Gd3+:DOTA-Modified 2-Hydroxypropyl-ß-Cyclodextrin/4-Sulfobutyl Ether-ß-Cyclodextrin-Based Polyrotaxanes as Long Circulating High Relaxivity MRI Contrast Agents.

A family of five water-soluble Gd3+:1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tetraacetic acid-modified polyrotaxane (PR) magnetic resonance contrast agents bearing mixtures of 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and 4-sulfobutylether-ß-cyclodextrin macrocycles threaded onto Pluronic cores were developed as long circulating magnetic resonance contrast agents. Short diethylene glycol diamine spacers were utilized for linking the macrocyclic chelator to the PR scaffold prior to Gd3+ chelation. The PR products were characterized by 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography/multiangle light scattering, dynamic light scattering, and analytical ultracentrifugation. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion and molar relaxivity measurements at 23 °C revealed that all the PR contrast agents displayed high spin-spin T1 relaxation and spin-lattice T2 relaxation rates relative to a DOTAREM control. When injected at 0.05 mmol Gd/kg body weight in BALB/c mice, the PR contrast agents increased the T1-weighted MR image intensities with longer circulation times in the blood pool than DOTAREM. Excretion of the agents occurred predominantly via the renal or biliary routes depending on the polyrotaxane structure, with the longest circulating L81 Pluronic-based agent showing the highest liver uptake. Proteomic analysis of PR bearing different ß-cyclodextrin moieties indicated that lipoproteins were the predominant component associated with these materials after serum exposure, comprising as much as 40% of the total protein corona. We infer from these findings that Gd(III)-modified PR contrast agents are promising long-circulating candidates for blood pool analysis by MRI.

Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin/pluronic-based polyrotaxanes via heterogeneous reaction as potential Niemann-Pick type C therapeutics.

Five polyrotaxanes were synthesized by threading 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) onto a variety of α,ω-ditriethylenediamino-N-carbamoyl-poly-(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic) triblock copolymers using a two-pot strategy under heterogeneous, nonaqueous conditions. The threaded HP-ß-CD units were retained on the pseudopolyrotaxane precursors by end-capping the branched diamine termini with sodium 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate. Inclusion of the Pluronic copolymers within the HP-ß-CD cavities was more favorable in nonpolar solvents, such as diethyl ether and n-hexane, both of which gave better coverage ratios than polar solvents. (1)H NMR and MALDI-TOF were used to estimate the average molecular weights of the purified polyrotaxane products. A globular morphology of aggregated polyrotaxanes was observed by tapping-mode AFM imaging of dried samples. Treatment of Niemann-Pick C (NPC) type 2-deficient fibroblasts with the polyrotaxane derivatives produced substantial reductions in sterol accumulation, as seen by diminished filipin staining in these cells, suggesting that Pluronic-based polyrotaxanes may be promising vehicles for delivery of HP-ß-CD to cells with abnormal cholesterol accumulation.

Structure-property relationship for in vitro siRNA delivery performance of cationic 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin: PEG-PPG-PEG polyrotaxane vectors.

Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery is a promising therapeutic approach, however, the processes required for transport of these materials across the numerous extracellular and intracellular barriers are poorly understood. Efficient delivery of siRNA-containing nanoparticles would ultimately benefit from an improved understanding of how parameters associated with these barriers relate to the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticle vectors. We report the synthesis of three Pluronic(®)-based, cholesterol end-capped cationic polyrotaxanes (PR(+)) threaded with 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) for siRNA delivery. The biological data showed that PR(+):siRNA complexes were well tolerated (∼90% cell viability) and produced efficient silencing (>80%) in HeLa-GFP and NIH 3T3-GFP cell lines. We further used a multi-parametric approach to identify relationships between the PR(+) structure, PR(+):siRNA complex physical properties, and biological activity. Small angle X-ray scattering and cryoelectron microscopy studies reveal periodicity and lamellar architectures for PR(+):siRNA complexes, whereas the biological assays, ζ potential measurements, and imaging studies suggest that silencing efficiency is influenced by the effective charge ratio (ρeff), polypropylene oxide (PO) block length, and central PO block coverage (i.e., rigidity) of the PR(+) core. We infer from our findings that more compact PR(+):siRNA nanostructures arising from lower molecular weight, rigid rod-like PR(+) polymer cores produce improved silencing efficiency relative to higher molecular weight, more flexible PR(+) vectors of similar effective charge. This study demonstrates that PR(+):siRNA complex formulations can be produced having higher performance than Lipofectamine(®) 2000, while maintaining good cell viability and siRNA sequence protection in cell culture.

Impact of Mixed ß-Cyclodextrin Ratios on Pluronic Rotaxanation Efficiency and Product Solubility.

Water-soluble polyrotaxanes have been prepared under heterogeneous conditions from mixtures of ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD), methyl-ß-cyclodextrin, or 6-monoazido-ß-cyclodextrin with 4-sulfobutyl ether-ß-cyclodextrin (SBE-ß-CD) and Pluronic L81 copolymer modified with cholesterol end caps. Threading reactions gave polyrotaxane products in modest chemical yield that were reflective of the ß-CD feed ratios in the reaction. Polyrotaxanes containing mixtures of HP-ß-CD and SBE-ß-CD were screened and found to be biologically active in an in vitro model of Niemann-Pick Type C disease where they mobilize aberrantly stored cholesterol similarly to monomeric cyclodextrin controls.