Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Lymph-Nodal Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Experience.

Background: The favorable role of SBRT for lymph-nodal oligometastases from prostate cancer has been reported by several retrospective and prospective experiences, suggesting a more indolent natural history of disease when compared to patients with bone oligometastases. This retrospective multicenter study evaluates the outcomes of a cohort of patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for lymph-nodal oligometastases. Methods: Inclusion criteria were up to five lymph-nodal oligometastases detected either with Choline-PET or PSMA-PET in patients naïve for ADT or already ongoing with systemic therapy and at least 6 Gy per fraction for SBRT. Only patients with exclusive lymph-nodal disease were included. The primary endpoint of the study was LC; a toxicity assessment was retrospectively performed following CTCAE v4.0. Results: A total of 100 lymph-nodal oligometastases in 69 patients have been treated with SBRT between April 2015 and November 2022. The median age was 73 years (range, 60-85). Oligometastatic disease was mainly detected with Choline-PET in 47 cases, while the remaining were diagnosed using PSMA-PET, with most of the patients treated to a single lymph-nodal metastasis (48/69 cases), two in 14 cases, and three in the remaining cases. The median PSA prior to SBRT was 1.35 ng/mL (range, 0.3-23.7 ng/mL). Patients received SBRT with a median total dose of 35 Gy (range, 30-40 Gy) in a median number of 5 (range, 3-6) fractions. With a median follow-up of 16 months (range, 7-59 months), our LC rates were 95.8% and 86.3% at 1 and 2 years. DPFS rates were 90.4% and 53.4%, respectively, at 1 and 2 years, with nine patients developing a sequential oligometastatic disease treated with a second course of SBRT. Polymetastatic disease-free survival (PMFS) at 1 and 2 years was 98% and 96%. Six patients needed ADT after SBRT for a median time of ADT-free survival of 15 months (range, 6-22 months). The median OS was 16 months (range, 7-59) with 1- and 2-year rates of both 98%. In multivariate analysis, higher LC rates and the use of PSMA-PET were related to improved DPFS rates, and OS was significantly related to a lower incidence of distant progression. No G3 or higher adverse events were reported. Conclusions: In our experience, lymph-nodal SBRT for oligometastatic prostate cancer is a safe and effective option for ADT delay with no severe toxicity.

PROACTA: a survey on the actual attitude of the Italian radiation oncologists in the management and prescription of hormonal therapy in prostate cancer patients.

AIM: To investigate the actual attitude of Radiation Oncologists in the prescription of hormonal therapy in prostate cancer (PC) with or without Radiation Therapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2019, a survey named Prescription of Radiation Oncologists ACtual Attitude including 18 items was sent to all Italian Radiation Oncologists of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology. The first 4 items were about the Radiation Oncology Centers characteristics and years of practice of the respondents. The remaining 14 items concerned the setting in which hormone therapy was prescribed in PC patients (radical, postprostatectomy/oligometastatic state), the kind of drug, the choice modality (Multidisciplinary Group/autonomy decision) and other factors. RESULTS: A total of 127 questionnaires were returned, mainly by Northern Italy Radiation Oncology Centres (44.9%), and by experienced Radiation Oncologists (78%), who declared to prescribe independently hormone therapy in 85.8% of cases. The Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) prescription in castration naive PC was made independently by 56.7% of respondents and associated with radical RT, postoperative or salvage RT according to various risk factors. In castration-sensitive oligorecurrent PC, the majority (51.2%) administered ADT only if local ablative treatment was not feasible, while in metastatic castration resistant disease novel hormone therapy use was established in almost half of cases within multidisciplinary board. Radiation Oncologists could prescribe these drugs independently in 64% of cases. CONCLUSION: Our survey established the prescription attitude of ADT and new hormonal agents (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide) by Italian Radiation Oncologists and highlighted the importance of expertise in global PC management.

Acute and late toxicity and preliminary outcomes report of moderately hypofractionated helical tomotherapy for localized prostate cancer: a mono-institutional analysis.

AIMS: To assess toxicity and clinical outcomes of moderately hypofractionated helical tomotherapy (HT) for the curative treatment of localized prostate cancer (PC). METHODS: From December 2012 to May 2018, 170 patients were treated with definitive intent for PC. Thirty-four percent were low risk, 30% intermediate risk (IR) and 36% high risk (HR). All patients received 70 Gy in 28 fractions to the prostate; 61.6 Gy were delivered to the seminal vesicles for IR; pelvic lymph nodes irradiation for a total dose of 50.4 Gy was added in the HR subgroup. Toxicity was assessed using CTCAE V4.0, and biochemical failure was defined following Phoenix criteria. Time-to-event data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 36 months (range 12-78); acute toxicity was as follows: G1 and G2 in 27.6% and 19.4% for GI; 53% and 24% for GU. No G ≥ 3 event was observed. For late toxicity, G ≥ 3 GI and GU rates were, respectively, 3% and 2.4% at 3 years and 3% and 4.8% at 4 years; no G4 occurred. A statistical correlation between acute or late G3 incidence and clinical or dosimetric parameters was not found. At the time of analysis, 2- and 3-year biochemical relapse-free survival rates were 90% and 87.5% and 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 96.4% and 90%, respectively. The log-rank test revealed no difference between the risk groups in terms of biochemical control (p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Moderately hypofractionated RT with HT for localized prostate cancer reported excellent outcomes with mild acute and late toxicity incidence, with promising biochemical control rates.

Trends in combined radio-chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: a survey among radiation oncology centers of Sicily region on behalf of AIRO.

AIM: To conduct a survey among Sicilian centers of radiation oncology belonging to Associazione Italiana di Radioterapia ed Oncologia Clinica (AIRO), to record the different methods of integration of radio-chemotherapy both in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, to evaluate surgical procedures in relation to the sphincter preservation and to report the different toxicity profiles of the treatment strategies. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent at the end of 2017 to all the radiation oncology centers of Sicily region in order to collect the data from individual centers and the treatment characteristics retrospectively over the previous 5 years, from 2012 to 2016. The required data were collected from 13 centers out of 17 which, in relation to the single catchment areas, correspond to approximately 85% of the Sicilian population. The requested data concerned the type of integrated treatment (neoadjuvant vs adjuvant vs radical), combination with chemotherapy (induction, concomitant, adjuvant), type of surgical intervention (sphincter-saving vs abdomino-perineal resection), disease stage, schedule and radiotherapy technique adopted, as well as toxicity detected over the treatment period. RESULTS: A total of 784 pts (M/F: 509/275) were treated between 2012 and 2016, with a median age of 67 years (range 25-92). The majority of patients was treated in the neoadjuvant phase (62% of the total) compared to the adjuvant phase (31%) and to those treated radically (7%). Twenty-five percent of patients did not receive combination chemotherapy mainly for cardiovascular problems. Chemotherapy used concomitantly to radiotherapy was single-agent capecitabine (73% of patients) or 5-fluorouracil (27%). The use of chemotherapy alone before concomitant treatment is more common for patients treated in the adjuvant phase (64% of this subgroup), while 14% of patients treated in the neoadjuvant phase received induction chemotherapy before the concomitant phase; in both cases of chemotherapy alone, the majority of patients (91%) received oxaliplatin-based protocols (FOLFOX/XELOX/CAPOX). Few patients (3%) received chemotherapy alone after the concomitant phase. Information on the surgical treatment received is available for 88% of the sample. Of these, 93% received a surgical treatment. The overall rate of sphincter-saving surgery (anterior resection) was 72%, but the contribution of neoadjuvant treatment allowed to reach a rate of 83% in this subgroup (against 65% found in the subgroup of patients treated in adjuvant phase). Traditional radiotherapy schedule (45-50 Gy in 25-28 fractions) was used in 90% of patients, of which an intensified treatment in neoadjuvant phase (45 Gy + boost of 9-10 Gy) was used in 11% of patients. A short-course regimen (25 Gy in 5 fraction) in neoadjuvant setting was opted rarely (7%). Three-dimensional conformal technique was preferred over intensity-modulated ones (73% vs 27%). Toxicity was mainly of grade I-II CTCAE (skin 23%, gastrointestinal 39%, genitourinary 14%) compared to grade III (gastrointestinal 4%, genitourinary and hematological < 1%). Interestingly, the toxicity rates were significantly higher in the adjuvant group compared to the neoadjuvant (GI: 58% vs 31%, GU: 21% vs 10%). CONCLUSION: The present survey shows that in the Sicily region integrated therapies for rectal cancer have allowed a neoadjuvant approach in the majority of patients, thus resulting in a greater use of sphincter conservative surgery. The toxicity has also been reported to be significantly less in this treatment setting.

Hypo-fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy for lung malignancies by means of helical tomotherapy: report of feasibility by a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Several experiences in the literature report SBRT as an effective treatment option for medically inoperable early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and oligometastatic disease. The optimal fractionation schedules and total dose remain controversial. In this study, we evaluated the safety in terms of toxicity and efficacy of using of 8-10 fractions schedules with Helical Tomotherapy (HT) for primary and metastatic lung lesions. METHODS: Between March 2014 and May 2016, a total of 39 patients (median age 72 years, range 26-91) were treated with HT-SBRT for malignant lung lesions: 22 patients with early stage NSCLC, 17 with oligometastases. Patients received 8-10 fractions with lower daily dose for central and ultracentral lesions. Treatment-related toxicity was evaluated using CTCAE v 4.0 scale. Local control (LC), overall survival (OS) and toxicity rates were prospectively collected. RESULTS: Median duration of RT was 15 days (range 10-26 days) and no interruption occurred. With a median follow-up of 13 months (range 3-29), we reported one G2 pneumonitis (2.6%) and one G2 chest pain (2.6%); no ≥ G2 esophagitis was registered. Actuarial local control rate was 95.5% both at 12 and 24 months for early stage NSCLC and 92.9% both at 12 and 24 months for metastatic patients. OS rate was 94.4 and 92.3% at 1 year, and 94.4 and 83.9% at 2 years in primary and metastatic group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of 8-10 fractions schedule HT-SBRT for lung malignancies results in high LC and OS rates with minimal toxicities reported.

Moderate hypofractionation and simultaneous integrated boost by helical tomotherapy in prostate cancer: monoinstitutional report of acute tolerability assessment with different toxicity scales.

INTRODUCTION: Based on radiobiology evidence, hypofractionated radiotherapy has the potential of improving treatment outcome in prostate cancer patients. In this study, we evaluated the safety, in terms of acutetoxicity, of using moderate hypofractionated radiotherapy delivered with Helical Tomotherapy (HT) to treat prostate cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between December 2012 and April 2014, 42 consecutive patients were treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy using HT. All patients received 70 Gy in 28 fractions to PTV1, which included the prostate. In the intermediate risk group, 61.6 Gy were delivered to PTV2, which included the seminal vesicles. In high risk patients, the pelvic nodes were added (PTV3) and received 50.4 Gy. Acute toxicity was recorded prospectively with RTOG and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 3.0, retrospectively with CTCAE 4.0. Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) was measured at baseline and 3 months after end of treatment, to investigate health related quality of life with regards to bladder and gastrointestinal function. RESULTS: Acute toxicity was acceptable, independently from the system used to score side effects. Moderate genitourinary toxicity was more frequent than gastrointestinal toxicity. No correlation between acute side effects and patients' characteristics or physical dose parameters was registered. EPIC evaluation showed a negligible difference in urinary and bowel function post-treatment, that did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience confirms the safety of moderate hypofractionation delivered with HT in prostate cancer patients with low, intermediate and high risk.

Volumetric and positional changes of planning target volumes and organs at risk using computed tomography imaging during intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head-neck cancer: an "old" adaptive radiation therapy approach.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess, in a department of radiation oncology not equipped with in-room imaging systems, volumetric and positional changes of planning target volumes (PTVs) and organs at risk in head and neck (H&N) cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), using consecutive off-board computed tomography (CT) imaging. Dosimetric aspects were not investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with H&N cancer underwent CT re-scanning at 3, 5, and 7 weeks. Positional changes of the PTVs and parotid glands as distances relative to the virtual isocentre were determined. The parotids glands (PGs) were re-delineated on each CT set and volume differences were computed. Anterior-posterior (AP) and latero-lateral (LL) displacements for the spinal cord at C1 and C6 level were calculated. Changes in patient body contours were evaluated by comparing the volumes within the external skin outline. RESULTS: Apart from two patients requiring re-planning due to substantial weight loss, our results evidenced no significant shifts of PTVs and PGs. PG volume decreased with a trend in volume reduction for the ipsilateral parotid. No significant shift of spinal cord at C1 and C6 level was detected, in either the AP or LL direction. The collected data demonstrated a trend in external skin contour volume loss. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results reflect the literature data and indicate that an off-line adaptive RT approach is appropriate in clinical practice.

Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy with Helical Tomotherapy for Brain Metastases: A Mono-Institutional Experience.

Background: The present study reports on the outcomes of our mono-institutional experience of Helical Tomotherapy (HT)-based SRT for brain metastases. The use of this linac is less frequently reported for this kind of treatment. Methods: This retrospective study displays a series of patients treated with HT-SRT. The eligibility of using SRT for brain metastases was defined by a Karnofsky performance status of >70, a life expectancy of >6 months, and controlled extra-cranial disease; no SRT was allowed in the case of a number of brain metastases larger than 10. All the cases were discussed by a multidisciplinary board. Toxicity assessments were performed based on CTCAE v5.0. Survival endpoints were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify any potential predictive factor for an improved outcome. Results: Sixty-four lesions in 37 patients were treated using HT-SRT with a median total dose of 30 Gy in five fractions. The median follow-up was 7 months, and the 1- and 2-year LC rates were both 92.5%. The IPFS rates were and 56.75% and 51.35%. The OS rates were 54% and 40%. The UA showed better IPFS rates significantly related to male sex (p = 0.049), a BED12 of ≥42 Gy (p = 0.006), and controlled extracranial disease (p = 0.03); in the MA, a favorable trend towards LC (p = 0.11) and higher BED (p = 0.11) schedules maintained a correlation with improved IPFS rates, although statistical significance was not reached. Conclusions: HT-based SRT for brain metastases showed safety and efficacy in our monoinstiutional experience. Higher RT doses showed statistical significance for improved outcomes of LC and OS.

A predictive model of polymetastatic disease from a multicenter large retrospectIve database on colorectal lung metastases treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy: The RED LaIT-SABR study.

Aim: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) showed increasing survival in oligometastatic patients. Few studies actually depicted oligometastatic disease (OMD) evolution and which patient will remain disease-free and which will rapidly develop a polymetastatic disease (PMD) after SABR. Therefore, apart from the number of active metastases, there are no clues on which proven factor should be considered for prescribing local treatment in OMD. The study aims to identify predictive factors of polymetastatic evolution in lung oligometastatic colorectal cancer patients. Methods: This international Ethical Committee approved trial (Prot. Negrar 2019-ZT) involved 23 Centers and 450 lung oligometastatic patients. Primary end-point was time to the polymetastatic conversion (tPMC). Additionally, oligometastases number and cumulative gross tumor volume (cumGTV) were used as combined predictive factors of tPMC. Oligometastases number was stratified as 1, 2-3, and 4-5; cumGTV was dichotomized to the value of 10 cc. Results: The median tPMC in the overall population was 26 months. Population was classified in the following tPMC risk classes: low-risk (1-3 oligometastases and cumGTV ≤ 10 cc) with median tPMC of 35.1 months; intermediate-risk (1-3 oligometastases and cumGTV > 10 cc), with median tPMC of 13.9 months, and high-risk (4-5 oligometastases, any cumGTV) with median tPMC of 9.4 months (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The present study identified predictive factors of polymetastatic evolution after SABR in lung oligometastatic colorectal cancer. The results demonstrated that the sole metastases number is not sufficient to define the OMD since patients defined oligometastatic from a numerical point of view might rapidly progress to PMD when the cumulative tumor volume is high. A tailored approach in SABR prescription should be pursued considering the expected disease evolution after SABR, with the aim to avoid unnecessary treatment and toxicity in those at high risk of polymetastatic spread, and maximize local treatment in those with a favorable disease evolution.

Post-operative hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a mono-institutional analysis of toxicity and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: As the use of hypofractionation has spread in the setting of curative prostate radiotherapy, few data are available in the post-operative scenario. This study reports a mono-institutional experience of moderate post-operative hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. METHODS: In February 2021, we retrospectively assessed the outcomes of 129 patients who received between April 2013 and May 2020 hypofractionated post-operative radiotherapy using Helical Tomotherapy. Toxicity was assessed using CTCAE criteria v4.0. Survival endpoints were calculated with Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Median age and follow-up were, respectively, 67 years and 43 months. Adjuvant and salvage treatment were delivered to 63.5% and 36.4% of patients to a median total dose of 63.8 Gy (61.6-65.25 Gy) in 29 fractions (2.12-2.25 Gy/fraction). Pelvic lymph-nodes irradiation was performed in 67.4% of cases. ADT was added in 50%. Acute toxicity was: G1 and G2 GU events in 36% and 9.3% of cases; G1 and G2 GI events in 29.4% and 13.9%. Late GU toxicity occurred in 12.4% of cases: 3.1% G1, 7.7% G2 and 1.5% G3 events; GI toxicity consisted of 1.5% G1 and 7.7% G2 events. Biochemical relapse occurred in 26.3% of cases, recording no significant differences between adjuvant and salvage (p = 0.67), with 4- and 5-years bRFS rates of 78.7% and 75.6%. Two patients died of progressive disease and eight for non-oncological causes resulting in 3-years overall survival and cancer-specific survival rates of 98% and 98.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience supports the use of moderate hypofractionation for prostate bed radiotherapy, with minimal toxicity and promising results in terms of clinical outcomes.

Early results of PRO-EPI: PROspective multicenter observational study on elective pelvic nodes irradiation in patients with intermediate/high/very high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer submitted to radical, adjuvant, or salvage radiotherapy with or without concomitant androgen deprivation therapy.

Simple Summary: Although radiotherapy plays a fundamental role in the management of intermediate/high/very high-risk non-metastatic prostatic cancer (IHR-nmPca), there is still no consensus on the optimal treatment strategy in this setting. Remarkably, the role of elective nodal irradiation (ENI) is still highly controversial. The PROspective multicenter observational study on Elective Pelvic nodes Irradiation (PRO-EPI) was designed to provide "real life" data regarding the patterns of care for IHR-nmPca. Forty-three Italian Radiation Oncology centers participated in the PROspective multicenter observational study on Elective Pelvic nodes Irradiation (PRO-EPI) project, with 1029 patients enrolled. In this preliminary analysis, we longitudinally evaluated the impact of Elective Nodal Irradiation (ENI) and radiotherapy features on toxicity and quality of life (QoL). Six months follow-up data were available for 913 patients and 12 months data for 762 patients. Elective Nodal Irradiation was given to 506 patients (48.9%). Volumetric Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) was adopted in more than 77% of patients and Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) in 84.4%. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was administered to the majority of patients (68.3%), and it was associated to ENI in 408 cases (81.1%). Toxicity was mostly mild and reversible and IGRT resulted in a significant reduction of rectal toxicity, although a non-significant trend toward increased urinary toxicity was observed. No statistically significant differences in QoL and toxicity were seen in patients treated with or without ENI. The adoption of IGRT is widespread and increasing and could reduce treatment toxicity. ENI is not yet the standard treatment, but it is performed in a growing fraction of cases and not resulting into an increase in toxicity or in a deterioration of QoL. Further analyses are needed to clarify the long-term toxicity profile and the impact of ENI on survival.

Whole Brain Irradiation or Stereotactic RadioSurgery for five or more brain metastases (WHOBI-STER): A prospective comparative study of neurocognitive outcomes, level of autonomy in daily activities and quality of life.

AIMS: To evaluate neurocognitive performance, daily activity and quality of life (QoL), other than usual oncologic outcomes, among patients with brain metastasis ≥5 (MBM) from solid tumors treated with Stereotactic Brain Irradiation (SBI) or Whole Brain Irradiation (WBI). METHODS: This multicentric randomized controlled trial will involve the enrollment of 100 patients (50 for each arm) with MBM ≥ 5, age ≥ 18 years, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) ≥ 70, life expectancy > 3 months, known primary tumor, with controlled or controllable extracranial disease, baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score ≥ 20/30, Barthel Activities of Daily Living score ≥ 90/100, to be submitted to SBI by LINAC with monoisocentric technique and non-coplanar arcs (experimental arm) or to WBI (control arm). The primary endpoints are neurocognitive performance, QoL and autonomy in daily-life activities variations, the first one assessed by MoCa Score and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, the second one through the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL and QLQ-BN-20 questionnaires, the third one through the Barthel Index, respectively. The secondary endpoints are time to intracranial failure, overall survival, retreatment rate, acute and late toxicities, changing of KPS. It will be considered significant a statistical difference of at least 30% between the two arms (statistical power of 80% with a significance level of 95%). DISCUSSION: Several studies debate what is the decisive factor accountable for the development of neurocognitive decay among patients undergoing brain irradiation for MBM: radiation effect on clinically healthy brain tissue or intracranial tumor burden? The answer to this question may come from the recent technological advancement that allows, in a context of a significant time saving, improved patient comfort and minimizing radiation dose to off-target brain, a selective treatment of MBM simultaneously, otherwise attackable only by WBI. The achievement of a local control rate comparable to that obtained with WBI remains the fundamental prerequisite. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT number: NCT04891471.

Salvage Re-irradiation Options in Adult Medulloblastoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Medulloblastoma is a rare tumor of adult age, while it occurs more frequently in children. Given the rarity, there is a lack of evidence for the treatment of recurrent disease. Few data are available about salvage re-irradiation collecting very heterogeneous series. CASE REPORT: A 51-year-old male presented with headache, nausea, double vision, and gait disorders. A contrast-enhanced brain-MRI showed the presence of multifocal medulloblastoma. After surgery, adjuvant craniospinal radiotherapy was performed, chemotherapy was stopped due to toxicity. After 27 months, a new MRI and a Methionine-PET revealed a late pontocerebellar relapse; multidisciplinary board decided for a SBRT treatment. The second course of RT was well tolerated and 14 months later, the patient is alive in good general conditions, with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSION: Our experience supports the use of salvage stereotactic radiotherapy as a safe and effective treatment option.

Prognostic value of two geriatric screening tools in a cohort of older patients with early stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether assessment with two geriatric screening tools shows a correlation with clinical outcomes of patients aged 65 years or more, with early-stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (es-NSCLC) treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. METHODS: From March 2014 to June 2018 we retrospectively evaluated 42 patients with stage I and II lung tumors. Patients were assessed with Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and G8 screening tool. Median age was 74 years (range, 65-91). Stereotactic radiotherapy was performed with Helical Tomotherapy delivering 50-70 Gray (Gy) in 8-10 fractions. Toxicity was evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0 criteria. RESULTS: Median CCI and G8 scores were 6 (4-11) and 14 (12-17), respectively. With a median follow-up of 14 months (3-37), we observed: 3 cases of acute Grade 2 (G2) radiation pneumonitis, 1 late G2 non-cardiac chest pain, 1 late G2 dysphagia and 1 case of late G2 radiation pneumonitis. At statistical analysis, G8 scores ≤14 were significantly associated with late toxicity rates (p = .0073). Local failure was predictive of disease free survival and Overall Survival (p < .001 and p = .001). Death occurred in 12 patients, 6 for non-cancer related causes, with 1- and 2-yrs cancer specific survival rates of 94.8% and 90%, 1- and 2-yrs OS rates of 93% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience shows a correlation between G8 scores and late toxicity in older patients treated with stereotactic radiotherapy for lung cancer, suggesting the need for prospective studies evaluating its use for the identification of patients at higher risk of adverse events.

PROLAPSE: survey about local prostate cancer relapse salvage treatment with external beam re-irradiation: results of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO).

PURPOSE: We herein present the results of the first Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) survey regarding salvage external beam re-irradiation of local prostate cancer relapse named PROLAPSE. METHODS: A questionnaire with 12 items was administered to the 775 Italian radiation oncologist members of the AIRO. RESULTS: One hundred of the members completed the survey. The survey highlighted that 59% of the participants are currently performing prostate re-EBRT, while nearly two-thirds (65%) affirmed that they are taking into consideration the procedure in case of intraprostatic relapse. Regarding the clinical target volume (CTV), only a minority (16%) declared to always prefer the partial prostate re-irradiation, while a consistent portion (nearly two-thirds) relied on clinical considerations of the choice towards partial or whole gland irradiation. The main techniques used for re-irradiation resulted to be intensity-modulated RT (IMRT)/volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and SBRT, having received approximately 40% of responses each. Regarding the criteria for patients' selection, more than 75% of responders agreed on the use of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT)-choline to exclude distant metastases and of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) to detect intraprostatic recurrence. A sufficient timeframe (> 3 years) between primary RT and reirradiation was indicated by more than half of participants as an important driver in decision-making, while histological confirmation of the relapse was considered not essential by more than two-thirds. For the use of concomitant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), most AIRO members (79%) agreed that the prescription should be based on a case-by-case analysis. Extreme hypofractionation (> 5 Gy/fraction) was preferred by the majority (52%) of the AIRO members. In most centers (more than 74%), the planning dose-volume constraints were generally extrapolated from the published data. In half of the cases, the interviewed responders affirmed that no major gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities were registered in the follow-up of their re-EBRT patients. Bladder complications represented the most commonly observed form of toxicity, with an incidence of 67%. CONCLUSION: This first AIRO survey about salvage prostate re-EBRT provides an interesting snapshot and suggests increasing interest in re-EBRT patients in Italy. Consensus about some aspects of patients' selection, the necessity of biopsy, fractionation, and highly selective techniques seems feasible, but other key points such as irradiated volume, dosimetry parameters, and hormonal treatment association need to be clarified.

A Case Report of Adult Pineoblastoma Occurring in a Pregnant Woman.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Pineoblastoma of the adult age is an uncommon tumor with only 200 cases reported. A standardized approach for an optimal adjuvant strategy is currently lacking. The case presented herein also deals with the issue of central nervous system tumors in pregnancy. CASE REPORT: A 21-year-old pregnant woman presented with massive hydrocephalus due to a mass in the pineal region detected with MRI. After positioning an urgent ventricular derivation, a cesarean section was performed. During a third ventriculocisternostomy, a biopsy revealed a pineoblastoma. After a maximal safe resection, postoperative craniospinal irradiation for a total dose of 36 Gy plus a sequential boost to the tumor bed to 54 Gy, and adjuvant chemotherapy with CDDP plus CCNU plus vincristine were performed. After one year, the patient is alive with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSION: The use of adjuvant radio-chemotherapy provided excellent outcomes in our case. The advanced gestational age facilitated the choice of the therapeutic strategy.

Moderate hypofractionated helical tomotherapy for localized prostate cancer: preliminary report of an observational prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To report preliminary findings of a phase II study exploring the clinical outcomes of moderate hypofractionated radiotherapy performed with helical tomotherapy (HT) using computed tomography-magnetic resonance imaging-based planning for localized prostate cancer. METHODS: The phase II prospective study received ethics approval from our institutional ethics committee. A dose of 60 Gy/20 fractions for low-intermediate risk prostate cancer by means of HT was explored. Primary endpoints of the study were acute and late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities. Secondary endpoints were quality of life and biochemical-free survival. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients were included in this interim report. At the time of the analysis, median follow-up was 36 months (range, 13-62). Acute GI toxicity was recorded as follows: grade 1 in 34% and grade 2 in 14%; acute GU toxicity was grade 1 in 71% and grade 2 in 11%. For the entire population of the study, no acute toxicities ⩾ grade 3 occurred. A single case of late grade 3 GU toxicity was registered, whereas no late GI toxicity ⩾grade 3 was recorded. At the time of the final assessment, no biochemical failure was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of the present phase II trial, using HT for moderate hypofractionation in localized prostate cancer, are optimal. In fact, HT guaranteed an acceptable tolerability profile with low rates of GU and GI side effects and, more specifically, no acute severe adverse events were recorded. Long-term findings are warranted.

Transitional cell carcinoma of endometrium: a case report of rare pure form.

Transitional cell carcinoma is a very rare histological subtype of endometrial cancer, with only 18 cases described in literature. Ovary represents the most common site where it accounts for 2% of all ovarian cancers. Due to the rarity of this disease, current management is controversial and includes various approaches, mostly described in the adjuvant setting, both radiotherapy and chemotherapy alone or in combination. Here, we report a case of a 65-year-old patient who underwent adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy for an endometrial transitional cell carcinoma. The patient was treated with radical total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO), without lymph-node sampling, and adjuvant endocavitary brachytherapy delivering 30 Gy in 5 fractions in consecutive days. Treatment tolerance was excellent, with only G1 genitourinary acute toxicity and no other adverse events reported. In this experience, the choice of brachytherapy alone resulted in excellent local control outcomes. However, the patient developed a distant recurrence after 43 months and chemotherapy was applied. More research is required to determine the most effective treatment for this rare histological subtype, and in particular, the role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy combinations.

Hypofractionated postoperative helical tomotherapy in prostate cancer: a mono-institutional report of toxicity and clinical outcomes.

Purpose: This is a mono-institutional study of acute and late toxicities and early biochemical control of a retrospective series of 75 prostate cancer patients treated with moderate postoperative hypofractionation delivered by helical tomotherapy (HT). Patients and methods: From April 2013 to June 2017, 75 patients received adjuvant (n=37) or salvage (n=38) treatment, delivering to prostate bed a total dose of 63.8 Gy (equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions=67.4 Gy) using 2.2 Gy fractions. Whole-pelvis irradiation was performed in 63% of cases (median dose, 49.3 Gy; range, 48-55.1 Gy). Concurrent hormonal therapy was administered in 46% of cases. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) was adopted for acute and late genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity evaluations. Biochemical progression was defined as PSA level increase of ≥0.2 or more above the postoperative radiotherapy (RT) nadir. Results: Acute GU toxicities were as follows: G1 in 46% and G2 in 4%, detecting no G≥3 events. For GI toxicity, we recorded G1 in 36% and G2 in 18%. With a median follow-up of 30 months (range, 12-58 months), we found late toxicity G2 GI in 6.6% and G≥2 GU in 5.3%, including two patients who underwent surgical incontinence correction. Acute GI≥2 toxicity and diabetes were found to be predictive of late GI≥2 toxicity (P=0.04 and P=0.0019). Actuarial 2- and 3-year biochemical recurrence-free survivals were 88% and 73%, respectively, for the entire population. Conclusion: In our experience, moderate hypofractionated postoperative RT with HT was feasible and safe, with reports of low incidence of toxicity and promising biochemical control rates.

Spinal metastases: Is stereotactic body radiation therapy supported by evidences?

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is becoming widely adopted in the treatment of primary and secondary tumors. Spinal bone metastases are frequently discovered in cancer patients, and in the past have been usually treated with a palliative goal. Nevertheless, in some particular clinical settings, such as oligometastatic patients and/or those with a long life expectancy, spinal SBRT could be considered a valid therapeutic option to obtain long-lasting palliation and, when possible, with a curative goal. This review aims to summarize available clinical and dosimetric data of published studies about spinal SBRT.