Hypoxia-induced exosomes promote hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis via miR-1273f transfer.

Exosomes are present within the local hypoxic tumor microenvironment, where they are able to transfer microRNAs between cells, thereby, effectively mediating cell-cell communication. Hypoxia plays a pivotal role in the progression of many tumor types such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but how hypoxia-induced exosomes in HCC affect HCC cells remains uncertain. In the present study, we found that hypoxic conditions induced increased exosomal production by HCC cells, and these exosomes, in turn, enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in addition to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells under normoxic conditions. When we analyzed these exosomes, we found that miR-1273f were present at higher levels under hypoxic conditions, and we determined that this miRNA was responsible for directly replicating the effects of hypoxic exosomes within HCC cells, in addition to activating the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. We finally identified LHX6, which is a known inhibitor of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, to be a miR-1273f target. These results, thus, provide evidence that hypoxic conditions can lead HCC cells to express increased exosomes that facilitate miR-1273f expression in normoxic cells, thereby enhancing their malignant phenotype at least in part by targeting LHX6 for downregulation.

TCM syndrome differentiation in colorectal cancer patients assisted by differences in gut microbiota: An exploratory study.

Objective: To explore the difference in gut microbiota between different traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and its internal relationship. Methods: From June 2020 to August 2021, 109 colorectal cancer patients with a clear pathological diagnosis who had not yet undergone surgery or chemotherapy were classified according to the TCM syndrome classification, and the feces samples of 109 patients with preoperative colorectal cancer were collected. 16s rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota diversity and abundance in CRC patients with different TCM syndrome, and LEfSe analysis was made to screen different TCM syndrome for differential representative microbiota. Results: 109 patients were divided into 5 syndromes by TCM syndrome classification, which were Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency Syndrome (LKYDS, n = 19), Spleen Deficient Qi Stagnation Syndrome (SDQSS, n = 30), Stasis and Poison Obstruction Syndrome (SPOS, n = 17), Damp-Heat Syndrome (DHS, n = 30), Qi and Blood Deficiency Syndrome (QBDS, n = 13). Alpha diversity index showed significant differences among the five groups of TCM syndromes, with Shannon index being highest in the SDQSS group and lowest in the LKYDS (p = 0.003). ACE index being highest in the SDQSS group and lowest in the SPOS (p = 0.010). PD whole tree index being highest in the SDQSS group and lowest in the SPOS (p = 0.017). Similarly, beta diversity showed significant differences among the five groups of TCM syndromes, with principal coordinate analysis (PCo1 = 31.86 %, PCo2 = 5.62 %) showing separation and coincidence between the groups, and Adonis group differences showing coincidence between the QBDS-LKYDS (p = 0.702), QBDS-DHS (p = 0.133), and SDQSS-DHS (p = 0.260) groups. LEfSe analysis revealed that the representative microbiota of DHS patients was Dialister sp Marseille P5638 (LDA = 3.05, p＜0.001), the representative microbiota of SPOS patients was Oscillospirales (LDA = 4.78, p = 0.029), the representative microbiota of SDQSS patients was Selenomonadaceae (LDA = 3.94, p = 0.003), the representative microbiota of LKYDS patients was Dialister (LDA = 4.19, p = 0.001), and the representative microbiota of QBDS patients was Akkermansia muciniphila (LDA = 4.23, p = 0.006). Conclusions: There are significant differences in gut microbiota between different TCM syndromes in CRC patients. The five microbiota, Dialister sp Marseille P5638, Oscillospirales, Selenomonadaceae, Dialister, and Akkermansia muciniphila, may be differential markers of TCM syndrome in CRC and are expected to be one of the bases for accurate TCM syndrome differentiation of CRC.

Erratum: Mir-484 contributes to diminished ovarian reserve by regulating granulosa cell function via YAP1-mediated mitochondrial function and apoptosis: Erratum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68028.].

Bisphenol A and its analogue bisphenol S exposure reduce estradiol synthesis via the ROS-mediated PERK/ATF4 signaling pathway.

As a kind of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, BPA may affect the human placenta. Due to consumer unease about BPA, many manufacturers are using alternatives to BPA, such as BPS. However, some reports suggest that BPS may produce similar results to BPA. To understand how BPA/BPS leads to reduced synthesis of placental estradiol (E2), we conducted studies using a human choriocarcinoma cell (JEG-3) model for research. In this study. Elisa assay revealed that both BPA/BPS exposures decreased E2 synthesis in JEG-3 cells. The results of RT-PCR showed that both BPA and BPS could reduce the mRNA expression of CYP19A1, a key enzyme for E2 synthesis in JEG-3 cells. In addition, Western blot assay showed that BPA/BPS-induced ER-stress PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling protein expression was increased. The expression of ROS in cells after exposure to BPA/BPS was detected using the 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) method. The results of this experiment showed that BPA/BPS significantly induced an inhibition of ROS in JEG-3 cells. The present study concluded that, firstly, BPS exposure induced almost the same effect as BPA in reducing E2 synthesis in JEG-3 cells. Second, BPA/BPS exposure may reduce E2 synthesis in JEG-3 cells by increasing ROS levels and thus activating endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Mir-484 contributes to diminished ovarian reserve by regulating granulosa cell function via YAP1-mediated mitochondrial function and apoptosis.

Women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) have reduced fertility, but the underlying regulation of ovarian function remains unknown. Although differential microRNA (miRNA) expression has been described in several ovarian disorders, little is known about the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of DOR. In this study, we investigated the expression levels of miR-484 in granulosa cells (GCs) derived from human follicular fluid, and explored their correlation with female ovarian reserve function as well as clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction technology (ART). Additionally, we investigated the effects of miR-484 on the biological functions of GC cell lines in vitro. We found that miR-484 was highly expressed in GCs from DOR patients and was correlated with decreasing AMH levels and AFC, as well as increasing FSH levels, but not with LH, progesterone, or estradiol. Additionally, miR-484 was negatively related to the number of retrieved oocytes and the ratio of high-quality embryos. Moreover, we found that miR-484 repressed the proliferation of GCs and induced apoptosis, which can in part be attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction. Conversely, silencing miR-484 had the opposite effect. Multiple approaches, including bioinformatic analysis, RNA-seq, qPCR, immunofluorescence, western blotting and luciferase reporter assays, identified YAP1 as a direct target of miR-484 in GCs. Additionally, reintroduction of YAP1 rescued the effects of miR-484 in GCs. The present study indicates that miR-484 can directly target the mRNA of YAP1, induce mitochondrial dysfunction, and consequently reduce the viability and promote the apoptosis of granulosa cells, which contributes to the pathogenesis of DOR.

Health benefit of mindfulness intervention for older adults with insomnia disorders: a systematic review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of the health benefits of mindfulness interventions for older adults with insomnia disorders. MethodsThematic keyword search was conducted in databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang data, for literature on the impact of mindfulness intervention on sleep quality in older adults with insomnia disorders, published up to August, 2023. The methodological quality of the researches was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Insomnia disorders, sleep function and mindfulness interventions were coded using International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and International Classification of Health Interventions Beta-3； and a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA. ResultsNine researches from four countries were included, involving 800 participants, and all the researches were randomized controlled trials. The average score of PEDro scale was 7.1. The health-related conditions were insomnia disorders and insomnia disorders complicated with mild cognitive impairment. Mindfulness interventions used included mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia, mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness meditation. Interventions were implemented in institutions or health centers, care facilities, and community health service centers, varying from six to eight weeks. Health benefits of mindfulness intervention included improvements in sleep quality and psychological and behavioral health. ConclusionMindfulness interventions effectively improve sleep quality in older adults with insomnia disorders, alleviate negative emotional states such as depression, anxiety and perceived stress, and improve the quality of life.

Effect of active music therapy on cognitive function for older adults with cognitive impairment: a systematic review based on ICD-11 and ICF / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of the effect of active music therapy on cognitive function for older adults with cognitive impairment based on International Classification of Diseases, the 11th Revision (ICD-11), and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). MethodsA PICO framework was constructed. Thematic keyword searches were conducted in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang data, for literature on the effect of active music therapy on cognitive function for older adults with cognitive impairment, published up to November 5th, 2023. Information on authors, countries, publication date, sample characteristics, study designs, intervention methods, measurement tools and outcomes were extracted. The methodological quality of the researches was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. ResultsEight researches from six countries were included, which were all randomized controlled trials involving 356 older adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The articles were published from 2014 to 2020, with an average of 7.4 of the PEDro scale. Active music therapy was used by singing and playing instruments. Interventions took place in hospitals, nursing homes, and health centers. The intervention duration ranged from mostly 30 to 60 minutes a time, with a few 120 minutes a time. Interventions were implemented mostly one to three times a week, lasting from eight to twelve weeks. Health outcomes focused on cognitive function, including overall cognitive function, executive function, attention function and memory function. ConclusionA theoretical framework for the benefits of active music therapy on the cognitive function for older adults with cognitive impairment has been constructed based on ICD-11 and ICF. Active music therapy can improve overall cognitive function, executive function, attention function and memory function for older adults with cognitive impairment.

Effect of psychological intervention on anxiety or depression in children and adolescents with hearing impairment: a systematic review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo systematically review the effect of psychological intervention on anxiety and depression in hearing-impaired children and adolescents. MethodsThe literature was researched from the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang Database on psychological intervention on anxiety and depression for hearing-impaired children and adolescents until July, 2023. After screening, author, country, study object, study design, intervention mode, outcome, and measurement tools were extracted from the literature. ResultsEight articles from three countries were included, including eight randomized controlled trials, involving 404 participants, publishing mainly from 2013 to 2023. The types of psychological intervention included family support education, emotional intelligence training, cognitive behavioral therapy, self-confidence group training, and play therapy, and so on, which improved social phobia, and relieved the levels of anxiety and depression of children and adolescents with hearing impairment. ConclusionPsychological intervention can effectively alleviate the anxiety and depression of children and adolescents with hearing impairment.

Astragalus polysaccharide inhibits IDO1 expression in colon tumor microenvironment to increase intratumoral CD8~+ T cell infiltration / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to investigate the regulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide(APS) and APS combined with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) on indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase(IDO1) in the colon tumor microenvironment. Sixty Balb/c mice were randomized into a blank group, a model group, an APS group, an APS + 5-FU group, an APS + low-dose 5-FU group, and a 5-FU group. A tumor model was established by subcutaneous transplantation with CT-26 mouse colon cancer cells in other groups except the blank group. After successful modeling, each group was treated with corresponding drugs for 7 days. The general condition, body weight, and tumor volume of the mice were observed and measured daily during the treatment period. The mice were sacrificed at the end of treatment, and the tumor suppression rate and spleen index of the mice were calculated. Western blot and fluorescence quantitative PCR were employed to determine the protein and mRNA levels, respectively, of IDO1 in the tumor tissue of mice. High performance liquid chromatography was employed to measure the levels of tryptophan(Trp) and kynurenine(Kyn) in the tumor tissue of mice. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was performed to observe the histological changes of the tumor tissue, and immunohistochemistry to detect the changes of CD4 and CD8 expression in the tumor tissue. Compared with that in the model group, the tumor volume of mice in each treatment group significantly reduced. The body weights of mice in APS + 5-FU group and 5-FU group significantly reduced from day 4 to day 7 of treatment. In addition, the APS + 5-FU group and 5-FU group showed significantly decreased spleen index. The protein and mRNA levels of IDO1 were significantly down-regulated in the APS, APS + 5-FU, and APS + low-dose 5-FU groups. The drug interventions significantly increased the Trp content and decreased the Kyn content. The APS + 5-FU group showed significantly reduced infiltration of CD4~+ T lymphocytes and increased infiltration of CD8~+ T lymphocytes. APS inhibited the expression of IDO1 in the colon tumor microenvironment to increase CD8~+ T lymphocyte infiltration, and the combination of APS with 5-FU demonstrated better effect.

Mental health services for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a WHO-FICs-based study / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo systematically analyze the typical mental health conditions and psychological disorders of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), to construct a mental health service system and psychological interventions to these mental health conditions of children with IDD . MethodsBased on the framework of the World Health Organization Family International Classifications (WHO-FICs), the mental health conditions and related functioning were analyzed, and the mental health service framework and proposed mental health interventions were constructed.There were six main categories of mental health conditions for children with IDDConclusionThis study systematically analyzed the typical mental health status and related psychological functional impairments of children with IDD. Based on the World Health Organization health service system, a mental health service framework for children with IDD was constructed. Referring to the WHO's continuum of health services, a system of psychological intervention methods for children with IDD was established. Furthermore, the WHO-FICs were used to describe and code the functions of children with IDD, and the ICHI-β3 was applied to code and analyze the related psychological interventions. Resultsmood disorders (anxiety and depression), behavioral disorders (disruptive disorders and challenging behaviors, aggressive behaviors), traumatic disorders (post-traumatic stress disorder), mental disorders (schizophrenia), suicide and self-harm, and learning disabilities (developmental learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Mental health services for children with IDD involved in six dimensions: leadership and governance, fundraising, human resources, service delivery, mental health technologies, and information and research. Mental health services went through the continuum of health services from prevention, treatment, rehabilitation to health promotion. We delivered mental health services for children with IDD in three aspects: identifying and diagnosing mental health problems or conditions, analyzing the main factors caused mental health problems, and analyzing the environmental factors. Mental health service interventions mainly covered five categories: antidepressants, psychotherapy, stress management training, physical exercise training, healthy lifestyle education, consultation and support. Children with IDD may obtain the mental health services in hospitals, rehabilitation institutions, community and school settings.

Research on competency of professionals in rehabilitation psychology using World Health Organization rehabilitation competency framework / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To explore competency of professionals in rehabilitation psychology using Rehabilitation Competency Framework (RCF) and develop the curriculum system of rehabilitation psychology at graduate level.Methods Using RCF and Rehabilitation Competency Framework to a specific context, we constructed competency of professionals in rehabilitation psychology and education programme with the functioning framework of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in accordance with disciplinary development and vocational need.Results A competency framework for professionals in rehabilitation psychology based on RCF was constructed; the educational goals based on competency-based education (CBE) in accordance with vocational competency and job responsibilities had been formulated; the curriculum system of rehabilitation psychology was developed in rehabilitation psychology at graduate level based on RCF and CBE, to develop professionals of rehabilitation psychology work in a team.Conclusion Disciplinary development and vocational requirement are integrated in competency of professionals in rehabilitation psychology based on RCF, which provide theories and methods to develop graduate programme and curriculum in rehabilitation psychology.

Discipline of rehabilitation psychology using ICF: paradigm and contents / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To discuss the paradigm and contents of rehabilitation psychology using bio-psycho-social model of functioning, disability and health of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods In perspectives of rehabilitation sciences and psychological sciences, paradigm and contents of modern rehabilitation psychology with the functioning framework of ICF were constructed in accordance with the development of modern rehabilitation science. Results A holistic rehabilitation model was constructed based on ICF, involving the body, mind and environment. Based on the functional model of ICF, the main contents of modern rehabilitation psychology were not only related to the function and structure of the body, but also related to the activities and participation, and emphasized the interaction with environment. The modern rehabilitation psychology would not only research about the physical dysfunction, but also the intervention of activity and environment. Based on ICF, common terminology and coding methods might be used to enable rehabilitation psychologists to communicate with relevant professionals in the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary field of rehabilitation. Conclusion Constructing the theoretical framework and research paradigm of modern rehabilitation psychology based on ICF can form the system of rehabilitation psychology integrated with psychological science and rehabilitation science.

Rethinking the marketing strategy of anti-tumor drugs by single-arm trials supported / 中华肿瘤杂志

Single-arm trial refers to a clinical trial design that does not set up parallel control group, adopts open design, and does not involve randomization and blind method. These features, on the one hand, speed up the process of clinical trials, significantly shorten the time to market and meet the needs of patients with advanced malignancies, but also lead to the uncertainty of single-arm clinical trials themselves. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration held a meeting of the oncologic drug advisory committee to discuss six tumor indications that have been accelerated approved, which once again triggered the discussion of single-arm trials. The basis of accelerated approval by single-arm trial is actually a compromise on the level of evidence-based medical evidence requirements after assessing the benefit risk. Therefore, the sponsor should strictly grasp the applicable conditions of single-arm trial in anti-tumor drugs and conduct single-arm trial scientifically. Post-marketing clinical trial should be implement as early as possible to ensure the benefit of patients. Based on the characteristics of single-arm trial, combined with two guidance relevant to single-arm trial issued by National Medical Products Administration recently, this article is supposed to propose and summarize the strategy of single-arm trial supporting the marketing of anti-tumor drugs.

Magnetic and magnetothermal properties, and the magnetic phase diagram of single-crystal holmium along the easy magnetization direction.

The magnetic and magnetothermal properties of holmium single crystal have been investigated from 4.2 to 300 K in magnetic fields up to 100 kOe using magnetization and heat capacity data measured along the easy magnetization direction, which is the crystallographic b-axis, i.e. [112¯0] direction. The magnetic phase diagram of Ho has been refined by examining data measured using a high purity single crystal.

Study of clinically-indicated replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters in old adults / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To evaluate the safety of clinically-indicated replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) in old adults.Methods:Total of 1 627 patients with peripheral intravenous catheters in emergency wards at a tertiary hospital in shanghai were recruited. Patients were randomly divided into an experimental group (817 cases) and control group (810 cases) by random digits tale method. PIVCs in the experiment were replaced only when clinical indications appeared, while PIVCs in the control group were routinely changed every 72-96 hours. Indwelling time, complications associated with PIVCs and nurse compliance were compared after indwelling peripheral intravenous catheters.Results:PIVC indwelling time was (3.43±1.36) days in the experimental group, and (3.18±1.16) days in the control group ,there was significant difference between two groups ( t value was 4.07, P<0.05). The incidence of phlebitis, occlusion, infiltration, and accidental removal in experimental group was 11.26% (92/817), 17.97% (146/817), 10.77% (88/817), 3.91% (32/817), while in the control group 9.88% (80/810), 15.06% (122/810), 11.23% (91/810), 3.70% (30/810). The two groups showed no statistically difference in catheter phlebitis, occlusion, infiltration, and accidental removal ( χ2 values were 0.82, 2.33, 0.09, 0.05, P>0.05). The severity of phlebitis in the experiment group was higher than that in the control group, and there was significant difference between two groups ( χ2 value was 20.99, P<0.05). Nurse compliance achieved in the experimental group 100.00% (817/817) was higher than that in the control group 87.65% (710/810), which showed statistically difference ( χ2 value was 107.47, P<0.05). Conclusion:Indwelling time in the clinically- indicated replacement group was longer than that of the routine replacement group. Peripheral intravenous catheters in old adults can be remove as clinically-indicated with a close monitoring of complications.

Study of clinically-indicated replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters in old adults / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the safety of clinically-indicated replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) in old adults.@*Methods@#Total of 1 627 patients with peripheral intravenous catheters in emergency wards at a tertiary hospital in shanghai were recruited. Patients were randomly divided into an experimental group (817 cases) and control group (810 cases) by random digits tale method. PIVCs in the experiment were replaced only when clinical indications appeared, while PIVCs in the control group were routinely changed every 72-96 hours. Indwelling time, complications associated with PIVCs and nurse compliance were compared after indwelling peripheral intravenous catheters.@*Results@#PIVC indwelling time was (3.43±1.36) days in the experimental group, and (3.18±1.16) days in the control group ,there was significant difference between two groups (t value was 4.07, P<0.05). The incidence of phlebitis, occlusion, infiltration, and accidental removal in experimental group was 11.26% (92/817), 17.97% (146/817), 10.77% (88/817), 3.91% (32/817), while in the control group 9.88% (80/810), 15.06% (122/810), 11.23% (91/810), 3.70% (30/810). The two groups showed no statistically difference in catheter phlebitis, occlusion, infiltration, and accidental removal (χ2 values were 0.82, 2.33, 0.09, 0.05, P>0.05). The severity of phlebitis in the experiment group was higher than that in the control group, and there was significant difference between two groups (χ2 value was 20.99, P<0.05). Nurse compliance achieved in the experimental group 100.00% (817/817) was higher than that in the control group 87.65% (710/810), which showed statistically difference (χ2 value was 107.47, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Indwelling time in the clinically- indicated replacement group was longer than that of the routine replacement group. Peripheral intravenous catheters in old adults can be remove as clinically-indicated with a close monitoring of complications.

Effects of hypoxic exosomes on the proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of hypoxic exosomes secreted from hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells on the proliferation, migration and invasion under co-cultured normoxic condition.@*Methods@#Hypoxic exosomes secreted from Huh7 cells under hypoxic conditions were extracted by differential ultracentrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticles tracking analysis and western blot were used for the identification of hypoxic exosomes. Hypoxic exosomes were co-cultured with Huh7 cells under normoxic conditions. CCK8, cell scratch and transwell assay were used to detect the changes of cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and t-test.@*Results@#Hypoxic exosomes secreted from Huh7 cells ranged in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter, and expressed exosome surface markers CD9, CD63 and TSG101. Hypoxic exosomes significantly enhanced the proliferation of normoxic Huh7 cells (A value of hypoxic exosomes and control group at 48 and 72 h were 2.131 ± 0.092 and 1.760 ± 0.104,t= 3.740,P<0.01, 3.121 ± 0.157 and 2.298 ± 0.085,t= 8.289,P< 0.01). The migration distance between hypoxic exosome and control group at 48 and 72 h were (0.37 ± 0.06 cm)and(0.19 ± 0.05 cm),t= 4.813,P< 0.05, (1.15 ± 0.07 cm) and(0.62 ± 0.08 cm),t= 8.874,P< 0.05, and invasion ability [hypoxic exosomes and control group were (123 ± 18), (44 ± 12),t= 6.203,P< 0.01].@*Conclusion@#Hypoxic exosomes secreted from hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells can promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion in hypoxic environment, suggesting that intercellular information transmission mediated by hypoxic exosomes may be one of the key mechanisms for the amplification of malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in hypoxic microenvironment.

Assessment and Classification of Severe Intellectual Disability for Children Aged 6-18 / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the assessment and classification for children aged 6-18 with severe intellectual disability.Methods A total of 36 children with severe intellectual disability were assessed with Wechsler Preschool and Primacy Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-Ⅳ) (CN) and Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-Ⅱ) (CNC).Results The ratio intelligence quotient of WPPSI-Ⅳ was (32.4±4.91), consistent with the results from ABAS-Ⅱ.Conclusion WPPSI-Ⅳ and ABAS-Ⅱ can be used for assessment and classification of severity of intellectual disability for children aged 6-18 and intelligence quotient less than 45.

Analysis of the discrepancy of crown-root morphology of central incisors among different skeletal malocclusion using cone-beam CT / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the discrepancy of crown-root morphology of upper and lower central incisors in adult patients with different skeletal malocclusions using cone-beam CT (CBCT).@*Methods@#Patients visiting the Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi′an Jiaotong University from January 2015 to December 2017 were selected, including 108 cases (52 males, 56 females, aged from 18 to 30 years, mean age 25.8 years). According to CBCT data and cephalometric analysis, 66 patients with average angle were selected as the sagittal skeletal group, including 24 Class Ⅰ patients, 20 Class Ⅱ and 22 Class Ⅲ patients. In the other selected 66 skeletal Class Ⅰ patients including 21 low angle patients, 24 average angle patients (from the sagittal skeletal Class Ⅰ subgroup) and 21 high angle patients. Invivo 5 software was used to locate the CBCT image three dimensionally and then obtain the middle labio-lingual section of right central incisor. Auto CAD 2007 software was applied to measure the angle formed by the long axis of root and the extension line of the long axis of crown (Collum angle), and the angle between the long axis of crown and the lip tangent line passing through the center of the labial surface of crown (labial surface angle). One-way ANOVA and Scheff were used to analyze the discrepancies among classifications and Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between the Collum angles and labial surface angles.@*Results@#Significant differences were found in Collum angles and labial surface angles among different sagittal skeletal patterns (P<0.05). The Collum angle of maxillary central incisors in Class Ⅱ patients was 5.18°±4.97° and the average labial surface angle was 17.78°±3.74°, which were both significantly higher than that of maxillary central incisors in Class Ⅰ and Ⅲ subgroups (P<0.05). Similarly, the above two angles of mandibular central incisors in Class Ⅲ were 5.59°±5.64° and 15.32°±3.05°, which were significantly higher than that of mandibular central incisors in Class Ⅰ and Ⅱ subgroups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among different vertical skeletal patterns (P>0.05). Notably, the Collum angles of maxillary or mandibular central incisors presented significantly positive correlation with labial surface angles (maxillary: r=0.723, P<0.001; mandibular: r=0.752, P<0.001).@*Conclusions@#The long axis of the crown of the maxillary central incisor in skeletal Class Ⅱ patients and the mandibular central incisor in skeletal Class Ⅲ patients are obviously deviated toward the lingual side relative to the long axis of the root, and correspondingly there is a greater labial surface angle of the crown, which indicates that equivalent positioning deviation during bracket bonding can cause greater torque expression error.

Terminology, Diagnosis and Classification of Intellectual Disability Using WHO ICD-11 and ICF / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To review the nomenclature and terminology, diagnostic criteria, classification and evaluation of intellectual disability using WHO ICD-11 and ICF.Methods The theories and approaches of ICD-11 and ICF were adopted to analyze the nomenclature and terminology, diagnostic criteria, classification and evaluation of intellectual disability.Results ICD-11 and ICF had established the nomenclature and terminology, diagnostic criteria, classification and evaluation of intellectual disability from the perspectives of content model of ICD-11 and functioning of ICF respectively. Intellectual disability had used nomenclature of disorder of intellectual development and one of sub-categories of mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorders. Intellectual disability was also defined as both impairment of intellectual function (b117) and functional limitation of adaptive behaviors (d1-d9) using ICF. Occurrence age of intellectual disability was before 18 years old for diagnostic criteria of ICD-11 and ICF.Conclusion The nomenclature and terminology, diagnostic criteria and classifications of intellectual disability have been reviewed and updated using the theories and approaches of ICD-11 and ICF. It provides theoretical supports, approaches, and standardized tools for the development of rehabilitation service for people with intellectual disability.