Randomized control trial comparing genetic counseling service delivery models in an underserved population.

This randomized controlled trial compares outcomes of telephone versus in-person genetic counseling service models in underserved, bilingual patient populations referred for cancer genetic counseling. Between 2022 and 2023, a two-arm (telephone vs. in-person genetic counseling) prospective, randomized controlled study with 201 participants was conducted at two county hospital cancer genetics clinics. Primary outcomes included comparison of pre- and post-genetic counseling genetics knowledge (Multi-dimensional Model of Informed Choice, MMIC), genetic counseling visit satisfaction (Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale, GCSS), and genetic counseling visit completion rates. Secondary outcomes included comparison of genetic testing attitudes and informed choice (MMIC), genetic counseling-specific empowerment (Genomic Outcomes Scale, GOS), and genetic testing completion and cancellation/failure rates, using linear regression models (significance ≤0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between arms in pre/post-genetic counseling MMIC knowledge and attitude, GOS or GCSS scores or genetic counseling completion. While more participants in the telephone versus in-person arm made an informed choice about testing (52.5% v. 39.0%, p = 0.0552), test completion was lower (74% v. 100%, p < 0.05) for this group. Genetic counseling completion rates and MMIC knowledge and attitude, GOS, and GCSS scores suggest telephone genetic counseling is comparable to in-person genetic counseling for underserved populations. Higher informed choice scores and significantly lower testing completion rates for telephone visits require further study.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 3.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and/or other tissues. It is the most common form of acute leukemia among adults and accounts for the largest number of annual deaths from leukemias in the United States. Like AML, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a myeloid malignancy. It is a rare malignancy characterized by the aggressive proliferation of precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells that frequently involves the bone marrow, skin, central nervous system, and other organs and tissues. This discussion section focuses on the diagnosis and management of BPDCN as outlined in the NCCN Guidelines for AML.

Implementation of a Population-Based Cancer Family History Screening Program for Lynch Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Lynch syndrome increases risks for colorectal and other cancers. Though published Lynch syndrome cancer risk-management guidelines are effective for risk-reduction, the condition remains under-recognized. The Cancer Genetics Program at an academic medical center implemented a population-based cancer family history screening program, Detecting Unaffected Individuals with Lynch syndrome, to aid in identification of individuals with Lynch syndrome. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, simple cancer family history screening questionnaires were used to identify those at risk for Lynch syndrome. Program navigators triaged and educated those who screened positive about hereditary cancer, and genetic counseling and testing services, offering genetic counseling if eligible. Genetic counseling was provided primarily via telephone. Genetic counselors performed hereditary cancer risk assessment and offered genetic testing via hereditary cancer panels to those eligible. Remote service delivery models via telephone genetic counseling and at-home saliva testing were used to increase access to medical genetics services. RESULTS: This program screened 212,827 individuals, over half of whom were considered underserved, and identified 133 clinically actionable genetic variants associated with hereditary cancer. Of these, 47 (35%) were associated with Lynch syndrome while notably, 70 (53%) were not associated with hereditary colorectal cancer. Of 3,344 patients offered genetic counseling after initial triage, 2,441 (73%) elected to schedule the appointment and 1,775 individuals (73%) completed genetic counseling. Among underserved patients, telephone genetic counseling completion rates were significantly higher than in-person appointment completion rates (P < .05). While remote service delivery improved appointment completion rates, challenges with genetic test completion using at-home saliva sample collection kits were observed, with 242 of 1592 individuals (15%) not completing testing. CONCLUSION: Population-based cancer family history screening and navigation can help identify individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes across diverse patient populations, but logistics of certain downstream service delivery models can impact outcomes.

Identifying patients at risk for hereditary myeloid malignancy syndromes incorporating a novel, self-administered questionnaire to an initial screening platform.

INTRODUCTION: Four to 10% of cases of myeloid malignancies are inherited. We report our experience on hereditary myeloid malignancy syndromes (HMMS) incorporating a novel questionnaire in the screening platform for patients with myeloid malignancies and aplastic anemia. METHODS: The questionnaire was sent via electronic patient portal prior to clinic visits. Patients screened positive based on responses to questionnaire items, presence of suspicion disease characteristics (young age, family history, monosomy 7 etc.) and/or presence of signs of HMMS. Those deemed at-risk based on questionnaire responses, clinical features and/or somatic mutation profile were offered germline testing. RESULTS: A total of 408 patients were screened, 141 (35%) were deemed at-risk. Fifty-four (38%) of at-risk patients were seen in the genetics clinic. Forty-one (76%) of the patients seen agreed to germline testing and 13 declined due to cost or personal decision. Twenty pathogenic (P)/likely-pathogenic (LP) germline mutations were identified in 16 (39%) of the tested patients. Five patients also had a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) and an additional 13 had at least 1 VUS without P/LP mutations (total 29 VUS's were found in 18 (44%) of tested patients). The median age of diagnosis for patients with P/LP mutations was 56 years versus 66 years in the entire cohort. CONCLUSION: Incorporating an electronic questionnaire is an effective screening method for HMMS. Many patients declined testing due to cost. These results highlight the importance of germline testing in patients with myeloid malignancies, further research in HMMS, and coverage by healthcare plans.

Establishing a mentorship program for prospective genetic counseling graduate students: Two cycles of program experience.

Mentorship has been a long-standing and important piece of healthcare training, but few formal, structured mentorship programs exist in the genetic counseling field. Our report describes the creation and evaluation of the Genetic Counseling Assistant Mentorship Program (GCAMP) after two cycles of the program. Genetic counseling assistant (GCA) mentees were paired with genetic counselor mentors for support and advice primarily surrounding graduate school applications and professional development. Pairs were encouraged to meet at regular intervals, but the specific meeting patterns were determined by the pair based on the needs of the mentee. The GCAMP also involved electronic and interactive resources for mentees, which were continually developed. Many of the electronic resources were created and maintained by past and current GCAs, such as a list of local shadowing and advocacy opportunities and a list of factors to consider when evaluating graduate programs. Interactive resources included workshops, mock graduate school interviews, reviews of graduate school application materials, and social events. Mentors were also provided with resources about mentorship. Surveys were conducted to evaluate the program. Overall satisfaction with the program and the mentoring relationship was high among both mentees and mentors. In aggregate, results revealed that mentees felt strongly supported by the mentorship program and were highly satisfied with their mentorship experience. Results also showed that mentors enjoyed a high level of fulfillment and professional development themselves by participating in the program.

Polygenic early-onset colorectal cancer in pediatric patients.

Colorectal cancer in the pediatric population is a rare but transpirable phenomenon. The occurrence should prompt suspicion for underlying genetic mutations in the setting of a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome. In this series, we outline three pediatric patients with colonic adenocarcinoma who were found to have one or more germline mutations. The presence of compound mutations may lead to a hypermutator phenotype resulting in earlier presentation of colorectal cancer in childhood and adolescence. The diagnosis of colorectal cancer in pediatric patients warrants timely recognition, multigene panel testing, genetic counseling for the patient and family, and increased surveillance for intestinal and extra-intestinal tumors.

Testosterone, obesity and insulin resistance in young males: evidence for an association between gonadal dysfunction and insulin resistance during puberty.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships among obesity, insulin sensitivity, and testosterone in pubertal boys. PARTICIPANTS: This study included 20 lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) males, the majority of whom underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (n=16). METHODS: Glucose disposal (M value), serum testosterone, and body mass index (BMI) z-score were measured. Differences in testosterone were evaluated by group (lean vs. obese vs. T2DM), while regression was performed to evaluate the relationships among testosterone, obesity and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: Controlling for Tanner stage, testosterone concentration was significantly lower in obese (p=0.02) and T2DM males (p=0.001) compared to lean males. Furthermore, M value was significantly associated with serum testosterone, even after controlling for BMI and Tanner stage. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that obese adolescent boys have lower serum testosterone than controls of the same Tanner stage, and echo the data in adult males associating obesity and insulin resistance with hypogonadism.

A roadmap for precision medicine research recruitment: empirical assessment of the public's willingness to participate.

Aim: Precision medicine research recruitment poses challenges. To better understand factors impacting recruitment, this study assessed hypothetical willingness, public opinions of and familiarity with precision medicine research. Materials & methods: Adult attendees (n = 942) at the 2017 Minnesota State Fair completed an electronic survey. Results: Few respondents had heard of 'precision medicine' (18%), and familiarity came mostly from media (43%). Fifty-six percent expressed hypothetical willingness to participate in precision medicine research. Significant predictors of willingness were: comfort with unconditional research; perceiving precision medicine research as beneficial, trustworthy and confidential; having a graduate degree; comfort with self- but not family-participation; and familiarity with precision/personalized medicine. Conclusion: This study identified predictors of hypothetical willingness to participate in precision medicine research. Alternative recruitment strategies are needed.

Targeting B-cell malignancies through human B-cell receptor specific CD4+ T cells.

The B-cell receptor (BCR) expressed by a clonal B cell tumor is a tumor specific antigen (idiotype). However, the T-cell epitopes within human BCRs which stimulate protective immunity still lack detailed characterization. In this study, we identified 17 BCR peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell epitopes derived from BCR heavy and light chain variable region sequences. Detailed analysis revealed these CD4+ T-cell epitopes stimulated normal donors' and patients' Th1 CD4+ T cells to directly recognize the autologous tumors by secretion of IFNγ, indicating the epitopes are processed and presented by tumor cells. One BCR peptide-specific CD4+ T cell line was also cytotoxic and lysed autologous tumor cells through the perforin pathway. Sequence analysis of the epitopes revealed that 10 were shared by multiple primary patients' tumors, and 16 had the capacity to bind to more than one HLA DRB1 allele. T cells stimulated by shared epitopes recognized primary tumors expressing the same sequences on multiple HLA DRB1 alleles. In conclusion, we identified 17 BCR-derived CD4+ T-cell epitopes with promiscuous HLA DRB1 binding affinity that are shared by up to 36% of patients, suggesting a strategy to overcome the requirement for individual preparation of therapeutic agents targeting idiotype.

IL-15 enhances the antitumor effect of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by cellular senescence delay.

Optimal expansion protocols for adoptive human T-cell therapy often include interleukin (IL)-15; however, the mechanism by which IL-15 improves the in vivo antitumor effect of T cells remains to be elucidated. Using human T cells generated from HLA-A2+ donors against novel T-cell epitopes derived from the human U266 myeloma cell line Ig light chain V-region (idiotype) as a model, we found that T cells cultured with IL-15 provided superior resistance to tumor growth in vivo, compared with IL-2, after adoptive transfer into immunodeficient hosts. This effect of IL-15 was associated with delayed/reversed senescence in tumor antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells mediated through downregulation of P21WAF1, P16INK4a, and P53 expression. Compared to IL-2, IL-15 stimulation dramatically activated JAK3-STAT5 signaling and inhibited the expression of DNA damage genes. Thus, our study elucidates a new mechanism for IL-15 in the regulation of STAT signaling pathways and CD8+ T-cell senescence.

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Utility of KCNRG autoantibodies as a marker of active pulmonary disease and successful treatment with rituximab.

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), also known as Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis and Ectodermal Dysplasia (APECD) is a disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. In some APS-1 patients, significant pulmonary disease is observed. Autoantibodies directed against the potassium channel regulatory protein (KCNRG), found in epithelial cells of terminal bronchioles, have been suggested as a marker for pulmonary disease in APS-1 patients. We report two patients with APS-1; one with and one without lung disease. Patient 1 had multiple admissions for pneumonia and respiratory insufficiency, required non-invasive ventilation, and had findings of bronchiectasis on thoracic imaging and significant lymphocytic infiltrates of the airways on lung biopsy. To verify the autoimmune cause of pulmonary symptoms APS-1 patients, both were tested in a blinded manner for the presence of autoantibodies to KCNRG in serum. We found that only Patient 1 had autoantibodies present. Additionally, Patient 1 had progressive disease despite treatment with several immunomodulating agents, including corticosteroids, azathioprine, and mycophenolate. Patient 1 had a lung biopsy performed which was consistent with B cell lymphocytic aggregates. Rituximab treatment was initiated with apparent good response. This report illustrates the practical use of KCNRG autoantibodies to identify APS-1 patients with pulmonary risk and the successful use of the monoclonal antibody, Rituximab, to treat pulmonary disease in APS-1 patients.