Association of serum antibodies against the Mycobacterium avium complex and hemoptysis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Hemoptysis is very common and can be life threatening in clinical practice for nontuberculous mycobacteria. The serum antibody against the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC-Ab), the majority of nontuberculous mycobacteria species, is well known to reflect the activity of MAC lung disease; however, there is no study investigating the association between the MAC-Ab and hemoptysis in MAC patients. Therefore, we assessed whether the MAC-Ab is a good biomarker for hemoptysis among subjects with MAC lung disease. METHODS: This study was conducted as a five-year retrospective survey at the National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital. A total of 155 patients aged ≥20 years with MAC lung disease were enrolled and separated into seropositive and seronegative groups using the cutoff for MAC-Ab levels of 0.7 U/ml. The prevalence of hemoptysis and odds ratios for the presence of hemoptysis were estimated and compared between the groups. To investigate the linear trends in the relationship between MAC-Ab levels and hemoptysis, the subjects were classified into three groups using the tertile distribution of the MAC-Ab. RESULTS: The prevalence of hemoptysis was twice as high in the seropositive group than in the seronegative group (42.2 and 21.7%, respectively, P = 0.02). The multivariable-adjusted risk of hemoptysis was elevated in the seropositive group as compared with the seronegative group (odds ratio = 2.79 (95% confidence interval 1.15-7.44)). Likewise, when categorizing the subjects into three groups, the risk of hemoptysis increased with increasing MAC-Ab levels (P = 0.03 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: A positive MAC-Ab level was a significant risk factor for hemoptysis among patients with MAC lung disease. There were also positive trends in the association between the MAC-Ab titer and the likelihood of hemoptysis. Measuring the MAC-Ab may contribute not only to early detection of the risk of hemoptysis but also to early intervention with anti-NTM therapy and, as a result, to the prevention of hemoptysis in MAC patients.

An Autopsy Case of COVID-19 with New Diffuse Pulmonary Ossification.

We present the case of a 61-year-old man who developed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and died during treatment for relapsing polychondritis. The patient was intubated and treated with steroid pulse therapy, remdecivir, antibacterial agents, baricitinib, and tocilizumab. However, his respiratory condition worsened, and he died 108 days after disease onset. An autopsy revealed diffuse alveolar damage in the fibrotic phase in all lung lobes, diffuse pulmonary ossification, and cytomegalovirus-infected cells in the middle lobe of the right lung. We herein discuss the clinical features and pathological findings of COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients.

Clinicopathological findings, treatment, and outcome in 60 cats with gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (GESF) in cats presents as mass(es) associated with the gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, and abdominal lymph nodes. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To report the clinicopathological findings, treatment, and outcome of cats with GESF. ANIMALS: Sixty client-owned cats diagnosed with GESF. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of cats with histopathologically confirmed GESF. RESULTS: The median age was 5.4 years (interquartile range [IQR], 3.3-8.9.); 30% were Domestic Shorthairs and 12% were Domestic Longhair cats, with the most prevalent pedigree breeds being Ragdolls (25%), Exotic Shorthair (10%) and Persian (8%) cats. The median duration of clinical signs was 90 days (IQR, 17.5-247.0); the most common clinical signs were weight loss (60%), hyporexia/anorexia (55%), chronic vomiting (37%), lethargy (35%) and chronic diarrhea (27%). Masses were located in the small intestine (32%), stomach (27%), ileocolic junction (15%), colon (10%), lymph node (8%) and mesentery (8%) and 15% of cats had >1 mass. Eosinophilia was present in 50% and hypoalbuminemia in 28% of cats. The mass was removed surgically in 37% of cases. Most cats (98%) were treated with corticosteroids. Survival was not statistically different between cats treated with surgical resection and cats treated with medical therapy alone, 88% of the cats were still alive at the time of writing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: GESF is an important differential diagnosis for abdominal masses in cats, and has a much better prognosis than previously reported.

Investigation of the mutations in the genes involved in Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in canine large cell gastrointestinal lymphoma.

Canine gastrointestinal lymphoma is known to be of T-cell origin in most cases, but the molecular biological aberrations have not been clarified. In human intestinal T-cell lymphoma, the mutations in the genes associated with Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway have been frequently observed. In this study, the gene mutations were investigated in 31 dogs with large cell gastrointestinal lymphoma (LCGIL) by focusing on the genes involved in JAK-STAT pathway. Next-generation sequencing analysis to examine the mutations in STAT3, STAT5B, and JAK1 genes throughout the exon regions revealed the mutations in STAT3 gene in two dogs and JAK1 gene in one dog. In conclusion, this study could not indicate the associations of gene mutations in JAK-STAT pathway with LCGIL in most canine cases.

Efficacy and adverse events of L-Asparaginase administration as a first-line treatment for feline large-cell gastrointestinal lymphoma.

L-Asparaginase (L-Asp) is often used to induce remission in feline large-cell gastrointestinal lymphoma (LCGIL). However, no study has evaluated the efficacy and adverse events following the initial use of this drug as a first-line treatment in feline LCGIL. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of cats with LCGIL treated with L-Asp to induce remission. This study included 43 cats. The response rate (RR) after the first administration of L-Asp was 37.2% (Complete remission: 7.0%, partial remission: 30.2%). RR was significantly higher in cases with primary gastric lesions (64.3%) than in those with primary intestinal lesions (24.1%) (P=0.018), and it was also higher in cases without anemia (57.1%) than those with anemia (15.0%) (P=0.009). The most common adverse event was hyperammonemia, which occurred in 10 of 12 cases where we could compare plasma ammonia concentrations before and after the first dose of L-Asp. Plasma phosphate concentrations were also significantly increased (P<0.001) within 24 hr after the first dose. Decreased appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea were also observed in five, three, and seven cases, respectively, and Grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal signs were observed as adverse events in three cases. The median overall survival of all cats was 150 days (range, 5-1,065 days), and the median progression-free survival was 104 days (range, 2-978 days). In conclusion, L-Asp was effective to induce remission, and severe adverse events were uncommon in feline LCGIL.

Characterization of faecal microbiota and serum inflammatory markers in dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy or small-cell lymphoma: a pilot study.

Dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy (CE) or small-cell lymphoma (SCL) exhibit marked differences in faecal microbiota and organic acid profiles compared with healthy dogs, as well as immune abnormalities in intestinal mucosal tissue. However, few studies have analysed trace organic acids, such as succinic acid, which have been suggested to be associated with IBD in humans. Therefore, in this study, we compared the faecal microbiota and organic acid profiles as well as serum inflammatory markers between dogs with disease (n = 11; 6 with CE and 5 with SCL) and healthy controls (n = 16). We also performed machine learning and correlation analysis to obtain more detailed insights into the characteristics of affected dogs. These results revealed that dogs with CE and SCL had lower levels of Erysipelotrichaceae (e.g. Turicibacter and Allobaculum), exhibited abnormalities in the succinic acid metabolism (i.e. succinic acid accumulation and decreased levels of Phascolarctobacterium as succinic acid-utilising bacteria) and increased levels of pathobiont bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella. Additionally, the presence of Dubosiella was significantly negatively correlated with Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index scores. These findings are expected to aid the development of microbiome-based medications and/or supplements, although further verification is needed.

Analysis of fecal microbial profiles in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia.

Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is a common complication in dogs. This study analyzed intestinal microbiota using 16S rRNA amplicon analysis as candidate factors that strongly influence the small intestinal lymphatic vessels in dogs with and without IL. Twelve dogs were included, of which six were diagnosed with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis, four with small-cell lymphoma, and two with large-cell lymphoma. Seven of these dogs had IL, whereas five did not. First, the microbial diversity analyzed by Faith pd index was significantly decreased in dogs with IL compared to dogs without IL. Then, the relative amounts of each bacterial taxa were compared between dogs with and without IL using Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. At the genus level, the Ruminococcus gnavus group significantly increased in dogs with IL compared to dogs without IL. A total of four genera, including Ruminococcus torques group and Faecalibacterium, which produce butyrate, significantly decreased in dogs with IL. This study showed decreased intestinal bacterial diversity and several alterations of intestinal microbiota, including a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria in dogs with IL, compared to dogs without IL.

Association between intestinal lymphangiectasia and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in dogs with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis.

Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is a common complication in dogs. Since nitric oxide (NO) is known to relax the lymphatic vessel, we evaluated inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression using immunohistochemistry in 13 dogs with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) with or without IL. The duodenal iNOS expressing cells were significantly increased in dogs with IL-negative or IL-positive LPE dogs (P=0.025, P=0.007) compared with control dogs. However, there was no significant difference in iNOS expression between IL-positive and IL-negative tissues. Based on these results, there is no clear evidence for the NO overproduction in the pathogenesis of IL in dogs with LPE. Factors other than NO could, thus, contribute to IL in dogs with LPE.

Effects of proportions of carbohydrates and fats in diets on mucin concentration and bile composition in gallbladder of dogs.

The associations of diet compositions with mucin secretion in gallbladder have not been investigated in dogs. This study aimed to examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet (LC) and a low-fat diet (LF) on bile mucin concentration and composition of gallbladder bile in six clinically healthy beagle dogs. After feeding of both diets, the bile mucin concentration was significantly decreased. In addition, there were significant decreases in the concentrations of taurochenodeoxycholic acid in bile, which is considered to promote mucin secretion, after feeding of both diets. The present study suggested that the proportions of carbohydrate and fat in diet affect the composition of gallbladder bile in dogs.

Efficacy and adverse events of continuous l-asparaginase administration for canine large cell lymphoma of presumed gastrointestinal origin.

We examined the efficacy and adverse events of continuous l-asparaginase administration in dogs with large cell lymphoma of presumedgastrointestinal (GI) origin. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of dogs with large cell lymphoma of presumed GI origin treated with continuous l-asparaginase administration from 2009 to 2018. We collected information on the signalment, lesion site, complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, diagnostic imaging findings, cytological and histopathological findings, immunophenotype, l-asparaginase administration frequency, treatment response, adverse events, rescue protocol, and patient outcomes. Clinical outcomes were assessed using medical records or by contacting the owner or referring veterinarian. Thirty-two dogs with large cell lymphoma of presumed GI origin received weekly l-asparaginase administration. The median number of l-asparaginase injections was seven (range: 1-30). Although two of the 32 dogs had GI toxicity of grade 3 or higher, none developed a hypersensitivity reaction. The response rate based on ultrasonographic findings was 18/32 (56%) and that based on clinical signs was 30/32 (94%). The median overall progression-free survival was 50 days (range: 2-214 days), and median overall survival was 147 days (range: 2-482 days). Adverse events associated with continuous l-asparaginase administration were rare. Clinical signs at diagnosis improved in most cases. Based on these results, continuous l-asparaginase administration appears to be a reasonable treatment option for dogs with large cell lymphoma of presumed GI origin.

Evaluation of the degree and distribution of lymphangiectasia in full-thickness canine small intestinal specimens diagnosed with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis and granulomatous lymphangitis.

Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is often observed in dogs with chronic small intestinal diseases. Hypoplasia of the lymphatic vessel due to decreased lymphangiogenesis, which has been suggested in human idiopathic IL, may contribute to the pathogenesis of canine IL. This study aimed to evaluate the diameter and number of lymphatic vessels in full-thickness small intestinal specimens of dogs with IL. Immunohistochemical labeling of lymphatic endothelial cell markers was performed on retrospectively retrieved full-thickness small intestinal specimens. Sixteen dogs with histologically confirmed IL were included, of which 10 had lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE), and six had granulomatous lymphangitis (GL). Nine dogs that died from non-gastrointestinal disorders and with little or no abnormalities in the small intestine were used as controls. Lymphatic vessel diameters in dogs with IL were significantly increased in all layers of the small intestine, including the villus lacteal, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis, and mesentery, compared with controls (all P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the lymphatic vessel diameters between dogs with LPE and GL (all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of lymphatic vessels between dogs with IL and the controls in all layers of the small intestine (all P>0.05). This study demonstrated that IL was observed in all layers of the small intestine, including the submucosa, muscularis, and mesentery, independent of the underlying disease. Factors other than reduced lymphatic vessels would contribute to the pathogenesis of IL in dogs.

Clinical and histopathological features and prognosis of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in Jack Russell Terriers.

There has been an increase in the number of Jack Russell Terriers (JRTs) diagnosed with adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract in Japan. This study retrospectively investigated the clinical and histopathological features and prognosis of adenocarcinomas arising in the gastrointestinal tract in JRT dogs. Seven JRTs and 39 dogs of other breeds diagnosed with gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma were included in the study. The most common sites of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma in JRTs were the pylorus and rectum. On histopathological examination, these adenocarcinomas showed a papillary or tubular growth pattern, and the lesions were confined within the mucosal epithelium and poorly invasive. Among all dogs with gastric adenocarcinoma, the median survival time (MST) for five of the JRTs could not be determined because more than half of the cases remained alive, while the MST for nine non-JRT dogs was 34 days. Among all dogs with adenocarcinoma in the large intestine, the MST for three of the JRTs could not be determined, while the MST for nine non-JRT dogs was 1,973 days. The difference in MST between JRT and non-JRT dogs with gastric adenocarcinoma was significant (P=0.0220). Since gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in JRTs show distinct characteristics with respect to their clinical features, treatment course, and prognosis, a different surgical and medical treatment plan should be considered compared to the management of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in other dog breeds.

Nintedanib treatment for pulmonary fibrosis after coronavirus disease 2019.

A 78-year-old Japanese woman with no smoking history suffered from near-fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring four-week invasive mechanical ventilation, with subsequent radiological features of pulmonary fibrosis. Although methylprednisolone gradually improved her respiratory condition, her oxygenation and exercise tolerance had drastically deteriorated, necessitating high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy. In parallel with tapering systemic steroid, the patient was treated with nintedanib. Three months later, the patient was able to walk with a walking aid using oxygen at 4 L/min. The present case is an indication that nintedanib might provide a novel therapeutic approach for managing post-COVID-19 fibrosis, although further studies are warranted.

Changes in the coagulation parameters in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy between before and after treatment.

Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is known to induce hypercoagulability and resultant thromboembolism in dogs. We hypothesized that hypercoagulability would improve if remission was obtained in dogs with PLE after treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the coagulation parameters after treatment in dogs diagnosed with PLE. As coagulation parameters, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), D-dimer, and antithrombin (AT) were measured. In addition to these parameters, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), which evaluates the comprehensive coagulation and fibrinolysis reactions of whole blood, was conducted and the data of clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), α angle (α), maximum clot firmness (MCF) and lysis index at 60 min (LI60) were obtained. Eleven of the 14 dogs diagnosed with PLE were classified as responders to the treatment based on the changes in their plasma albumin (ALB) concentration after treatment. Significant increase in CFT and decrease of α and MCF indicating the resolution of hypercoagulability were found after treatment in responder dogs; however, there was no significant change in the coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters other than those measured by ROTEM. This study demonstrated that the hypercoagulability detected by ROTEM was significantly improved after treatment in dogs with PLE.

Comparison of the efficacy of cyclosporine and leflunomide in treating inflammatory colorectal polyps in miniature dachshunds.

Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) are frequently observed in miniature dachshunds in Japan and treated by prednisolone and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and leflunomide. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the treatment efficacy, such as response rate, response interval, recurrence rate, and adverse events between cyclosporine and leflunomide. While the response rates were significantly higher in dogs treated with leflunomide, no significant differences were observed in the response interval or recurrence rate. Two of the 11 dogs treated with leflunomide showed hematological or gastrointestinal adverse events, while no dog treated with cyclosporine showed any adverse events. A case-controlled prospective study to compare the treatment efficacy of leflunomide with that of cyclosporine should be conducted.

Evaluation of an automated point-of-care test system for measuring thrombin-antithrombin complex in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of the chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) method for point-of-care (POC) measurement of canine plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) concentration. ASSESSMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Plasma TAT concentration was measured in 54 healthy dogs and in 72 dogs with various diseases. A significant correlation was found between TAT concentration measured by CLEIA and that measured by an ELISA that was previously used in dogs. The upper limit of the reference value of TAT concentrations measured by CLEIA was determined to be 0.2 ng/mL based on the TAT concentration in 54 healthy dogs. TAT concentrations exceeded the reference interval in a portion of dogs when a hypercoagulable state may be present. CONCLUSIONS: Canine plasma TAT concentrations measured using CLEIA were correlated with that measured using ELISA. Hence, a POC testing instrument may be used for early detection of activation of thrombin generation in emergency and critical care settings.

Variations in ATP7B in cats with primary copper-associated hepatopathy.

OBJECTIVES: Primary copper-associated hepatopathy (PCH) has been reported in young cats. Although our group recently reported a young cat with PCH harbouring single-nucleotide variations in ATP7B, limited information is available regarding its association with the pathogenesis of feline PCH. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ATP7B variations in cats with PCH. METHODS: Rhodanine staining was performed to detect hepatic copper accumulation (HCA) in intraoperative liver tissue specimens from 54 cats. In cats with HCA, variations in ATP7B and COMMD1 and serum ceruloplasmin activity were analysed. RESULTS: Based on age, liver histopathological findings and hepatic distribution of accumulated copper, PCH was suspected in 4/54 cats. Sequence analysis of ATP7B and COMMD1 revealed single-nucleotide variations in ATP7B in 3/4 cats with PCH. Among the cats with PCH, one showed remarkably low serum ceruloplasmin activity, while the other three did not. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this study suggest that some cats with PCH harbour single-nucleotide variations in ATP7B, suggesting that feline PCH is an equivalent disorder to human Wilson's disease. This study provides basic evidence facilitating further studies of the pathophysiology and treatment of feline PCH.

Clinical features and prognosis of canine megaesophagus in Japan.

Megaesophagus (ME) is a common esophageal disease in dogs and the prognosis is generally poor, especially with aspiration pneumonia (AP). We retrospectively investigated the clinical features and prognosis of canine ME in Japan. Twenty-eight dogs were included in this study, with the Miniature Dachshund breed being significantly overrepresented (odds ratio: 4.33). Most cases (21 of 28) were diagnosed as idiopathic ME and Myasthenia gravis was the most common cause of secondary ME. The overall median survival time (MST) was not reached and the 3-month survival rate was 85.7%. Ten dogs were diagnosed with AP, at least once during the study period, and the MST of ME dogs with AP was 114 days. The survival time overall and even with AP, was notably more prolonged compared to the previous studies. We hypothesized that treatment for canine ME could prolong the survival time, even in those with both ME and AP.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling regulates the production of intestinal IgA and its potential role in the pathogenesis of canine inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Decreased production of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) has been suggested as a possible pathogenesis in a subset of canine IBD; however, the underlying cause remains unclear. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator that regulates intestinal IgA production by controlling lymphocyte trafficking in mice. The objectives of this study were to clarify the role of S1P in IgA production in dogs and to evaluate the expression of S1P-related molecules in dogs with IBD. First, an S1P receptor antagonist was administrated to five healthy dogs. The S1P receptor antagonist significantly decreased the IgA concentration in sera and feces but did not affect the IgG concentration. Moreover, the immunoreactivity of intestinal IgA was significantly decreased by S1P signal blockade. These results indicate that S1P signaling specifically regulates the intestinal IgA production in dogs. Subsequently, the intestinal S1P concentration and the expression of S1P-related molecules were measured in dogs with IBD and healthy dogs. The intestinal concentration of S1P was significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. In addition, the gene expression levels of S1P receptor (S1P1) and S1P synthase (SK1) were significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. Taken together, these observations suggest that decreased S1P production, likely caused by a lower expression of S1P synthetase, leads to attenuation of S1P/S1P1 signaling pathway and the production of intestinal IgA in dogs with IBD.

Hepatic copper accumulation in a young cat with familial variations in the ATP7B gene.

A 9-month-old intact crossbred female cat was presented with jaundice, intermittent anorexia and lethargy, increased hepatic enzyme activities, and hyperammonemia. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomographic examinations determined that the liver had a rounded and irregular margin, and histopathological examination identified excessive accumulation of copper hepatocytes in the liver. Concentrations of both blood and urine copper were higher than in healthy cats. The patient responded well to treatment with penicillamine. Clinicopathological abnormalities and clinical signs improved within 2 months, and the patient was alive for >9 months after starting treatment. Genetic examination determined that the patient and its littermate had a single-nucleotide variation (SNV, p. T1297R) that impaired the function of the ATP7B gene product; the gene that is mutated in patients with Wilson's disease (WD). Hepatic copper accumulation was believed to be associated with the SNV of the ATP7B gene, and the patient had a genetic disorder of copper metabolism equivalent to WD in humans.