Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of aminopyrazine derivatives as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2).

Several series of novel non-thiourea-containing aminopyrazine derivatives were designed based on the MK-2 inhibitors 1-(2-aminopyrazin-3-yl)methyl-2-thioureas. These compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against MK-2 enzyme in vitro. Compounds with low micromolar to sub-micromolar IC50 values were identified, and several compounds were also found to be active in suppressing the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TNFα production in THP-1 cells with minimum shift compared to their enzyme activity.

3-Substituted 3-(4-aryloxyaryl)-propanoic acids as GPR40 agonists.

The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) for a series of ß-substituted 3-(4-aryloxyaryl)propanoic acid GPR40 agonists is described. Systematic replacement of the pendant aryloxy group led to identification of potent GPR40 agonists. In order to identify candidates suitable for in vivo validation of the target, serum shifted potency and pharmacokinetic properties were determined for several compounds. Finally, further profiling of compound 7 is presented, including demonstration of enhanced glucose tolerance in an in vivo mouse model.

Spiroimidazolidinone NPC1L1 inhibitors. Part 2: structure-activity studies and in vivo efficacy.

Ezetimibe (Zetia®), a cholesterol-absorption inhibitor (CAI) approved by the FDA for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, is believed to target the intestine protein Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) or its pathway. A spiroimidazolidinone NPC1L1 inhibitor identified by virtual screening showed moderate binding activity but was not efficacious in an in vivo rodent model of cholesterol absorption. Synthesis of analogs established the structure-activity relationships for binding activity, and resulted in compounds with in vivo efficacy, including 24, which inhibited plasma cholesterol absorption by 67% in the mouse, thereby providing proof-of-concept that non-ß-lactams can be effective CAIs.

Tetrahydroindolizinone NK1 antagonists.

A new class of potent NK(1) receptor antagonists with a tetrahydroindolizinone core has been identified. This series of compounds demonstrated improved functional activities as compared to previously identified 5,5-fused pyrrolidine lead structures. SAR at the 7-position of the tetrahydroindolizinone core is discussed in detail. A number of compounds displayed high NK(1) receptor occupancy at both 1 h and 24 h in a gerbil foot tapping model. Compound 40 has high NK(1) binding affinity, good selectivity for other NK receptors and promising in vivo properties. It also has clean P(450) inhibition and hPXR induction profiles.

Fused tricyclic pyrrolizinones that exhibit pseudo-irreversible blockade of the NK1 receptor.

Previously, we had disclosed a novel class of hNK(1) antagonists based on the 5,5-fused pyrrolidine core. These compounds displayed subnanomolar hNK(1) affinity along with good efficacy in a gerbil foot-tapping (GFT) model, but unfortunately they had low to moderate functional antagonist (IP-1) activity. To elaborate on the SAR of this class of hNK(1) compounds and to improve functional activity, we have designed and synthesized a new class of hNK(1) antagonist with a third fused ring. Compared to the 5,5-fused pyrrolidine class, these 5,5,5-fused tricyclic hNK(1) antagonists maintain subnanomolar hNK(1) binding affinity with highly improved functional IP-1 activity (<10% SP remaining). A fused tricyclic methyl, hydroxyl geminally substituted pyrrolizinone (compound 20) had excellent functional IP (<2% SP remaining), hNK(1) binding affinity, off-target selectivity, pharmacokinetic profile and in vivo activity. Complete inhibition of agonist activity was observed at both 0 and 24h in the gerbil foot-tapping model with an ID(50) of 0.02 mpk at both 0 and 24h, respectively.

Design and synthesis of a new class of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase inhibitors with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities.

A new series of thiazole-substituted 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanols were prepared and evaluated as malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) inhibitors. Key analogs caused dose-dependent decreases in food intake and body weight in obese mice. Acute treatment with these compounds also led to a drop in elevated blood glucose in a murine model of type II diabetes.

Substituted fused bicyclic pyrrolizinones as potent, orally bioavailable hNK1 antagonists.

Previous work on human NK(1) (hNK(1)) antagonists in which the core of the structure is a 5,5-fused pyrrolizinone has been disclosed. The structural-activity-relationship studies on simple alpha- and beta-substituted compounds of this series provided several potent and bioavailable hNK(1) antagonists that displayed excellent brain penetration as observed by their good efficacy in the gerbil foot-tapping (GFT) model assay. Several of these compounds exhibited 100% inhibition of the foot-tapping response at 0.1 and 24h with ID(50)'s of less than 1 mpk. One particular alpha-substituted compound (2b) had an excellent pharmacokinetic profile across preclinical species with reasonable in vivo functional activity and minimal ancillary activity.

Discovery of 5-aryloxy-2,4-thiazolidinediones as potent GPR40 agonists.

Systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of a screening lead led to the discovery of a series of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) as potent GPR40 agonists. Among them, compound C demonstrated an acute mechanism-based glucose-lowering in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in lean mice, while no effects were observed in GPR40 knock-out mice.

Discovery and optimization of novel 4-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-N-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl]benzenesulfonamide ghrelin receptor antagonists.

This Letter describes optimization of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists starting from a screening hit.

Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of novel CCR2 antagonists.

A series of novel 1-aminocyclopentyl-3-carboxyamides incorporating substituted tetrahydropyran moieties have been synthesized and subsequently evaluated for their antagonistic activity against the human CCR2 receptor. Among them analog 59 was found to posses potent antagonistic activity.

Novel 1-(2-aminopyrazin-3-yl)methyl-2-thioureas as potent inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2).

Novel 1-(2-aminopyrazin-3-yl)methyl-2-thioureas are described as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). These compounds demonstrate potent in vitro activity against the enzyme with IC(50) values as low as 15 nM, and suppress expression of TNFalpha in THP-1 cells and in vivo in an acute inflammation model in mice. The synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and biological evaluation of these compounds are discussed.

Disubstituted pyrimidines as Lck inhibitors.

We have developed a family of 4-benzimidazolyl-N-piperazinethyl-pyrimidin-2-amines that are subnanomolar inhibitors of Lck. A subset of these Lck inhibitors, with heterocyclic substituents at the benzimidazole C5, are also low-nanomolar inhibitors of cellular IL2 release.

Characterization of a novel and selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist, Imidazole 24b, in rodents.

We document in vitro and in vivo effects of a novel, selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor inverse agonist, Imidazole 24b (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyl-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-imidazole-2-carboxamide). The in vitro binding affinity of Imidazole 24b for recombinant human and rat CB(1) receptor is 4 and 10 nM, respectively. Imidazole 24b binds to human cannabinoid CB(2) receptor with an affinity of 297 nM; in vitro, it is a receptor inverse agonist at both cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors as it causes a further increase of forskolin-induced cAMP increase. Oral administration of Imidazole 24b blocked CP-55940-induced hypothermia, demonstrating cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist efficacy in vivo. Using ex vivo autoradiography, Imidazole 24b resulted in dose-dependent increases in brain cannabinoid CB(1) receptor occupancy (RO) at 2h post-dosing in rats, indicating that approximately 50% receptor occupancy is sufficient for attenuation of receptor agonist-induced hypothermia. Imidazole 24b administered to C57Bl/6 mice and to dietary-induced obese (DIO) Sprague-Dawley rats attenuated overnight food intake with a minimal effective dose of 10 mg/kg, p.o. Administration had no effect in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor-deficient mice. DIO rats were dosed orally with vehicle, Imidazole 24b (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg), or dexfenfluramine (3 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. At 3 mg/kg, Imidazole 24b reduced cumulative food intake, leading to a non-significant decrease in weight gain. Imidazole 24b at 10 mg/kg and dexfenfluramine treatment inhibited food intake and attenuated weight gain. These findings suggest that selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor inverse agonists such as Imidazole 24b have potential for the treatment of obesity.

Potent heteroarylpiperidine and carboxyphenylpiperidine 1-alkyl-cyclopentane carboxamide CCR2 antagonists.

This report describes replacement of the 4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine moiety in our CCR2 antagonists with 4-heteroaryl piperidine and 4-(carboxyphenyl)-piperidine subunits. Some of the resulting analogs retained potency in our CCR2 binding assay and had improved selectivity versus the I(Kr) channel; poor selectivity against I(Kr) had been a liability of earlier analogs in this series.

Conformational studies of 3-amino-1-alkyl-cyclopentane carboxamide CCR2 antagonists leading to new spirocyclic antagonists.

In an effort to shed light on the active binding conformation of our 3-amino-1-alkyl-cyclopentane carboxamide CCR2 antagonists, we prepared several conformationally constrained analogs resulting from backbone cyclization. Evaluation of CCR2 binding affinities for these analogs gave insight into the optimal relative positions of the piperidine and benzylamide moieties while simultaneously leading to the discovery of a new, potent lead type based upon a spirocyclic acetal scaffold.

Fused bicyclic pyrrolizinones as new scaffolds for human NK1 antagonists.

Previous work on human NK(1) antagonists in which the core of the structure is a substituted pyrrolidine has been disclosed. These compounds showed good binding affinity and functional IP activity, however, many did not exhibit the necessary brain penetration for good in vivo activity. The discovery and preparation of a novel 5,5-fused pyrrolidine core is presented in this paper. This scaffold maintains the excellent binding affinity and functional IP activity of the previously reported compounds, but also exhibits excellent brain penetration as observed in a gerbil foot-tapping assay. The determination of the core structural stereochemistry, which eventually led to the final synthesis of a single active diastereomer, is described.

Discovery of 3-piperidinyl-1-cyclopentanecarboxamide as a novel scaffold for highly potent CC chemokine receptor 2 antagonists.

Introduction of ring restrictions to a linear aminobutyramide CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist lead (2) led to the discovery of a 1,3-disubstituted cyclopentane scaffold with enhanced hCCR2 receptor binding and antagonist activity. (1S,3R)-N-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-1-methyl-3-[(1R,3'R)-methyl-1'H-spiro[indene-1,4'-piperidin]-1'-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide (16) had IC50 of 1.3 nM (binding) and 0.45 nM (functional chemotaxis) against hCCR2. It also showed activity against the mouse CCR2 receptor with an IC50 of 130 nM. Compound 16 is selective against other chemokine receptors, including CCR5 ( approximately 500-fold).

Novel, orally bioavailable gamma-aminoamide CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonists.

Through modification of a screening hit we have discovered a structurally distinct new lead, (2S)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butanamide (11), which has subsequently served as the departure point for an ongoing program targeting CCR2 antagonists. Optimization of 11 leading to antagonists 26 and 37 is described. Antagonist 26 was shown to have good oral bioavailability in rats. Antagonist 37 had a CCR2 IC50 of 59 nM and excellent potency in a functional assay measuring inhibition of MCP-1 induced monocyte chemotaxis (IC50 of 41 nM).

Synthesis and study of alendronate derivatives as potential prodrugs of alendronate sodium for the treatment of low bone density and osteoporosis.

Alendronate derivatives were evaluated as potential prodrugs for the osteoporosis drug alendronate sodium in an attempt to enhance the systemic exposure after oral administration. An investigation of the chemical behavior of alendronate derivatives led to development of practical synthetic strategies and prediction of each structural class's prodrug potential. Pharmacokinetic studies of N-myristoylalendronic acid revealed that 25% have been converted in vivo after i.v. administration in rat, providing an important proof-of-concept for this strategy.

Discovery of potent 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) receptor agonists with exceptional selectivity against S1P2 and S1P3.

A class of 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole based compounds have been identified as potent sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) receptor agonists with minimal affinity for the S1P2 and S1P3 receptor subtypes. Analogue 26 (S1P1 IC50 = 0.6 nM) has an excellent pharmacokinetics profile in the rat and dog and is efficacious in a rat skin transplant model, indicating that S1P3 receptor agonism is not a component of immunosuppressive efficacy.