A National Iranian Cochlear Implant Registry (ICIR): cochlear implanted recipient observational study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients who receive cochlear implants (CIs) constitutes a significant population in Iran. This population needs regular monitor on long-term outcomes, educational placement and quality of life. Currently, there is no national or regional registry on the long term outcomes of CI users in Iran. The present study aims to introduce the design and implementation of a national patient-outcomes registry on CI recipients for Iran. This Iranian CI registry (ICIR) provides an integrated framework for data collection and sharing, scientific communication and collaboration inCI research. METHODS: The national ICIR is a prospective patient-outcomes registry for patients who are implanted in one of Iranian centers. The registry is based on an integrated database that utilizes a secure web-based platform to collect response data from clinicians and patient's proxy via electronic case report forms (e-CRFs) at predefined intervals. The CI candidates are evaluated with a set of standardized and non-standardized questionnaires prior to initial device activation(as baseline variables) and at three-monthly interval follow-up intervals up to 24 months and annually thereafter. RESULTS: The software application of the ICIR registry is designed in a user-friendly graphical interface with different entry fields. The collected data are categorized into four subsets including personal information, clinical data, surgery data and commission results. The main parameters include audiometric performance of patient, device use, patient comorbidities, device use, quality of life and health-related utilities, across different types of CI devices from different manufacturers. CONCLUSION: The ICIR database could be used by the increasingly growing network of CI centers in Iran. Clinicians, academic and industrial researchers as well as healthcare policy makers could use this database to develop more effective CI devices and better management of the recipients as well as to develop national guidelines.

Autism's Impact on Cochlear Implantation Surgery Outcomes in Deaf Children.

Introduction: Cochlear implants (CI) provide a hearing sense for severe to profound hearing-impaired patients, both adults and children, and they are a broadly effective and accepted therapeutic method for those patients. Also, Deaf children with comorbidities, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), undergo cochlear implantation. ASDs are a group of developing disorders characterized by abnormalities in social interaction and communication with limited repetitive patterns of behavior. This study aimed to assess the effect of Autism on CI surgery outcomes in Deaf Children. Materials and Methods: We followed 12 autistic patients with cochlear implantation and 12 non-autistic cochlear-implanted patients for two years. The Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) scores were used to assess 6, 12, and 24 months after cochlear implantation surgery. Results: During the 24-month follow-up, the CAP means scores increased in both groups, and SIR and CAP progresses were considerably greater in non-ASD children (P<0.001). However, in ASD children, the progress of CAP and SIR variables were significant, with 99% and 95% confidence, respectively, at 24 months after surgery. Conclusion: Although the CIs could improve hearing performance in autistic patients, speech development after CIs in autistic children could affected by several factors, including the severity of autism, and this can be effective in providing pre-implant counseling to parents. The application of the alternative communication methods could be taken into account as a potential rehab technique.

Stability investigation of air-dried olive ribo nucleic acids for metavirome studies.

BACKGROUND: The application of ribo nucleic acids for molecular studies requires high integrity and quality of extracted total RNA samples. In addition, the need to transfer RNA samples at room temperature without special treatments such as ice and liquid nitrogen storage according to international transport laws highlights the importance of low cost alternative methods such as RNA air-drying, lyophilisation and transportable agents. In this study, the quality and quantity of air-dried RNA samples from leaf, petiole and bark tissues of different olive genotypes using several RNA extraction methods were compared with lyophilized ground leaves and RNAlater-stored tissue samples before precipitation. The quality of RNA and prepared libraries were checked by several techniques including agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Agilent quality control, RT-PCR amplification of housekeeping and viral genes and high throughput sequencing. RESULTS: Although RNA value varied amongst cultivars, RNA extraction with TRIzol™ Reagent in fresh extractions and samples stored in RNAlater before RNA extraction resulted in 455.26 ng/µL and 63.46 ng/µL (mean value of cultivars) as the highest RNA concentration averages, respectively. RNA samples extracted by TRIzol™ Reagents and stored for a short term at - 80 °C before air-drying showed the third highest concentration (44.87 ng/µL). The synthesized cDNAs quality for PCR amplification of housekeeping genes (Rbc 1 and Nad 5) and partial genomes of Arabis mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus showed satisfactory results in RNA samples extracted by TRIzol™ Reagents despite its variation amongst cultivars. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the difficulties in the extraction of high quality and quantity RNA in olive for molecular analyses, this study demonstrated that RNA extraction method based on TRIzol™ Reagent can be considered for virobiome studies of both fresh and air-dried samples.

Is there any association between esophagogastric endoscopic findings and laryngeal cancer?

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to survey the association between prevalence of acid-related inflammation in the upper digestive tract and laryngeal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was done in an otolaryngology ward at an academic university. Totally, 65 patients with laryngeal cancer and 65 cancer-free matched controls underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and endoscopic findings were collected. RESULTS: In the case group, positive endoscopic findings were significantly higher than the control group (87.7% vs 58.5%; P < .001). Laryngeal cancer patients had erosive esophagitis, and gastritis ± other findings more than the control group (48 vs 29 cases) and the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The difference between endoscopic findings in cases and controls was statistically significant. Severe inflammation and erosion existed in patients with laryngeal cancer that could be due to increased acid secretion. Our study supported the hypothesis that gastric acid and pepsin play a role in laryngeal cancer.

Evaluation of genetic stability in olive callus-induced and meristem-induced shoots using flow cytometry and amplified fragment length polymorphism techniques.

BACKGROUND: In vitro culture of olive, as an economically valuable tree, has fundamentally a genotype-dependant low micropropagation rate which needs to be improved in already established and newly released cultivars. Various plant tissue culture media, planting systems and growth factors were evaluated in two promissing Iranian olive cultivars 'Amin' and 'Meshkat' and the commercial Spanish cultivar 'Arbequina'. RESULTS: The results showed that cultivars have their specific optimal media, i.e. 'Amin' in the MS with 4 mg/L zeatin, 'Arbequina' in the OM with 1 mg/L zeatin, and 'Meshkat' in the OM and MS with 2 mg/L zeatin, which produced significantly a higher number of axillary shoots than other media. The results also indicated a significant improvement in the growth indices of 'Amin' (number of axillary shoots) when cultured using periodical mini bioreactor (PMB) in the VS medium. In comparison with VS, OM did not reveal any significant differences when both culturing systems (PMB and semi-solid media (SSM)) were used. Regarding the effect of carbon source and light intensity, mannitol and 2000 cd sr m-2 greatly enhanced 'Arbequina' growth indices (main shoot length and growth quality). The results of genetic stability of callus induced shoots (CIS) and meristem induced shoots (MIS) revealed that 2C DNA value assessed by partec flow cytometery (FCM) had 0.01, 0.03 and 0.08 pg discrepencies in 'Amin', 'Arbequina' and 'Meshkat', repectively. The Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) results also indicated that the cultivars were classified regardless of the micropropagation origin (CIS or MIS), except for 'Arbequina'. The AFLP findings showed that 'Arbequina' had the highest dispersal (7-38%) in CIS and MIS, while the Iranian cultivar of 'Meshkat' (5-9%) had the highest stability. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated the importance of in vitro growth parameters for improving the micropropagation indices of olive cultivars. It showed that optimized protocols (OM, PMB, zeatin, mannitol and 2000 cd sr m-2) co-produced larger calli resulting in indirect organogenesis. Based on FCM and AFLP analysis, it can be concluded that true-to-typeness of micropropagated olive was cultivar-dependent.

R-BPMV-Mediated Resistance to Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Is Heat-Stable but Elevated Temperatures Boost Viral Infection in Susceptible Genotypes.

In the context of climate change, elevated temperature is a major concern due to the impact on plant-pathogen interactions. Although atmospheric temperature is predicted to increase in the next century, heat waves during summer seasons have already become a current problem. Elevated temperatures strongly influence plant-virus interactions, the most drastic effect being a breakdown of plant viral resistance conferred by some major resistance genes. In this work, we focused on the R-BPMV gene, a major resistance gene against Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris. We inoculated different BPMV constructs in order to study the behavior of the R-BPMV-mediated resistance at normal (20 °C) and elevated temperatures (constant 25, 30, and 35 °C). Our results show that R-BPMV mediates a temperature-dependent phenotype of resistance from hypersensitive reaction at 20 °C to chlorotic lesions at 35 °C in the resistant genotype BAT93. BPMV is detected in inoculated leaves but not in systemic ones, suggesting that the resistance remains heat-stable up to 35 °C. R-BPMV segregates as an incompletely dominant gene in an F2 population. We also investigated the impact of elevated temperature on BPMV infection in susceptible genotypes, and our results reveal that elevated temperatures boost BPMV infection both locally and systemically in susceptible genotypes.

Comparison of the Pediatric Cochlear Implantation Using Round Window and Cochleostomy.

INTRODUCTION: Cochlear implantation (CI) is now regarded as a standard treatment for children with severe to profound sensor neural hearing loss. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the round window approach (RWA) and standard cochleostomy approach (SCA) in the preservation of residual hearing after CI in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 97 pediatric patients receiving CI with 12-month follow-up. The study population was divided into two groups according to the surgical approaches they received, including RWA and SCA. Consequently, the patients were evaluated based on the Categories of Auditory Performance scale (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test 45-60 days and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-surgery. RESULTS: The CAP and SIR mean scores increased in both groups during the 12-month follow-up. This upward trend was significant in both groups (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups in any of the follow-up stages regarding the CAP mean score. The mean SIR score (P=1.14±0.40) was significantly higher in the RWA group 3(P=0.001), 6(P=0.008), and 9(P=0.006) months after the surgery. However, there was no significant difference between the RWA and SCA groups, regarding 1-year SIR (P=0.258). CONCLUSION: The CI with either RWA or SCA could improve hearing and speech performance in pediatric patients. Although mid-term speech intelligibility was better for RWA, there was no significant difference in the 1-year outcome between these two methods.

Effect of Pressure on the Yinmen Point in Relief of Pain After Middle Ear Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain is a common problem after middle ear surgery. Several analgesic agents are available for pain relief, but they cause numerous side effects. Therefore, complementary analgesic methods are developed to reduce patient's postoperative pain and discomfort. OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the acupressure on post middle ear surgery pain, applying pressure on the Yinmen acupoint of the sciatic nerve. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 100 adult patients who were candidate for elective middle ear surgery were selected and divided into two groups of Yinmen and placebo, each with 50 subjects. After admission to the ward, patients' postoperative pain score was measured using the visual analog score (VAS) tool. Then, patients were placed in the prone position. In the Yinmen group, using a fist, we applied a continuous pressure (11 - 20 kg) to the posterior aspect of the thighs at the Yinmen acupoint for 2 minutes. In the placebo group, only soft contact was kept between the fist and Yinmen point for the same period. The maneuver repeated every two hours for four times. The pain intensity surveyed 10 minutes after the first maneuver, then every hour for 8 hours. For those with a VAS score ≥ 4, intravenous paracetamol and/or meperidine was administered. Any nausea and vomiting was managed using ondansetron 2 mg, IV. The pain score, paracetamol, and meperidine consumption were recorded and compared between the two groups. The chi-square and student t-tests were used to compare the two groups. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between patients' characteristics and the first pain score. For all measurements, pain intensity was lower in the Yinmen group (P value < 0.01). The pain after the first maneuver was relieved exactly when the acupressure was true. The intervention could reduce patients' need to take paracetamol (6.68 ± 2.58 vs. 10.42 ± 3.87 mg/kg) and meperidine (0.21 ± 0.17 vs. 0.39 ± 0.23 mg/kg) in the Yinmen group. The two groups were not significantly different concerning the need to take ondansetron to manage postoperative nausea and vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: Applying 2 minutes pressure (11 - 20 kg) on the Yinmen acupoint of the sciatic nerves can reduce post middle ear surgery pain and analgesic consumption.

Assessment of Otolaryngology Residency Training Program in Iran: Perspectives of Faculty Members and Recently Graduated Medical Students.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited evidence regarding the quality of otolaryngology residency programs in Iran. Regarding this, the present study aimed to assess some aspects of otolaryngology residency program in the field of otology in Iran based on the perspectives of faculty members and graduates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 105 recent graduates and 30 faculty members and/or program directors in otolaryngology using two self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: While the faculty members believed that a resident should work on at least 5.4 temporal bone surgeries on average, the actual number was 2.49. Tympanoplasty was assigned the highest rate of satisfaction by the recent graduates, whereas the lowest score belonged to middle ear exploration, ossiculoplasty, and stapes surgery. Only 53.6% of the graduates stated that there was an organized training curriculum in temporal laboratory. The recent graduates reported to have more frequent experiences of performing usual otology operations. However, they had fewer experiences of performing more advanced surgeries. The recently graduated subjects had a significantly low level of satisfaction with their competencies in carrying out more complex types of otology surgeries. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of otology surgeries in Iran provides valuable opportunities for training otolaryngology residents to achieve an acceptable level of competency. However, the results of this study strongly suggest the necessity of quality improvement both in teaching-learning and assessment processes in otolaryngology training programs.

The relationship between chronic otitis media-induced hearing loss and the acquisition of social skills.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of hearing loss caused by chronic otitis media (COM) on acquiring social skills. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A case-control study of 90 patients, including patients with COM, age range 15-30 years, was conducted in the otorhinolaryngology ward of Tabriz University Hospital. Social skills were assessed with a social skills questionnaire. RESULTS: Social skill scores were found to be lower in hearing-impaired COM patients compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Social skill disabilities in patients with bilateral COM were more severe than in patients with unilateral COM and the controls (P < 0.001). Correlation between social skills score and degree of hearing loss was significantly negative (P = 0.014, rho = -0.314). These data indicate an inverse relationship between hearing loss and social skills. CONCLUSION: Social skills and educational level of COM patients are affected because of hearing impairment. This study suggests that COM has effects on social development and education.

Comparison of Tympanoplasty Results in Dry and Wet Ears.

INTRODUCTION: Tympanoplasty is the standard and well established procedure for closure of tympanic membrane perforations .This paper compares the results of tympanoplasty in terms of hearing improvement and graft incorporation in patients with chronic perforation of the tympanic membrane between two groups with and without active drainage at the time of surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty referring patients to specialty and subspecialty clinics between the age 15 to 60 years-old were selected. All patients suffered from Chronic Otitis Media and they were categorized into two groups: a) those with wet ears and b) those with dry ears. Tympanoplasty surgery was performed through the use of embedding technique of temporalis fascia graft and in medial position (Medial Graft Technique). Finally, the data about the level of hearing improvement and the repair of tympanic membrane were analyzed. RESULTS: Although there was hearing improvement in both groups - with wet or dry ear - no statistically significant difference was observed between two groups. Following the surgery, tympanic membrane in two patients with wet ear and one with dry ear was not repaired, however according to the statistical analysis this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that in contrast to the common perception that tympanoplasty results in the patients with wet ear is poorer than those with dry ear, there was little difference in the results of the operations performed on two groups.

Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Surgical Outcome in Tympanoplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Tympanoplasty is a standard procedure to repair tympanic membrane perforation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of tympanoplasty (hearing improvement and tympanic membrane closure rate) in patients suffering from chronic perforation of the tympanic membrane by considering the prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, based on the results of tympanoplasty with temporal graft fascia in 60 patients in the ENT department of the Medical Science University of Tabriz, we evaluated prognostic factors, such as age, sex, smoking, size, and site of perforation, for the outcome of this surgery. RESULTS: The rate of surgical success- integration of the graft- was 93.3%. Improvement of hearing, as demonstrated through audiometry, occurred in 93% of cases. We did not find any factors to be statistically significant to affect surgical outcome. CONCLUSION: Even by considering the influence of different factors on the results of a tympanoplasty operation, according to the statistical results of this study, there is not a significant difference in the results of the operation, neither in the health of the tympanic membrane after surgery nor in hearing development.

Primary hydatid cyst of the right maxillary sinus: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: A hydatid cyst of the head and neck is a very rare condition, even in areas where Echinococcus infestation is endemic. CASE REPORT: We report a rare case of primary hydatid cyst of the right maxillary sinus in a 40-year-old man. The initial diagnosis of the presence of a cystic mass was the result of physical examination and computed tomography (CT) scan. We resected the cystic mass using the Caldwell-Luc procedure. A definitive diagnosis was confirmed by postoperative histopathologic examination. CONCLUSION: Hydatid cyst of the maxillary sinus is an extremely rare presentation. However, this condition should be considered in differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the maxillary sinus.

Ossicular erosion in patients requiring surgery for cholesteatoma.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the condition of the ossicular chain in patients requiring surgery for cholesteatoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, the destruction of the individual and combined bony structures of the ear was described in 166 patients with cholesteatoma who went through surgery in our Otology Center between 2003 and 2009. RESULTS: Total (55.4%) or partial (30.7%) erosion of the incus was the most common pathology. In some cases, the long process (25.9%) and the body of incus (4.8%) were also involved. Erosion of the stapes superstructure occurred more commonly than a total loss of the bone (40.9% vs. 25.9%). Erosion of the malleus was least common. Completely intact ossicles were present in 5.5% of cases. Total ossicular erosion with an intact footplate (18.7%) and incudostapedial erosion (18%) was the most common combination of ossicular erosion. All patients with incudostapedial erosion had advanced disease (85% with multiple site involvement). CONCLUSION: Widespread cholesteatoma results in greater ossicular erosion and poor hearing outcomes.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the cervical heterotopic salivary gland: a case report.

Introduction. Although pleomorphic adenoma is the most common neoplasm of the salivary glands, this tumor most commonly involves the minor salivary glands of palatal and rarely occurs in cervical region. Case Report. A 21-year-old female referred to our clinic due to painless mass of right upper region of neck. After paraclinical and pathologic evaluation, it was diagnosed as cervical pleomorphic adenoma. Conclusion. Pleomorphic adenoma may be rarely involving the neck. Although the prognosis is good, the choice treatment is the complete resection of the tumor.

Visualization of resistance responses in Phaseolus vulgaris using reporter tagged clones of Bean common mosaic virus.

Reporter tagged virus clones can provide detailed information on virus-host interactions. In Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), four recessive and one dominant gene are known to control infection by strains of the potyvirus species Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). To study the interactions between BCMV and bean genotypes with different resistance gene combinations, an infectious clone of the strain RU1 was tagged with the UidA gene encoding ß-glucuronidase (GUS). The clone was agroinoculated to bean genotypes with different combinations of the resistance genes bc-u, bc-1, bc-2, bc-3 and I. In situ histochemical GUS assays showed new details of the resistance responses, which were previously analysed by immunological methods and symptom descriptions. In some instances GUS assays suggested that resistance breaking strains appeared at single foci in uninoculated leaves. To allow recovery of resistance breaking strains for further studies, BCMV RU1 was tagged with the sequence encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), which was visualized directly without destruction of the tissue. In this paper we present details of the construction of the infectious clone and discuss its application in studies of BCMV resistance in bean.

Auditory brain stem response and otoacoustic emission results in children with end-stage renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in auditory system are frequent in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). There is not yet any consensus for the effect of renal failure and hemodialysis on auditory complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the auditory abnormalities in pediatric ESRD patients undergoing long term hemodialysis and compare the results with those of nondialytic chronic renal failure (CRF) children and controls. METHODS: Children aged 1-16 years were evaluated in three groups: 25 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis, 25 nondialytic patients with CRF, and 25 age and sex-matched normal counterparts. Patients with history of otological diseases, ear trauma, diabetes mellitus, receiving ototoxic drugs and syndromes with hearing abnormalities were excluded. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emission (OAE) were tested in all subjects. Frequency of cases with abnormal findings was compared between the groups. RESULTS: The ABR testing was abnormal in 11 (44%) dialytic patients with normal results in all nondialytic CRF cases and controls (p<0.001). The OAE testing was abnormal in all dialytic patients with abnormal ABR testing results (44%), in 1 (4%) nondialytic CRF patient and in no controls (p<0.001). There ware no significant differences with regard to age, gender, height, weight, blood pressure, serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, sodium, and potassium, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), duration of dialysis and dialysis adequacy between dialytic patients with and without abnormal results of ABR/OAE testing. CONCLUSION: Sensorineural hearing loss is rare among nondialytic pediatric patients with CRF but very common in ESRD children undergoing long term dialysis.

Potyviral resistance derived from cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris carrying bc-3 is associated with the homozygotic presence of a mutated eIF4E allele.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) play a central role in potyviral infection. Accordingly, mutations in the gene encoding eIF4E have been identified as a source of recessive resistance in several plant species. In common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, four recessive genes, bc-1, bc-2, bc-3 and bc-u, have been proposed to control resistance to the potyviruses Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. In order to identify molecular entities for these genes, we cloned and sequenced P. vulgaris homologues of genes encoding the eIF proteins eIF4E, eIF(iso)4E and nCBP. Bean genotypes reported to carry bc-3 resistance were found specifically to carry non-silent mutations at codons 53, 65, 76 and 111 in eIF4E. This set of mutations closely resembled a pattern of eIF4E mutations determining potyvirus resistance in other plant species. The segregation of BCMV resistance and eIF4E genotype was subsequently analysed in an F(2) population derived from the P. vulgaris all-susceptible genotype and a genotype carrying bc-3. F(2) plants homozygous for the eIF4E mutant allele were found to display at least the same level of resistance to BCMV as the parental resistant genotype. At 6 weeks after inoculation, all F(2) plants found to be BCMV negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were found to be homozygous for the mutant eIF4E allele. In F(3) plants homozygous for the mutated allele, virus resistance was subsequently found to be stably maintained. In conclusion, allelic eIF4E appears to be associated with a major component of potyvirus resistance present in bc-3 genotypes of bean.

Dietary L-arginine and cutaneous wound healing.

Skin wound healing has been the subject of extensive studies and various drugs have been used in an attempt to improve wound healing. There are conflicting data regarding the effects of L-arginine, the substrate of nitric oxide, on wound healing. We examined the 1-week rate of cutaneous wound healing and collagen deposition in three groups of rats who received a (1) L-arginine (2% in drinking water)-supplemented diet from three days before until the seventh day following injury (Group 1), (2) L-arginine-supplemented diet for three days before injury (Group 2), and (3) a standard diet without L-arginine supplementation (Group 3). The wound length and width were measured each day and then the open wound area and cumulative percentage of open wound area reduction were calculated. Wound biopsy samples were examined with Trichrome-Masson stain in a subgroup of animals. Results showed that Group 1 rats had a significantly lower cumulative percentage of open wound area reduction on day 7 compared to other two groups (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.05). Relatively higher degrees of wound collagen deposit (day 7) were noted in groups 2 and 3. It may be concluded that L-arginine (2% in water) administered three days before until the seventh day following skin wound induction may diminish the rate of skin wound healing and collagen deposition.