliable field tests for the evaluation of physical fitness in pediatric obesity, the present work i) evaluates the validity of the Spartacus 15-15 test in indirectly assessing maximal aerobic capacity in adolescents with obesity and ii) evaluates its sensibility to weight loss. [Participants and Methods] Fifty-five 11-16 year-old adolescents with obesity (Tanner 3-4) were enrolled in a 12-week weight-management intervention. Maximal Aerobic fitness (VO2peak test + Spartacus test) and body composition (Dual X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. [Results] Moderate correlations were found at baseline between VO2peak (2,231.90 ± 465.6 mL/min) and Spartacus stage (6.83 ± 1.8 stage, r=0.52; p≤0.05), speed (12.85 ± 1.8 km/h, r=0.52 ; p≤0.05) and time (20.6 ± 5.4 min; r=0.50; p≤0.05). The intervention favored significant improvements for VO2peak, Spartacus Rate of Perceived Exertion final stage, maximal speed and time. Change over time in VO2peak and Spartacus variables were not correlated. [Conclusion] The Spartacus test can be used as a proxy for VO2peak at baseline and can be used to estimate VO2peak using the proposed equation. The Spartacus 15-15 test might be a better indicator for changes in functional capacity than an indicator of VO2peak changes in youth with obesity.

Eccentric cycling is more efficient in reducing fat mass than concentric cycling in adolescents with obesity.

The benefits of eccentric (ECC) training on fat mass (FM) remain underexplored. We hypothesized that in obese adolescents, ECC cycling training is more efficient for decreasing whole-body FM percentage compared to concentric (CON) performed at the same oxygen consumption (VO2 ). Twenty-four adolescents aged 13.4 ± 1.3 years (BMI > 90th percentile) were randomized to ECC or CON. They performed three cyclo-ergometer sessions per week (30 min per session) for 12 weeks: two habituation, 5 at 50% VO2peak , and 5 at 70% VO2peak . Anthropometric measurements, body composition, maximal incremental CON tests, strength tests, and blood samples were assessed pre- and post-training. Whole-body FM percentage decreased significantly after compared to pretraining in both groups, though to a larger extent in the ECC group (ECC: -10% vs CON: -4.2%, P < 0.05). Whole-body lean mass (LM) percentage increased significantly in both groups after compared to pretraining, with a greater increase in the ECC group (ECC: 3.8% vs CON: 1.5%, P <0.05). The improvements in leg FM and LM percentages were greater in the ECC group (-6.5% and 3.0%, P = 0.01 and P < 0.01). Quadriceps isometric and isokinetic ECC strength increased significantly more in the ECC group (28.3% and 21.3%, P < 0.05). Both groups showed similar significant VO2peak improvement (ECC: 15.4% vs CON: 10.3%). The decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index was significant in the ECC group (-19.9%). In conclusion, although both ECC and CON cycling trainings are efficient to decrease FM, ECC induces greater FM reduction, strength gains, and insulin resistance improvements and represents an optimal modality to recommend for obese adolescents.

Energy depletion by 24-h fast leads to compensatory appetite responses compared with matched energy depletion by exercise in healthy young males.

Although there is a growing interest for the effects of intermittent fasting on energy balance, this study aimed to compare appetite, energy intake and food reward responses with an energy depletion induced either by 24-h food restriction or an equivalent deficit with exercise in healthy males. In all, twelve healthy lean males (21·5 (sd 0·5) years old; BMI: 22·5 (sd 1·7) kg/m2) participated in this study. Body composition, aerobic capacity, food preferences and energy intake were assessed. They randomly completed three conditions: (i) no depletion (CON); (ii) full 24-h energy restrictions (Def-EI); and (iii) exercise condition (Def-EX). Ad libitum energy intake and food reward were assessed at the end of each session. Appetite feelings were assessed regularly. Ad libitum energy intake was higher on Def-EI (7330 (sd 2975) kJ (1752 (sd 711) kcal) compared with that on CON (5301 (sd 1205) kJ (1267 (sd 288) kcal)) (P<0·05), with no difference between CON and Def-EX (6238 (sd 1741) kJ (1491 (sd 416) kcal) (P=0·38) and between Def-EX and Def-EI (P=0·22). There was no difference in the percent energy ingested from macronutrients. Hunger was lower on CON and Def-EX compared with Def-EI (P<0·001). Satiety was higher on CON and Def-EI compared with that on Def-EX (P<0·001). There was a significant interaction condition × time for food choice fat bias (P=0·04), showing a greater preference for high-fat v. low-fat food during Def-EI and Def-EX. Although 24-h fasting leads to increased energy intake at the following test meal (without total daily energy intake difference), increased hunger profile and decreased post-meal food choice fat bias, such nutritional responses are not observed after a similar deficit induced by exercise.

When do healthiness and liking drive children's food choices? The influence of social context and weight status.

Children identify liking and healthiness of foods as factors influencing their food choices. However, the food decision making process is also influenced by both personal characteristics and food contexts. The present study explored the influence of liking and perceived healthiness of foods in normal- and overweight children's food choices intentions in a pleasure-oriented social eating context and a health-oriented social eating context. Children aged from 6 to 11 years old (n = 63; 34 children who were of normal weight and 29 who were overweight) were asked to select 5 foods among 10, based on food pictures, to make up a snack that would be suitable for their birthday party or a nutrition class. In addition, they rated their liking and healthiness perception of the foods. No significant difference in food choices was found between children who were of normal weight and children who were overweight. Both groups of children chose more healthy food items in a health-oriented social context (i.e., a fictive nutrition class) than in a pleasure-oriented social context (i.e., a fictive birthday party). Moreover, only liking significantly predicted food choices in the pleasure-oriented social context whereas both healthiness and liking significantly predicted food choices in the health-oriented social context. Overall these results advance our understanding on how children make food decisions and inform strategies that may help children to adopt a healthy diet. Because liking predicted children's food choices in both eating contexts, emphasizing the "good" taste of healthy foods and providing children with healthy foods they like could be efficient strategies to promote healthy eating habits in children.

Do hedonic- versus nutrition-based attitudes toward food predict food choices? a cross-sectional study of 6- to 11-year-olds.

BACKGROUND: Implicit and explicit attitudes are potential precursors of food choices and combine affective and cognitive components that can vary in their relative dominance. Yet, the affective and cognitive components of attitudes toward food can lead to distinct predisposition toward a food item and potentially to different food choices. In the food domain, the affective component pertains to the hedonic tone of consumption, while the cognitive component encompasses nutritional value or health consequences of food. The present study investigated whether hedonic- versus nutrition-based implicit and/or explicit attitudes toward food predicts children's healthy versus unhealthy food choices. METHODS: A total of 63 children (age range = 6.3-11.5) participated in a 90-min session at 5 pm (i.e., afterschool snack time in France). The children were asked to choose five food items from a buffet featuring five healthy and five unhealthy sweet foods pretested as being highly liked. Children ate what they had chosen. Moreover, their implicit attitudes were assessed with a pairing task in which children were presented with 10 food triplets and asked to choose two food items that "best go together". For each triplet, foods could be paired according to their hedonic or nutritional characteristics. Explicit attitudes were assessed with a task in which children placed each of 48 food items into one of the following categories: "yummy", "yucky" (i.e., hedonic categories), "makes you strong", or "makes you fat" (i.e., nutritional categories). RESULTS: Both implicit and explicit attitudes significantly influenced children's food choices. We observed that children with more hedonic-based implicit or explicit attitudes toward food were more likely to choose healthy food options from the buffet. Conversely, children with both implicit and explicit nutrition-based attitudes chose less healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS: Hedonic-based attitudes toward food seem to drive healthier food choices in children compared with nutrition-based attitudes in this particular eating context. These findings suggest that pleasure from eating might be an ally with regard to healthy eating among children. Additional research is needed to understand the etiology of children's attitudes toward food in order to provide insights on how to shape adequate children's attitudes to guide them toward healthy food choices.

The Effects of Statins on Cognitive Performance Are Mediated by Low-Density Lipoprotein, C-Reactive Protein, and Blood Glucose Concentrations.

Statins are widely used for cardiovascular disease prevention but their effects on cognition remain unclear. Statins reduce cholesterol concentration and have been suggested to provide both beneficial and detrimental effects. Our aim was to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between statin use and cognitive performance, and whether blood low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, C-reactive protein, and vitamin D biomarkers mediated this association. We used participants from the UK biobank aged 40-69 without neurological and psychiatric disorders (n = 147 502 and n = 24 355, respectively). We performed linear regression to evaluate the association between statin use and cognitive performance and, mediation analysis to quantify the total, direct, indirect effects and the proportion meditated by blood biomarkers. Statin use was associated with lower cognitive performance at baseline (ß = -0.40 [-0.53, -0.28], p = <.0001), and this association was mediated by low-density lipoprotein (proportion mediated = 51.4%, p = .002), C-reactive protein (proportion mediated = -11%, p = .006) and blood glucose (proportion mediated = 2.6%, p = .018) concentrations. However, statin use was not associated with cognitive performance, measured 8 years later (ß = -0.003 [-0.11, 0.10], p = .96). Our findings suggest that statins are associated with lower short-term cognitive performance by lowering low-density lipoprotein and raising blood glucose concentrations, and better performance by lowering C-reactive protein concentrations. In contrast, statins have no effect on long-term cognition and remain beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk factors.

The influence of personality on the risk of myocardial infarction in UK Biobank cohort.

Personality is a strong determinant for several health-related behaviours and has been linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, the reports of personality's mediating role have been inconsistent with no data available from large population-based cohorts. The study aimed to create proxies for the Big Five personality traits, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness and neuroticism, to examine the longitudinal relationship between personality and myocardial infarction in the UK Biobank. The study sample comprised of 484,205 participants (55% female, 45% male, mean age 56.4 ± 8.1 years) from UK Biobank cohort with a mean follow-up of 7 years. The personality proxies sociability, warmth, diligence, curiosity and nervousness were created using self-reported data on psychological factors, mental health and social support, to match the facets of the Big Five traits. As neuroticism is the only Big Five personality trait available in the UK Biobank, it was included to validate the personality proxies. Myocardial infarction outcome information was collected from hospital records, death registries or was self-reported. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratios (HR), respectively with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for demographics (age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity), health-related factors (BMI, diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) and lifestyle factors (alcohol intake, smoking, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity). Diligence was found to be significantly associated with lower prevalent myocardial infarction [OR: 0.87; (CI 0.84-0.89)] and lower incident myocardial infarction [HR: 0.88; (CI 0.85-0.92)]. Sociability was also protective against prevalent [OR: 0.89; (CI 0.87-0.92)] and incident [HR: 0.90; (CI 0.87-0.93)] myocardial infarction. Conversely, nervousness inferred a higher risk for both prevalent [OR: 1.10; (CI 1.08-1.12)] and incident [HR: 1.07; (CI 1.04-1.09)] myocardial infarction during follow-up. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that nervousness significantly increases the risk for incident myocardial infarction among women [HR: 1.13; (CI 1.08-1.19)] compared to men [HR: 1.05; (CI 1.02-1.08)]. By using our created proxies, we were able to investigate the impact of personality on the development of myocardial infarction. Persons with higher levels of diligence and sociability mimicking predominantly conscientiousness and extraversion personalities respectively are less likely to experience myocardial infarction, while personalities predominantly characterised by nervousness pose higher risk for developing myocardial infarction. These initial findings invite further validation of the use of the personality proxies in UK Biobank cohort.

Bone Response to High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Adolescents with Obesity.

INTRODUCTION: Since adolescents with obesity are prone to bone fragility during weight loss, the aim was to compare the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on bone density, geometry, and strength. METHODS: Sixty-one adolescents were randomly assigned to 2 cycling trainings (HIIT and MICT) and a control (CTR, without training) group. Anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with hip structural analysis and the trabecular bone score (TBS) were assessed before and after the 16-week intervention. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (FM) percentage decreased at T1 versus T0 in both training groups (p < 0.001 for HIIT, p = 0.01 for MICT), though to a larger extent in HIIT (p < 0.05). Total body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) increased in both training groups (p < 0.001), but to a greater extent in HIIT for BMC (p < 0.05). Lumbar spine BMD and BMC increased in both training groups (p < 0.001 for HIIT, p < 0.01 for MICT), with a time × group interaction between HIIT and CTR (p < 0.05) only. TBS increased in both training groups (p < 0.01 for HIIT, p < 0.05 for MICT). Hip BMD and BMC increased in both HIIT (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01) and MICT (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). At the narrow neck (NN), endocortical diameter, width (p < 0.01), cross-sectional moment of inertia, and section modulus (Z) (p < 0.05) increased only in the HIIT group, such as BMD and Z (p < 0.05) at the intertrochanteric region (IT) and average cortical thickness (p < 0.001) and width (p < 0.05) at the femoral shaft. At the NN and IT, the buckling ratio decreased only in the HIIT group (p < 0.05), predicting higher resistance to fracture. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to inducing greater BMI and FM percentage decreases in comparison to MICT, HIIT improves multisite bone density, geometry, and strength, which heighten the justification for HIIT as part of weight loss interventions in adolescents with obesity.

Comparing the Effects of Immersed Versus Land-Based High-Intensity Interval Cycling on Energy Intake, Appetite Sensations and Perceived Exertion Among Healthy Men.

Immersed exercise has been shown to induce higher energy expenditure and no difference or increase in food intake compared with similar exercise on land. In this study, we compared the effects of acute high-intensity cycling performed on land versus when immersed on subsequent energy intake (EI), appetite sensations and perceived exertion (RPE) in healthy men. Ten participants in a postprandial condition completed three experimental visits in a randomized order: a control condition (CONT); a high-intensity interval cycling exercise performed on land (HIIE-L) and the same exercise while immersed in water (HIIE-A) with a similar targeted heart rate. We observed no difference in energy and macronutrient intake and in area under the curve (AUC) for appetite sensations between sessions. The RPE at the end of HIIE-L was negatively correlated with EI (r=-0.67; p < 0.05), AUC for hunger (r=-0.86, p < 0.01), desire to eat (r=-0.78, p < 0.05) and prospective food consumption (r=-0.86, p < 0.01). Conversely, the RPE at the end of HIIE-L was positively correlated with AUC for fullness (r = 0.76, p < 0.05). No such correlations were observed for HIIE-A. The present study was the first to observe that immersion did not influence EI after HIIE cycling, but immersion blunted the relationship between session RPE and subsequent energy intake and appetite sensations relative to HIIE on land.

Important Difference between Occupational Hazard Exposure among Shift Workers and Other Workers; Comparing Workplace before and after 1980.

Improving health and safety at work has been an important issue for the European Union since the 1980s. The existing literature supports that shift work is associated with multiple indicators of poor health but frequently neglects the potential impact of occupational hazards. This study aims at describing and comparing the exposure to different workplace hazards among shift and other workers before and after 1980. Exposure to different workplace hazards (noise, dust, pollutant, and other physical stressors) were analyzed among 119,413 participants from the UK Biobank cohort. After stratifying the analyses before and after 1980, exposure was compared between shift and other workers. Potential confounding variables (sex, age, ethnicity, education level, occupational category, and neuroticism) were adjusted for in the log-binomial regression. Shift workers had a higher prevalence ratio (PR) than other workers of being exposed to almost all identified hazards both before or after 1980. They were also more likely to be exposed to multiple hazards compared to other workers, both before 1980 (PR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.21-1.30) and after 1980 (PR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.30-1.38). The prevalence of all measured risk factors was higher after 1980 than before 1980 among shift workers. Of note, the work environment has improved overall for other workers. Our findings suggest that changes at the workplace have benefited other workers more than shift workers as they are still more exposed to all occupational hazards.

Psycho-Physiological Responses to a 4-Month High-Intensity Interval Training-Centered Multidisciplinary Weight-Loss Intervention in Adolescents with Obesity.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of 4 months of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT)-centered weightmanagement intervention on health-related quality of life (HR-QOL), health perception (HP) and physical selfperception (PSP) in adolescents with obesity. METHODS: Fifty-six adolescents with obesity (28 girls; mean body mass index [BMI], 35±4.89 kg/m2; z-BMI, 2.3±0.3; 11-17 years) followed a multidisciplinary weight-management intervention composed of nutritional counseling, HIIT program, and health-related therapeutic education. Anthropometric parameters, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), and maximal aerobic capacities (maximal oxygen consumption [VO2peak]) were assessed, and self-reported questionnaires were used to assess HR-QOL (36-item short form survey), HP and PSP at baseline (T0) and post-intervention (T1). RESULTS: Body weight (92.6±18.9 to 85.9±16.2 kg), BMI (35.0±4.8 to 32.1±4.5 kg/m2), z-BMI (2.3±0.3 to 2.1±0.3) and fat mass percentage (36.0%±9.1% to 30.4%±7.8%) were significantly decreased (P<0.001) between T0 and T1. There was a tendency for VO2peak to increase from 26.35±5.81 mL/kg/min at T0 to 28.79±6.59 mL/kg/min at T1 (P=0.06). Physical functioning (P=0.002), physical limitation (P=0.048), general health (P<0.001) and bodily pain (P=0.030) were improved at T1. A significant improvement occurred in dimensions of HP such as physical condition (P=0.001), adiposity (P<0.001), alimentation (P<0.001), general health (P=0.038), and perceived general health (P=0.001). In addition, there was an improvement in items of PSP such as self-perceived coordination (P=0.022), endurance (P=0.001) and activity (P=0.001), global self-concept (P=0.015), and appearance (P=0.016). Physical but not mental HR-QOL domains, HP and PSP were associated with weight reduction. CONCLUSION: While HIIT favors improved HR-QOL, HP status and PSP in adolescents with obesity, physical but not mental HR-QOL, HP and PSP were associated with weight reduction.

Eccentric Cycling Training Improves Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents with Obesity.

INTRODUCTION: While eccentric (ECC) training appears to be more efficient than concentric (CON) training at improving body composition in adolescent with obesity, its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has never been studied. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of 2 cycling training modalities, i.e., ECC vs. CON, in adolescents with obesity on HRQOL and health perception (HP). METHODS: A total of 24 adolescents with obesity, aged 12-16 years, were randomized to either a 12-week ECC or a CON cycling training program performed at the same oxygen consumption (VO2). Anthropometric measurements, body composition, maximal incremental tests, HRQOL (Vécu et Santé Percue de l'Adolescent [VSP-A], Medical Outcome Study Short Form [SF-36]), and HP were assessed at before and after training. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both CON and ECC cycling trainings promoted significant improvements in BMI, VO2peak, total fat mass, and fat-free mass, with better improvements in body composition parameters in the ECC group (p < 0.05). The VSP-A total score increased after CON (p < 0.01) and ECC (p < 0.001) training, with better enhancement for the ECC group (p < 0.05). The SF-36 physical score increased after both CON (p < 0.01) and ECC (p < 0.001) trainings. The global HP score increased only after ECC training (p < 0.001). Except for the energy-vitality item, no significant correlation was found between changes in HRQOL and its subdomains and anthropometric, body composition, and functional parameters. Both ECC and CON cycling trainings are associated with positive changes in HRQOL and HP. However, ECC seems to induce greater improvements in HRQL and HP than CON cycling training, which is probably not due to the anthropometric, body composition, and functional changes.