Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis.

Two viruses, GB virus A (GBV-A) and GB virus B (GBV-B), were recently identified in the GB hepatitis agent. Human sera containing antibodies that recognize GBV-A and/or GBV-B recombinant proteins were subjected to polymerase chain reaction studies with degenerate oligonucleotides capable of amplifying a segment of the putative helicase genes from GBV-A, GBV-B or hepatitis C virus. Novel sequences related to members of the Flaviviridae were identified in sera from 12 individuals including 4 individuals with hepatitis. The limited nucleotide sequence identity between GBV-A, GBV-B and HCV sequences suggests that a novel virus, tentatively named GB virus C, may be responsible for some cases of non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-E hepatitis.

Characterization of a cDNA encoding a human kidney, cytochrome P-450 4A fatty acid omega-hydroxylase and the cognate enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli.

A cDNA encoding a cytochrome P-450 4A (CYP4AII) was cloned from a human kidney cDNA library. Northern blot analysis and RNase protection assays indicate that related mRNAs occur in kidney and liver with the highest abundance found in kidney. The enzyme was expressed from its cDNA in Escherichia coli. A solubilized preparation of the enzyme reconstituted with cytochrome P-450 reductase catalyzed the omega-hydroxylation of lauric acid, palmitic acid, and arachidonic acid with turnover numbers of 9.8, 2.2 and 0.55 min-1, respectively. Little or no activity was detected toward prostaglandins A1 and E1.

Mechanism-based inhibitors of prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase: (R)- and (S)-12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid and 2,2-dimethyl-12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid.

12-Hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid has been shown to selectively inactivate cytochrome P450 4A4, a pulmonary cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of prostaglandins [Muerhoff, A. S.; Williams, D. E.; Reich, N. O.; CaJacob, C. A.; Ortiz de Montellano, P. R.; Masters, B. S. S. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264, 749-756]. Potent, specific inhibitors of this enzyme are required to explore its physiological role. In a continuing effort to develop such agents, the two enantiomers of 12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid have been stereospecifically synthesized, their absolute stereochemistry confirmed, and the dependence of enzyme inactivation on absolute stereochemistry determined using cytochrome P450 4A4 purified from the lungs of pregnant rabbits. The 12S enantiomer is roughly twice as active (KI = 1.8 microM, t1/2 = 0.7 min) as the 12R enantiomer (KI = 3.6 microM, t1/2 = 0.8 min), but the chirality of the hydroxyl group is not a major determinant of the specificity for the prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase. The flexibility of the acyclic skeleton of the inhibitor may account for the relatively low enantiomeric discrimination. 2,2-Dimethyl-12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid, an analogue that cannot undergo beta-oxidation, has also been synthesized as a potential in vivo inhibitor of the enzyme and has been shown to inactivate the purified enzyme with KI = 4.9 microM and t1/2 = 1.0 min. These acetylenic agents, particularly the dimethyl analog, are promising in vivo inhibitors of cytochrome P450 4A4.

GB hepatitis agent in cadaver organ donors and their recipients.

BACKGROUND: The cloning of yet another hepatitis virus, GB virus-C (GBV-C), has provided the opportunity to study the prevalence, and clinical and laboratory characteristics, associated with GBV-C infection among cadaver organ donors and recipients of organs from infected donors. METHODS: Stored sera from a cohort of cadaver organ donors from eight organ procurement organizations, representing different geographic regions of the United States previously screened for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, were tested for GBV-C RNA by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers derived from the NS3 helicase and 5'-untranslated regions of the GBV-C genome. Pre- and posttransplantation clinical data, and prevalence of GBV-C RNA among recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA-positive and -negative donors, were studied at one of the organ procurement organizations. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 76 (27.6%) anti-HCV ELISA1-positive donors tested positive for GBV-C RNA compared with 6 of 82 (7.3%) ELISA1-negative donors (P=0.001). The prevalence of GBV-C RNA, extrapolated to all cadaver organ donors, was 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6-11.1%) and was higher than the prevalence of HCV RNA (2.4%). Among ELISA1-positive donors, GBV-C RNA was present in 13 of 35 (37%) donors with HCV RNA, compared with 8 of 41 (20%) donors without HCV RNA (odds ratio [OR]=2.44, P=0.09). Blood alcohol level of more than 100 mg/dl (OR=9.43, P=0.05) and a positive anti-HCV ELISA2 (OR=4.58, P=0.001) were significantly associated with GBV-C infection. In addition, there was a trend toward an association between history of drug abuse (OR=5.23, P=0.06) and younger age (OR=0.97/year, P=0.06) with GBV-C infection. Organs from four GBVC-positive donors and 47 GBV-C-negative donors procured by the New England Organ Bank (Newton, MA) were transplanted into 6 and 79 recipients, respectively. Among recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA. positive donors, the posttransplantation prevalence of GBV-C RNA (25%) was not significantly higher than among recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA-negative donors (23%). Among recipients in whom both pre- and posttransplantation sera were available, one of three (33%) recipients of kidneys from GBV-C RNA-positive donors acquired GBV-C RNA after transplantation, compared with 4 of 40 (10%) recipients of kidneys from GBV-C RNA-negative donors. After a median follow up of 6 years, the posttransplantation prevalence of liver disease, and graft and patient survival, were not significantly different between recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA-positive and -negative donors. CONCLUSIONS: Although GBV-C could be transmitted by organ transplantation, the results of this study preclude definitive conclusions. Further studies are required to determine the risk of transmission of GBV-C by organ transplantation and its role in posttransplantation liver disease.

Identification of conserved nucleotide sequences within the GB virus C 5'-untranslated region: design of PCR primers for detection of viral RNA.

Recently, the discovery of a new human RNA virus, GB virus C (GBV-C), was reported. GBV-C was isolated from the serum of a West African individual using degenerate oligonucleotide PCR primers designed from a consensus sequence of the NS3 helicase genes of hepatitis C virus (HCV), GBV-A, and GBV-B. Seven other individuals were shown to be infected with GBV-C via RT-PCR using these primers. Subsequently, degenerate PCR primers based upon a consensus sequence of the eight original isolates were designed. These primers were shown to be superior to the original set. However, since they were derived from a region of the viral genome exhibiting up to 17% nucleotide sequence divergence, mismatch between the primers and template may result in an underestimation of the true GBV-C prevalence. To overcome this potential problem, we obtained the sequences at the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the GBV-C genome from 35 infected individuals and identified regions of high sequence conservation among the isolates. We describe the design and testing of PCR primers derived from conserved sequences within the 5'-UTR of the GBV-C genome. These primers were shown to be as effective as the helicase-derived primers in detecting GBV-C RNA in human sera.

Consensus oligonucleotide primers for the detection of GB virus C in human cryptogenic hepatitis.

Recently, sequences from a putative member of the Flaviviridae, GB virus C (GBV-C), were isolated from the serum of patients with cryptogenic hepatitis. These sequences were 83-99% identical at the nucleotide level. Because of the divergence between these GBV-C isolates, it is likely that the PCR-based detection assay yields false negatives, underestimating dramatically the true prevalence of GBV-C in human hepatitis. We report the design of a GBV-C consensus oligonucleotide primer pair that is superior to those originally described. These primers identify GBV-C sequences in cases of cryptogenic hepatitis, allowing a better estimation of the prevalence of this virus in human populations.

A chemiluminescent, magnetic particle-based immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen in human serum or plasma.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure in blood donors is determined serologically by the detection of anti-HCV antibodies in serum or plasma. However, a "window" period of 30-70 days after exposure exists where specific antibodies to HCV antigens are not detected. The use of nucleic acid testing for the detection of HCV RNA or antigen testing for the detection of HCV core protein have resulted in dramatic reductions in the pre-seroconversion window period. In this study, an automated HCV core antigen detection test was developed. This magnetic microparticle-based assay utilizes anti-HCV core monoclonal antibody to capture antigen present in human serum or plasma. Captured antigen is then detected using an anti-HCV core monoclonal antibody conjugated with a chemiluminescent compound. The specificity of this assay was established at 99% upon testing a population of normal volunteer blood donors. Sensitivity was determined by testing 16 commercially available HCV seroconversion panels representing genotypes 1a, 1b, 2b, and 3a. In each panel tested, HCV core antigen was detected prior to anti-HCV antibody, resulting in a reduction of the window period by greater than 23 days on average, and greater than 34 days on panels initially NAT negative. In addition, HCV core antigen was detected in >97% of HCV RNA positive/antibody negative specimens, exhibiting sensitivity nearly equivalent to nucleic acid testing in the pre-seroconversion window period for the panels examined.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor mediates the induction of CYP4A6, a cytochrome P450 fatty acid omega-hydroxylase, by clofibric acid.

Gene transfer experiments indicate that induction by the peroxisome proliferators, clofibric acid and WY-14,643, of luciferase expression driven by the promoter and 5'-flanking sequences of the rabbit cytochrome P450 4A6 gene (CYP4A6) is dependent on cotransfection of expression plasmids for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, PPAR. Activation by PPAR is observed in the absence of the inducers. However, a mutant, PPAR-G (Glu282----Gly) activated luciferase expression only in the presence of peroxisome proliferators. Deletion analysis has localized a response element to a 34-base pair segment located 677 base pairs upstream of the CYP4A6 transcription start site that is similar to an element that regulates the response of the rat fatty acyl-CoA oxidase gene to peroxisome proliferators and that binds PPAR.

Characterization of a rabbit gene encoding a clofibrate-inducible fatty acid omega-hydroxylase: CYP4A6.

CYP4A6 mRNAs are induced in the rabbit liver and kidney following treatment with the antihyperlipidemic drug clofibrate. As a first step toward the elucidation of the mechanism controlling the induction of this and other CYP4A genes by clofibrate and other peroxisome proliferators, we have cloned and characterized the CYP4A6 gene. Genomic DNA containing the first 12 exons encoding CYP4A6 was isolated as three recombinant lambda phage, two of which were overlapping. The sequence of more than 1000 bp of the 5' upstream region as well as of the first 12 exons has been determined. These 12 exons encode all but approximately 80 bp at the 3' terminus of CYP4A6. Intron/exon junctions within the coding region of the gene are conserved relative to the rat CYP4A1 and CYP4A2 genes. Primer extension analysis indicates that transcription is initiated 33 bp upstream of the start codon. The CYP4A6 promoter region, like that of the rat CYP4A1 and CYP4A2 genes, does not contain a consensus TATA box. However, a consensus Sp1 recognition element is apparent at -46 bp upstream of the transcription start site. In addition, a sequence related to one of two regulatory elements that control the induction of the rat acyl-CoA oxidase gene by ciprofibrate is present upstream of the CYP4A6 promoter.

Rabbit lung flavin-containing monooxygenase. Purification, characterization, and induction during pregnancy.

A flavin-containing monooxygenase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from lung microsomes of pregnant rabbits and characterized with respect to a number of physical and catalytic parameters. The apparent molecular weight, as determined on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was 59,000, and the lung microsomal flavoprotein was shown to contain 14 nmol of FAD/mg of protein. Addition of NADP+ to the oxidized flavoprotein produced a shift in the spectrum characteristic of the flavin-containing monooxygenase from porcine liver, and addition of small amounts of NADPH to the oxidized rabbit lung enzyme produced a stable spectral intermediate consistent with that of a 4a-peroxyflavin. Rabbit lung flavin-containing monooxygenase differed markedly from the porcine liver enzyme in exhibiting a broader pH optimum from 8.5-10.5, by not being inhibited by concentrations of sodium cholate as high as 1% and by withstanding, in the absence of NADPH, incubation at 45 degrees for at least 10 min with no significant loss of activity. Unlike the pig liver enzyme, purified rabbit lung enzyme was not activated by n-octylamine and, in fact, n-octylamine stimulated NADPH oxidation. A number of compounds known to be substrates of the pig liver enzyme, including benzphetamine, chlorpromazine, and imipramine, are not substrates for the rabbit lung enzyme, whereas prochlorperazine and trifluoperazine are excellent substrates. Antibodies to rabbit lung flavin-containing monooxygenase were raised in guinea pig and utilized for the immunoquantitation of this enzyme throughout gestation. The activity (as determined by N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxidation) and amount of rabbit lung flavin-containing monooxygenase were maximally induced (5-fold) on the 28th day of gestation. Liver microsomes from rabbit did not contain any of the lung form of flavin-containing monooxygenase at any time during gestation, as evidenced by results from Western blotting. These results demonstrate that, at least in rabbit, flavin-containing monooxygenase can exist as more than a single form. The physiological significance of the induction of this enzyme during pregnancy is not known.

Interaction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha with the retinoid X receptor alpha unmasks a cryptic peroxisome proliferator response element that overlaps an ARP-1-binding site in the CYP4A6 promoter.

P450 4A6 is highly induced by peroxisome proliferators in vivo. Gene transfer experiments indicate that this induction can be mediated by the mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) and that it is dependent on upstream enhancer elements in the CYP4A6 gene. However, as has been seen for other peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs), PPAR alpha does not bind directly to a previously characterized PPRE of the CYP4A6 gene in the absence of additional proteins such as the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha). When PPAR alpha and RXR alpha are coexpressed, the overall transcription of the CYP4A6 reporter is increased, and a synergistic response to both retinoids and peroxisome proliferators is evident that is dependent on the presence of both receptors. In addition, a cryptic response element is unmasked in constructs lacking the upstream enhancers. DNase I protection assays indicate that when present together, but not singly, PPAR alpha and RXR alpha bind to a site located within 29 base pairs upstream of the CYP4A6 transcription start site. This region contains a sequence similar to that found in the apolipoprotein CIII gene that has been shown to bind RXR alpha and the orphan nuclear receptor, ARP-1. The corresponding sequence in the CYP4A6 gene also binds ARP-1. A similar sequence found in the promoter region of the rat CYP4A1 gene does not, however, bind either PPAR alpha/RXR alpha or ARP-1. Transfection of increasing amounts of the ARP-1 expression vector blocks the PPAR alpha/RXR alpha-mediated induction of transcription from the CYP4A6 promoter. Mutations that prevent the binding of either PPAR alpha/RXR alpha or ARP-1 to a double-stranded oligonucleotide corresponding to the proximal enhancer eliminate the peroxisome proliferator-induced transcriptional response observed for the promoter construct in the presence of PPAR alpha/RXR alpha, but these mutations do not eliminate the response seen when the upstream enhancers are present. These results indicate that the PPREs of the CYP4A6 gene are recognized by multiple members of the nuclear receptor family that are likely to contribute to the regulation of CYP4A6 expression in both an agonistic (RXR alpha) and an antagonistic (ARP-1) manner.

Identification of GB virus C variants by phylogenetic analysis of 5'-untranslated and coding region sequences.

Phylogenetic analysis of 44 GB virus C (GBV-C) 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) sequences from 37 individuals suggested the presence of GBV-C genotypes (A. S. Muerhoff, J. N. Simons, T. P. Leary, J. C. Erker, M. L. Chalmers, T. J. Pilot-Matias, G. J. Dawson, S. M. Desai, and I. K. Mushahwar, J. Hepatol. 25:379-384, 1996) that correlated with geographic origin: type 1, 2a and 2b, and 3 isolates are found predominantly in West Africa, the United States and Europe, and Japan, respectively. We have extended our analysis to include 5'-UTR sequences from 129 globally distributed GBV-C isolates and sequences from the second envelope protein (E2) gene and nonstructural (NS) regions 3 and 5b from a subset of these isolates. Bootstrap analysis of a 157-nucleotide segment of the 5'-UTR from 129 sequences provided weak support for the existence of the four major groups of GBV-C isolates previously described, although phylogenetic analysis of a 374-nucleotide segment of the 5'-UTR from 83 isolates provided stronger support. Thus, the groups of GBV-C variants previously identified upon analysis of the entire 5'-UTR can be distinguished by analysis of the shorter, 374-nucleotide region from the 5'-UTR. In contrast, independent analysis of the E2, NS3, or NS5b region sequences does not identify groups of GBV-C variants that correlate with geographic origin. However, bootstrap analysis of these coding sequences, when linked to form colinear sequences, demonstrates that longer coding regions can produce GBV-C groupings that are similar to that determined from 5'-UTR sequence analysis. The inability to distinguish between GBV-C variants by using small segments of coding sequence suggests that the GBV-C genome is constrained. As a result of these constraints, there is a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence conservation between isolates from widely separated geographic areas. Hence, substitutions at many nucleotide positions are not tolerated, so that substitutions at the positions which can change are saturated, thereby obscuring the evolutionary relationships.

Regulation of the induction of a cytochrome P-450 prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase by pregnancy in rabbit lung.

The mechanism of induction of an adult rabbit cytochrome P-450, prostaglandin (PG) omega-hydroxylase (P-450PG-omega), during pregnancy has been investigated. This P-450 isozyme regiospecifically hydroxylates PGE1, PGA1, and PGF2 alpha at carbon-20 (the omega position). The specific activity of this enzyme is induced from 0.07 nmol of 20-OH-PGE1 to 3.05 nmol of 20-OH-PGE1 formed per min per mg of microsomal protein in the lungs of 25- to 28-day pregnant rabbits as compared to nonpregnant rabbits. Immunoblotting studies with a polyclonal antibody raised against this P-450 have shown that there is a concomitant gestational age-dependent increase in the amount of P-450PG-omega microsomal protein accompanying the increase of omega-hydroxylase activities. Within 3 days postpartum, both omega-hydroxylase activity and the amount of immunodetectable P-450PG-omega drop precipitously to near control levels. In vitro translation of total cellular RNA, extracted from the lungs of pregnant rabbits at various days throughout gestation, and immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized P-450PG-omega demonstrated a similar gestational age-dependent increase in translatable P-450PG-omega mRNA, as was observed with omega-hydroxylase activity and P-450PG-omega protein levels. These data suggest that the induction of this P-450 may occur at the transcriptional level and, furthermore, that control of cytochrome P-450PG-omega expression in the rabbit lung is tightly regulated at both protein and mRNA levels.

Prostaglandin and fatty acid omega- and (omega-1)-oxidation in rabbit lung. Acetylenic fatty acid mechanism-based inactivators as specific inhibitors.

Terminal acetylenic fatty acid mechanism-based inhibitors (Ortiz de Montellano, P. R., and Reich, N. O. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4136-4141) were used as probes in determining the substrate specificity of rabbit lung cytochrome P-450 isozymes of pregnant animals in both microsomes and reconstituted systems. Lung microsomal and reconstituted P-450 form 5-catalyzed lauric acid omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylase activities were inhibited by a 12-carbon terminal acetylenic fatty acid, 11-dodecynoic acid (11-DDYA), and an 18-carbon terminal acetylenic fatty acid, 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA). Rabbit lung microsomal lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activity was more sensitive to inhibition by 11-DDYA than was (omega-1)-hydroxylase activity. In reconstituted systems containing purified P-450 form 5, both omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of lauric acid were inhibited in parallel when either 11-DDYA or 17-ODYA was used. These data suggest the presence of at least two P-450 isozymes in rabbit lung microsomes capable of lauric acid omega-hydroxylation. This is the first report indicating the multiplicity of lauric acid hydroxylases in lung microsomes. Lung microsomal prostaglandin omega-hydroxylation, mediated by the pregnancy-inducible P-450PG-omega (Williams, D. E., Hale, S. E., Okita, R. T., and Masters, B. S. S. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14600-14608) was subject to inhibition by 17-ODYA only, whereas 11-DDYA acid was not an effective inhibitor of this hydroxylase. We have recently developed a new terminal acetylenic fatty acid, 12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid (12-HHDYA), that contains a hydroxyl group at the omega-6 position. We show that 12-HHDYA possesses a high degree of selectivity for the inactivation of rabbit lung microsomal prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase activity which cannot be obtained with the long chain acetylenic inhibitor, 17-ODYA. In addition, 12-HHDYA has no effect on lauric acid omega- or omega-1-hydroxylation or on benzphetamine N-demethylation. The development of this new terminal acetylenic fatty acid inhibitor provides us with a useful tool with which to study the physiological role of prostaglandin omega-hydroxylation in the rabbit lung during pregnancy.

Cloning and expression of three rabbit kidney cDNAs encoding lauric acid omega-hydroxylases.

cDNAs encoding three cytochrome P-450 enzymes were cloned from a rabbit kidney cDNA library. These three cDNAs exhibit greater than 90% nucleotide sequence identity across the coding region. This degree of sequence identity is also seen with P450IVA4, an enzyme that catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of prostaglandins and that is elevated during pregnancy and induced by progesterone in rabbit lung. The 3' untranslated regions of the three cDNAs display very little sequence identity, suggesting that they are the products of distinct genes. The predicted amino acid sequences derived from each cDNA and for P450IVA4 exhibit about 85% identity. Each cDNA was inserted into an expression vector for transient transfection of COS-1 cells. The transfected cells each expressed a protein recognized by antibodies to P450IVA4. Microsomes isolated from the cells transfected with each cDNA efficiently catalyzed the omega-hydroxylation of lauric acid with rates that greatly exceed that catalyzed by microsomes isolated from the host cell line. One of the cDNAs encodes an enzyme that omega-hydroxylates prostaglandin A1; however, the specific activity was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that for lauric acid. Our results indicate that the substrate selectivity of the kidney P-450s encoded by these cDNAs is distinct from that of the lung P450IVA4 and that multiple enzymes comprise P-450 class IVA in the rabbit.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a GB virus C isolate from a patient with non-A-E hepatitis.

Recently, the isolation of a novel virus, GB virus C (GBV-C), associated with cryptogenic hepatitis has been reported. Following the molecular cloning of this virus genome, it became apparent that the genomic sequence did not encode a protein resembling a nucleocapsid or core-like protein similar to those observed in other flaviviruses, pestiviruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus B. Similar findings were subsequently observed in the cloning of two viral genomes representing isolates of GBV-C, namely hepatitis G virus (HGV). To verify the presence or absence of a viral nucleocapsid protein, identify conserved protein motifs and determine the overall genomic variability, an additional virus isolate has been characterized. Here we report the full-length genomic sequence of GBV-C(EA), isolated from an East African suffering from acute non-A-E hepatitis. GBV-C(EA) was compared with the prototype West African isolate (GBV-C) and the two HGV isolates from the United States. The analyses demonstrate several characteristics of these novel viruses. (1) The degree of variability within the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) approximates that observed between HCV isolates. (2) The nucleotide sequence of the coding region and the 3' NTR is highly conserved between these isolates, in contrast to the extensive variability observed between HCV isolates from distinct geographical locations. (3) There is a high degree of amino acid conservation across the precursor polyproteins of these isolates; most striking is the lack of 'hypervariable' regions within the envelope proteins. (4) There appears to be no nucleocapsid protein near the amino terminus of the GBV-C/HGV polyproteins.

Impact of pretransplantation GB virus C infection on the outcome of renal transplantation.

Among renal transplant recipients with posttransplantation liver disease, the etiology remains unknown in 10 to 16% of patients. The discovery of yet another parenterally transmitted hepatitis virus, GB virus C (GBV-C), has opened avenues to study the prevalence and risk factors for GBV-C infection among patients undergoing renal transplantation and its impact on posttransplantation clinical outcomes. A cohort of 103 randomly selected recipients of kidneys were examined from anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-negative donors between 1986 and 1990. Pretransplantation sera were available in 99 of 103 (96%) recipients and were tested for anti-HCV, using a second-generation ELISA, and for GBV-C RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Pretransplantation GBV-C RNA was present in 18 of 99 (18%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 17.2 to 18.8%) recipients. GBV-C RNA was present in 5 of 22 (23%) anti-HCV-positive recipients compared with 13 of 77 (17%) anti-HCV-negative recipients (P = 0.53). The median number of pretransplantation blood transfusion among recipients with GBV-C RNA before transplantation was significantly higher than among recipients without GBV-C RNA (10 versus 7, P = 0.05). Posttransplantation liver disease and non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) was observed in 35 and 18%, respectively, of GBV-C RNA-positive recipients compared with 28 and 10%, respectively, of GBV-C RNA-negative recipients. Using Cox regression analysis, the relative risk (RR) of posttransplantation liver disease among recipients with GBV-C RNA before transplantation was 1.37 (95% CI, 0.55 to 3.41), and posttransplantation NANBH was 2.09 (95% CI, 0.64 to 6.79). The RR of graft loss and death were not increased (0.88 and 0.92, respectively). When adjusted for pretransplantation anti-HCV, the RR of posttransplantation liver disease, NANBH, graft loss, and death did not change appreciably. In summary, although a higher risk of posttransplantation liver disease was observed among recipients with pretransplantation GBV-C infection, the analyses presented here do not allow for a precise estimate of this risk.

Isolation of a GB virus-related genome from a chimpanzee.

Recently, two new flaviviruses, GB virus A (GBV-A) and GB virus B (GBV-B), were identified in the plasma of a tamarin infected with the hepatitis GB agent. A third virus, GB virus C (GBV-C), was subsequently identified in humans. In the current study, representational difference analysis (RDA) was used to search for a new virus in the serum of a chimpanzee that developed acute resolving hepatitis following inoculation with a pool of chimpanzee plasma. The plasma pool originated from serial passages of a human sample containing virus-like particles. Numerous cDNA clones were obtained that exhibited 62-80% identity with GBV-C. With the exception of the extreme 5' and 3' ends, the complete viral genome was sequenced, revealing a single large open reading frame encoding a 2833 amino acid polyprotein that contains two envelope proteins, two proteases, a helicase, and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Phylogenetic analysis of the new virus indicates that it is closely related to GBV-C, yet still sufficiently divergent as to be placed in a separate group, tentatively labeled GB virus Ctroglodytes (GBV-Ctro). Numerous human samples were screened by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but GBV-Ctro sequence was not detected. However, a second chimpanzee inoculated with the same plasma pool was shown to develop a GBV-Ctro infection. Although isolated from an Old World primate with hepatitis, the primary host of GBV-Ctro and any association with disease remains to be determined.

Expression of rabbit cytochromes P4504A which catalyze the omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid, fatty acids, and prostaglandins.

The omega-hydroxylation product of arachidonic acid is thought to be a potent vasoconstrictor or a precursor thereof in kidney. In this report, we have measured the capacity of four rabbit CYP4A enzymes, each expressed in COS-1 cells, to catalyze the omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid. These rates were compared to those obtained for other substrates such as lauric acid, palmitic acid, and prostaglandins PGE1 and PGA1. With the exception of P4504A5, all of the enzymes tested exhibited relatively high rates for the omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid. P4504A5 showed very little activity toward arachidonic or palmitic acids as compared to that toward lauric acid (< 10%). In contrast, P4504A6 and P4504A7 catalyzed the omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid at rates that were roughly 50% of that observed for lauric acid. P4504A4 was not active toward lauric acid, but it also catalyzed the omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid at a rate that was roughly 20% of that exhibited for PGE1. Thus, each enzyme exhibits a distinct substrate specificity profile across this panel of substrates. A sensitive RNase protection assay was used to provide a more quantitative estimate of the relative abundance of mRNAs encoding P4504A5, P4504A6, and P4504A7 in liver and kidney from control, pregnant, and clofibrate-treated animals. CYP4A5 is the most abundant of the mRNAs, but it was not induced in kidney and only moderately (2-fold) in liver by clofibric acid. CYP4A7 exhibits a similar pattern of induction by clofibrate. In contrast, CYP4A6 is induced 12-fold in liver and 6-fold in kidney. The higher induction ratio largely reflects a lower basal level of expression for CYP4A6 than for CYP4A7 and CYP4A5. Following treatment with clofibrate, the amount of CYP4A6 mRNA is similar to those of CYP4A5 and CYP4A7. Pregnancy did not affect the expression of CYP4A5, CYP4A6, or CYP4A7, although it induced the expression of CYP4A4 to detectable levels in the liver and kidney, where it is not normally found in nonpregnant animals. Our results indicate that the enzyme whose mRNA is most highly induced by clofibric acid (P4504A6) and the enzyme selectively elevated during pregnancy (P4504A4) both exhibit relatively high rates for the omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid.