RESUMEN
Congenital malalignment of the great toenail (CMA) is a disorder of the anatomic orientation of the ungual apparatus, in which the longitudinal axis of the nail plate is not parallel with the axis of the distal phalanx but is deflected sideways. This disorder is understood to arise from multiple factors. Although many theories have been proposed about its origin, its pathogenesis is not fully known. Besides the cosmetic impact, this disorder causes such problems in the medium and long term as onychocryptosis and difficulty in motion. Some cases may regress spontaneously, although persistent cases may require a specialized surgical approach. Congenital malalignment of the great toenail is poorly understood and described medical condition that is often treated incorrectly; thus, reviewing the subject is important. A symptombased clinical classification system is proposed to guide diagnosis and treatment modality decisions.
RESUMEN
El síndrome de Alagille (ALGS1; MIM118450) es la causa de una gran parte de las colestasis de origen congénito. Se trata de una enfermedad multisistémica con un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante y manifestaciones clínicas variables. Está conformado por los criterios clásicos de colestasis, defectos cardiacos, anormalidades óseas, oculares y rasgos faciales característicos. Se ha asociado a mutaciones del gen JAG1, con locus en 20p12.2. Existe una segunda forma del síndrome de Alagille (ALGS2; MIM610205) causada por mutaciones en el gen NOTCH2, con locus en 1p13-p11. El diagnóstico puede ser difícil de establecer ya que no todos los pacientes muestran un cuadro clásico en forma temprana, por lo que aumenta la morbilidad del padecimiento. En esta revisión se proponen herramientas clínicas para sospechar de este síndrome y abordarlo de manera precoz.
Alagille syndrome (MIM #118450) causes the majority of cases of congenital cholestasis. It is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder associated with several different clinical manifestations including the core criteria of cholestasis, cardiac defects, skeletal abnormalities, and eye and facial features. This condition is caused by mutations in the JAG 1 gene on chromosome 20p12. It is known a second form of Alagille syndrome that is caused by mutations in the NOTCH gene on 1p13-p11 (MIM #610205). Diagnosis is often delayed because only few patients show a classical picture in the early stages of the disease, causing an increase in morbidity. This review suggests clinical tools for early suspicion and management.