Spirometry in early childhood in cystic fibrosis patients.

BACKGROUND: Spirometry data in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients in early childhood is scarce, and the ability of spirometry to detect airways obstruction is debatable. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of spirometry to detect airflow obstruction in CF patients in early childhood. METHODS: CF children (age range, 2.5 to 6.9 years) in stable clinical condition were recruited from five CF centers. The children performed guided spirometry (SpiroGame; patented by Dr. Vilzone, 2003). Spirometry indices were compared to values of a healthy early childhood population, and were analyzed with relation to age, gender, and clinical parameters (genotype, pancreatic status, and presence of Pseudomonas in sputum or oropharyngeal cultures). RESULTS: Seventy-six of 93 children tested performed acceptable spirometry. FVC, FEV1, forced expiratory flow in 0.5 s (FEV0.5), and forced expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (FEF50) were significantly lower than healthy (z scores, mean +/- SD: - 0.36 +/- 0.58, - 0.36 +/- 0.72, - 1.20 +/- 0.87; and - 1.80 +/- 1.47, respectively; p < 0.01); z scores for FEV1 and FVC were similar over the age ranges studied. However, z scores for FEV0.5 and forced expiratory flow at 25 to 75% of vital capacity were significantly lower in older children compared to younger children (p < 0.001), and a higher proportion of 6-year-old than 3-year-old children had z scores that were > 2 SDs below the mean (65% vs 5%, p < 0.03). Girls demonstrated lower FEF50 than boys (z scores: - 2.42 +/- 1.91 vs - 1.56 +/- 1.23; p < 0.001). Clinical parameters evaluated were not found to influence spirometric indices. CONCLUSIONS: Spirometry elicited by CF patients in early childhood can serve as an important noninvasive tool for monitoring pulmonary status. FEV0.5 and flow-related volumes might be more sensitive than the traditional FEV1 in detecting and portraying changes in lung function during early childhood.

The impact of educational intervention programs on pain management in a pediatric emergency department.

Management of pain and anxiety is an important part of patient care in the pediatric emergency department (ED). Even though it has improved significantly over the past few years, it is still suboptimal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of informal and formal education on pain and anxiety management in the pediatric ED. Management of pain and anxiety was assessed by comparing the use of analgesics and sedatives during three phases: A) year 2000 (baseline), B) years 2001-2002 (informal teaching) and C) year 2004 (following a structured simulation-based training in pediatric sedation and analgesia). During period B there was a significant increase in the yearly use of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) (RR=2.63, CI 1.23-5.6), ibuprofen (RR=14.16, CI 8.73-22.98), midazolam (RR=1.68, CI 1.39-2.03) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in comparison with period A, with an additional increment of the first three medicines during period C. There was no change in the use of ketamine, morphine and meperidine during period B. Whereas, during period C, a significant increase in the use of ketamine and morphine was demonstrated (RR=24.56, CI 10.71-56.3 and RR=3.07, CI 2.12-4.44, respectively), while the use of meperidine (RR=0.68, CI 0.49-0.94) and N2O (RR=0.46, 95% CI 0.32-0.67) declined significantly. Educational interventions have a clear impact on pain and anxiety management demonstrated by the subsequent change in the use of sedatives and analgesics and should be provided to pediatric ED physicians. Informal teaching affected mainly the use of milder sedatives and analgesics, while formal structured training influenced the use of opioids and dissociative agents.

The effect of fasting practice on sedation with chloral hydrate.

OBJECTIVES: Infants undergo various painless imaging procedures frequently. Mild sedation is required in such cases to reduce anxiety as well as to ensure optimal performance of the procedure. The most frequently used sedative as a single drug is chloral hydrate. The issue of preprocedural fasting is a subject of contention. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)/American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) fasting practice guidelines on the efficacy and success of the sedation with chloral hydrate. METHODS: The sedation records of 200 infants from 2 hospitals who underwent auditory brainstem response for evaluation of hearing loss were evaluated retrospectively. In the first hospital (group A), strict nulla per os (NPO) guidelines were followed in accordance with the guidelines published by the AAP/ASA, whereas in the second hospital (group B), no fasting period was required. All children were premedicated with chloral hydrate. We evaluated the sedation failure rate, total dose of chloral hydrate needed, adverse effects, overall sleep time, and time to discharge. RESULTS: The average fasting period as expected was significantly longer in group A patients than in group B patients (5.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 2 +/- 0.2 hours; P < 0.001). Group A patients demonstrated a significantly higher failure rate to achieve sedation with the first dose of chloral hydrate compared with group B patients (21% vs.11%; P = 0.03), hence needing higher doses (83 +/- 31 vs. 61 +/- 21 mg/kg; P < 0.01), and were sedated for longer periods (103 +/- 42 vs. 73 +/- 48 minutes; P < 0.001) and discharged later. No difference was found in the adverse effect rate. CONCLUSION: Fasting was associated with an increased failure rate of the initial sedation. As a consequence, an increased total dose of chloral hydrate was required inducing a prolonged sedation time. Presumably, this is a result of the fact that a hungry child is irritable and therefore more difficult to sedate.