RESUMEN
Several HIV-1 and SIV vaccine candidates have shown partial protection against viral challenges in rhesus macaques. However, the protective efficacy of vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies has not previously been demonstrated in adoptive transfer studies in nonhuman primates. In this study, we show that passive transfer of purified antibodies from vaccinated macaques can protect naive animals against SIVmac251 challenges. We vaccinated 30 rhesus macaques with Ad26-SIV Env/Gag/Pol and SIV Env gp140 protein vaccines and assessed the induction of antibody responses and a putative protective signature. This signature included multiple antibody functions and correlated with upregulation of interferon pathways in vaccinated animals. Adoptive transfer of purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the vaccinated animals with the most robust protective signatures provided partial protection against SIVmac251 challenges in naive recipient rhesus macaques. These data demonstrate the protective efficacy of purified vaccine-elicited antiviral antibodies in this model, even in the absence of virus neutralization.
Asunto(s)
Inmunización Pasiva/métodos , Vacunas contra el SIDAS/inmunología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/inmunología , Vacunas contra el SIDA/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Formación de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Productos del Gen env/inmunología , Productos del Gen gag/inmunología , Productos del Gen pol/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Macaca mulatta/inmunología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Passive administration of HIV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) can protect macaques from hard-to-neutralize (tier 2) chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. However, conditions for nAb-mediated protection after vaccination have not been established. Here, we selected groups of 6 rhesus macaques with either high or low serum nAb titers from a total of 78 animals immunized with recombinant native-like (SOSIP) Env trimers. Repeat intrarectal challenge with homologous tier 2 SHIVBG505 led to rapid infection in unimmunized and low-titer animals. High-titer animals, however, demonstrated protection that was gradually lost as nAb titers waned over time. An autologous serum ID50 nAb titer of â¼1:500 afforded more than 90% protection from medium-dose SHIV infection. In contrast, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and T cell activity did not correlate with protection. Therefore, Env protein-based vaccination strategies can protect against hard-to-neutralize SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques by inducing tier 2 nAbs, provided appropriate neutralizing titers can be reached and maintained.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra el SIDA/inmunología , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH/fisiología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/inmunología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/fisiología , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , VacunaciónRESUMEN
Germinal centres are the engines of antibody evolution. Here, using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env protein immunogen priming in rhesus monkeys followed by a long period without further immunization, we demonstrate germinal centre B (BGC) cells that last for at least 6 months. A 186-fold increase in BGC cells was present by week 10 compared with conventional immunization. Single-cell transcriptional profiling showed that both light- and dark-zone germinal centre states were sustained. Antibody somatic hypermutation of BGC cells continued to accumulate throughout the 29-week priming period, with evidence of selective pressure. Env-binding BGC cells were still 49-fold above baseline at 29 weeks, which suggests that they could remain active for even longer periods of time. High titres of HIV-neutralizing antibodies were generated after a single booster immunization. Fully glycosylated HIV trimer protein is a complex antigen, posing considerable immunodominance challenges for B cells1,2. Memory B cells generated under these long priming conditions had higher levels of antibody somatic hypermutation, and both memory B cells and antibodies were more likely to recognize non-immunodominant epitopes. Numerous BGC cell lineage phylogenies spanning more than the 6-month germinal centre period were identified, demonstrating continuous germinal centre activity and selection for at least 191 days with no further antigen exposure. A long-prime, slow-delivery (12 days) immunization approach holds promise for difficult vaccine targets and suggests that patience can have great value for tuning of germinal centres to maximize antibody responses.
Asunto(s)
Afinidad de Anticuerpos , Linfocitos B , Movimiento Celular , Células Clonales , Centro Germinal , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , Inmunización , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/genética , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Afinidad de Anticuerpos/genética , Afinidad de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Linfocitos B/citología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Células Clonales/citología , Células Clonales/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito B/inmunología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Centro Germinal/citología , Centro Germinal/inmunología , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/genética , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunización Secundaria , Macaca mulatta/inmunología , Macaca mulatta/virología , Células B de Memoria/citología , Células B de Memoria/inmunología , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Hipermutación Somática de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Hipermutación Somática de Inmunoglobulina/inmunología , Factores de Tiempo , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/administración & dosificación , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Characterizing polyclonal antibody responses via currently available methods is inherently complex and difficult. Mapping epitopes in an immune response is typically incomplete, which creates a barrier to fully understanding the humoral response to antigens and hinders rational vaccine design efforts. Here, we describe a method of characterizing polyclonal responses by using electron microscopy, and we applied this method to the immunization of rabbits with an HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein vaccine candidate, BG505 SOSIP.664. We detected known epitopes within the polyclonal sera and revealed how antibody responses evolved during the prime-boosting strategy to ultimately result in a neutralizing antibody response. We uncovered previously unidentified epitopes, including an epitope proximal to one recognized by human broadly neutralizing antibodies as well as potentially distracting non-neutralizing epitopes. Our method provides an efficient and semiquantitative map of epitopes that are targeted in a polyclonal antibody response and should be of widespread utility in vaccine and infection studies.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra el SIDA/inmunología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Mapeo Epitopo/métodos , Epítopos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Microscopía Electrónica/métodos , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/inmunología , Animales , Formación de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Línea Celular , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Humanos , Inmunización , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/inmunología , Conejos , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Fc-mediated antibody effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can contribute to the containment HIV-1 replication but whether such activities are sufficient for protection is unclear. We previously identified an antibody to the variable 2 (V2) apex of the HIV-1 Env trimer (PGT145) that potently directs the lysis of SIV-infected cells by NK cells but poorly neutralizes SIV infectivity. To determine if ADCC is sufficient for protection, separate groups of six rhesus macaques were treated with PGT145 or a control antibody (DEN3) by intravenous infusion followed five days later by intrarectal challenge with SIVmac239. Despite high concentrations of PGT145 and potent ADCC activity in plasma on the day of challenge, all animals became infected and viral loads did not differ between the PGT145- and DEN3-treated animals. To determine if PGT145 can protect against a neutralization-sensitive virus, two additional groups of six macaques were treated with PGT145 and DEN3 and challenged with an SIVmac239 variant with a single amino acid change in Env (K180S) that increases PGT145 binding and renders the virus susceptible to neutralization by this antibody. Although there was no difference in virus acquisition, peak and chronic phase viral loads were significantly lower and time to peak viremia was significantly delayed in the PGT145-treated animals compared to the DEN3-treated control animals. Env changes were also selected in the PGT145-treated animals that confer resistance to both neutralization and ADCC. These results show that ADCC is not sufficient for protection by this V2-specific antibody. However, protection may be achieved by increasing the affinity of antibody binding to Env above the threshold required for neutralization.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios , Animales , Macaca mulatta , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente de AnticuerposRESUMEN
Vaccination strategies aimed at maturing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from naïve precursors are hindered by unusual features that characterize these Abs, including insertions and deletions (indels). Longitudinal studies of natural HIV infection cases shed light on the complex processes underlying bnAb development and have suggested a role for superinfection as a potential enhancer of neutralization breadth. Here we describe the development of a potent bnAb lineage that was elicited by two founder viruses to inform vaccine design. The V3-glycan targeting bnAb lineage (PC39-1) was isolated from subtype C-infected IAVI Protocol C elite neutralizer, donor PC39, and is defined by the presence of multiple independent insertions in CDRH1 that range from 1-11 amino acids in length. Memory B cell members of this lineage are predominantly atypical in phenotype yet also span the class-switched and antibody-secreting cell compartments. Development of neutralization breadth occurred concomitantly with extensive recombination between founder viruses before each virus separated into two distinct population "arms" that evolved independently to escape the PC39-1 lineage. Ab crystal structures show an extended CDRH1 that can help stabilize the CDRH3. Overall, these findings suggest that early exposure of the humoral system to multiple related Env molecules could promote the induction of bnAbs by focusing Ab responses to conserved epitopes.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis , Infecciones por VIH , VIH-1 , Humanos , Anticuerpos ampliamente neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , EpítoposRESUMEN
CCR5 is the major HIV-1 entry coreceptor. RANTES/CCL5 analogs are more potent inhibitors of infection than native chemokines; one class activates and internalizes CCR5, one neither activates nor internalizes, and a third partially internalizes without activation. Here we show that mutations in CCR5 transmembrane domains differentially impact the activity of these three inhibitor classes, suggesting that the transmembrane region of CCR5, a key interaction site for inhibitors, is a sensitive molecular switch, modulating receptor activity.
Asunto(s)
Quimiocina CCL5/fisiología , Mutación , Receptores CCR5/genética , Receptores CCR5/fisiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Línea Celular , Quimiocina CCL5/agonistas , Quimiocina CCL5/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quimiocina CCL5/genética , VIH-1/patogenicidad , VIH-1/fisiología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Receptores CCR5/química , Transducción de Señal , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Adaptive immunity is didactically partitioned into humoral and cell-mediated effector mechanisms, which may imply that each arm is separate and does not function together. Here, we report that the activation of CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM) in nonlymphoid tissues triggers vascular permeability, which facilitates rapid distribution of serum antibodies into local tissues. TRM reactivation was associated with transcriptional upregulation of antiviral signaling pathways as well as Fc receptors and components of the complement cascade. Effects were local, but evidence is presented that TRM in brain and reproductive mucosa are both competent to induce rapid antibody exudation. TRM reactivation in the mouse female genital tract increased local concentrations of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, including anti-vesicular stomatitis virus, and passively transferred anti-HIV antibodies. We showed that this response was sufficient to increase the efficacy of ex vivo vesicular stomatitis virus neutralization. These results indicate that CD8+ TRM antigen recognition can enhance local humoral immunity.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Estomatitis , Ratones , Animales , Femenino , Células T de Memoria , Inmunoglobulinas , Memoria InmunológicaRESUMEN
Adjuvants and antigen delivery kinetics can profoundly influence B cell responses and should be critically considered in rational vaccine design, particularly for difficult neutralizing antibody targets such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antigen kinetics can change depending on the delivery method. To promote extended immunogen bioavailability and to present antigen in a multivalent form, native-HIV Env trimers are modified with short phosphoserine peptide linkers that promote tight binding to aluminum hydroxide (pSer:alum). Here we explore the use of a combined adjuvant approach that incorporates pSer:alum-mediated antigen delivery with potent adjuvants (SMNP, 3M-052) in an extensive head-to-head comparison study with conventional alum to assess germinal center (GC) and humoral immune responses. Priming with pSer:alum plus SMNP induces additive effects that enhance the magnitude and persistence of GCs, which correlate with better GC-TFH cell help. Autologous HIV-neutralizing antibody titers are improved in SMNP-immunized animals after two immunizations. Over 9 months after priming immunization of pSer:alum with either SMNP or 3M-052, robust Env-specific bone marrow plasma cells (BM BPC) are observed. Furthermore, pSer-modification of Env trimer reduce targeting towards immunodominant non-neutralizing epitopes. The study shows that a combined adjuvant approach can augment humoral immunity by modulating immunodominance and shows promise for clinical translation.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Inmunidad Humoral , Animales , Centro Germinal , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Antígenos , Primates , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia HumanaRESUMEN
The great majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains enter CD4+ target cells by interacting with one of two coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. Here we describe a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that was profoundly impaired in its ability to utilize CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors on multiple CD4+ cell lines as well as primary human CD4+ T cells and macrophages in vitro yet replicated to very high titers (>80 million RNA copies/ml) in an acutely infected individual. Interestingly, the envelope (Env) glycoprotein of this clade B virus had a rare GPEK sequence in the crown of its third variable loop (V3) rather than the consensus GPGR sequence. Extensive sequencing of sequential plasma samples showed that the GPEK sequence was present in virtually all Envs, including those from the earliest time points after infection. The molecularly cloned (single) T/F virus was able to replicate, albeit poorly, in cells obtained from ccr5Δ32 homozygous donors. The ZP6248 T/F virus could also infect cell lines overexpressing the alternative coreceptors GPR15, APJ, and FPRL-1. A single mutation in the V3 crown sequence (GPEK->GPGK) of ZP6248 restored its infectivity in CCR5+ cells but reduced its ability to replicate in GPR15+ cells, indicating that the V3 crown motif played an important role in usage of this alternative coreceptor. These results suggest that the ZP6248 T/F virus established an acute in vivo infection by using coreceptor(s) other than CCR5 or CXCR4 or that the CCR5 coreceptor existed in an unusual conformation in this individual.
Asunto(s)
VIH-1/fisiología , Receptores del VIH/metabolismo , Tropismo Viral , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Sustitución de Aminoácidos/genética , Receptores de Apelina , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/virología , Células Cultivadas , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Macrófagos/virología , Receptores de Formil Péptido/genética , Receptores de Formil Péptido/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipoxina/genética , Receptores de Lipoxina/metabolismo , Receptores de Péptidos/genética , Receptores de Péptidos/metabolismo , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/genéticaRESUMEN
SIVmac239 infection of macaques is a favored model of human HIV infection. However, the SIVmac239 envelope (Env) trimer structure, glycan occupancy, and the targets and ability of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to protect against SIVmac239 remain unknown. Here, we report the isolation of SIVmac239 nAbs that recognize a glycan hole and the V1/V4 loop. A high-resolution structure of a SIVmac239 Env trimer-nAb complex shows many similarities to HIV and SIVcpz Envs, but with distinct V4 features and an extended V1 loop. Moreover, SIVmac239 Env has a higher glycan shield density than HIV Env that may contribute to poor or delayed nAb responses in SIVmac239-infected macaques. Passive transfer of a nAb protects macaques from repeated intravenous SIVmac239 challenge at serum titers comparable to those described for protection of humans against HIV infection. Our results provide structural insights for vaccine design and shed light on antibody-mediated protection in the SIV model.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , PolisacáridosRESUMEN
Resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to small-molecule CCR5 inhibitors is well demonstrated, but resistance to macromolecular CCR5 inhibitors (e.g., PSC-RANTES) that act by both CCR5 internalization and receptor blockade had not been reported until recently (3). The report of a single simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(SF162-p3) variant with one V3 and one gp41 sequence change in gp160 that conferred both altered replicative fitness and resistance to PSC-RANTES was therefore surprising. We introduced the same two mutations into both the parental HIV-1(SF162) and the macaque-adapted SHIV(SF162-p3) and found minor differences in entry fitness but no changes in sensitivity to inhibition by either PSC-RANTES or the small-molecule allosteric inhibitor TAK-779. We attribute the earlier finding to confounding fitness effects with inhibitor sensitivity.
Asunto(s)
Quimiocina CCL5/farmacología , Resistencia a Medicamentos/genética , VIH-1/genética , Mutación , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Antagonistas de los Receptores CCR5 , VIH-1/patogenicidad , Humanos , Macaca , Receptores Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/patogenicidad , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
New prevention strategies for use in developing countries are urgently needed to curb the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic. The N-terminally modified chemokine PSC-RANTES is a highly potent entry inhibitor against R5-tropic HIV-1 strains, with an inhibitory mechanism involving long-term intracellular sequestration of the HIV coreceptor, CCR5. PSC-RANTES is fully protective when applied topically in a macaque model of vaginal HIV transmission, but it has 2 potential disadvantages related to further development: the requirement for chemical synthesis adds to production costs, and its strong CCR5 agonist activity might induce local inflammation. It would thus be preferable to find a recombinant analogue that retained the high potency of PSC-RANTES but lacked its agonist activity. Using a strategy based on phage display, we set out to discover PSC-RANTES analogs that contain only natural amino acids. We sought molecules that retain the potency and inhibitory mechanism of PSC-RANTES, while trying to reduce CCR5 signaling to as low a level as possible. We identified 3 analogues, all of which exhibit in vitro potency against HIV-1 comparable to that of PSC-RANTES. The first, 6P4-RANTES, resembles PSC-RANTES in that it is a strong agonist that induces prolonged intracellular sequestration of CCR5. The second, 5P12-RANTES, has no detectable G protein-linked signaling activity and does not bring about receptor sequestration. The third, 5P14-RANTES, induces significant levels of CCR5 internalization without detectable G protein-linked signaling activity. These 3 molecules represent promising candidates for further development as topical HIV prevention strategies.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/economía , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antivirales/farmacología , Quimiocinas/farmacología , VIH/efectos de los fármacos , Ingeniería de Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Quimiocina CCL5/química , Endocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/virología , Receptores CCR5/metabolismo , Receptores Virales/metabolismo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Protection from immunodeficiency virus challenge in nonhuman primates (NHPs) by a first-generation HIV broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) b12 has previously been shown to benefit from interaction between the bnAb and Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on immune cells. To investigate the mechanism of protection for a more potent second-generation bnAb currently in clinical trials, PGT121, we carried out a series of NHP studies. These studies included treating with PGT121 at a concentration at which only half of the animals were protected to avoid potential masking of FcγR effector function benefits by dominant neutralization and using a new variant that more completely eliminated all rhesus FcγR binding than earlier variants. In contrast to b12, which required FcγR binding for optimal protection, we concluded that PGT121-mediated protection is not augmented by FcγR interaction. Thus, for HIV-passive antibody prophylaxis, these results, together with existing literature, emphasize the importance of neutralization potency for clinical antibodies, with effector function requiring evaluation for individual antibodies.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , VIH-1 , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos ampliamente neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Macaca mulattaRESUMEN
To date, immunization studies of rabbits with the BG505 SOSIP.664 HIV envelope glycoprotein trimers have revealed the 241/289 glycan hole as the dominant neutralizing antibody epitope. Here, we isolated monoclonal antibodies from a rabbit that did not exhibit glycan hole-dependent autologous serum neutralization. The antibodies did not compete with a previously isolated glycan hole-specific antibody but did compete with N332 glycan supersite broadly neutralizing antibodies. A 3.5-Å cryoEM structure of one of the antibodies in complex with the BG505 SOSIP.v5.2 trimer demonstrated that while the epitope recognized overlapped the N332 glycan supersite by contacting the GDIR motif at the base of V3, primary contacts were located in the variable V1 loop. These data suggest that strain-specific responses to V1 may interfere with broadly neutralizing responses to the N332 glycan supersite and vaccine immunogens may require engineering to minimize these off-target responses or steer them toward a more desirable pathway.
RESUMEN
BG505 SOSIP is a well-characterized near-native recombinant HIV Envelope (Env) trimer that holds promise as part of a sequential HIV immunogen regimen to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Rhesus macaques are considered the most appropriate pre-clinical animal model for monitoring antibody (Ab) responses. Accordingly, we report here the isolation of 45 BG505 autologous neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) with multiple specificities from SOSIP-immunized and BG505 SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. We associate the most potent neutralization with two epitopes: the C3/V5 and V1/V3 regions. We show that all of the nAbs bind in close proximity to known bnAb epitopes and might therefore sterically hinder elicitation of bnAbs. We also identify a "public clonotype" that targets the immunodominant C3/V5 nAb epitope, which suggests that common antibody rearrangements might help determine humoral responses to Env immunogens. The results highlight important considerations for vaccine design in anticipation of results of the BG505 SOSIP trimer in clinical trials.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/metabolismo , Epítopos/metabolismo , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/metabolismo , Animales , Macaca mulattaRESUMEN
The envelope gene (env) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) undergoes rapid divergence from the transmitted sequence and increasing diversification during the prolonged course of chronic infection in humans. In about half of infected individuals or more, env evolution leads to expansion of the use of entry coreceptor from CCR5 alone to CCR5 and CXCR4. The stochastic nature of this coreceptor switch is not well explained by host selective forces that should be relatively constant between infected individuals. Moreover, differences in the incidence of coreceptor switching among different HIV-1 subtypes suggest that properties of the evolving virus population drive the switch. We evaluated the functional properties of sequential env clones from a patient with evidence of coreceptor switching at 5.67 years of infection. We found an abrupt decline in the ability of viruses to use CCR5 for entry at this time, manifested by a 1- to 2-log increase in susceptibility to CCR5 inhibitors and a reduced ability to infect cell lines with low CCR5 expression. There was an abnormally rapid 5.4% divergence in env sequences from 4.10 to 5.76 years of infection, with the V3 and V4/V5 regions showing the greatest divergence and evidence of positive selection. These observations suggest that a decline in the fitness of R5 virus populations may be one driving force that permits the emergence of R5X4 variants.
Asunto(s)
Receptores CCR5/fisiología , Receptores CXCR4/fisiología , Antagonistas de los Receptores CCR5 , Humanos , Receptores CCR5/análisis , Receptores CCR5/química , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/química , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: An effective HIV-1 vaccine or microbicide must block the transmitted virus variants that initially establish a new infection; consequently, it is critical that such viruses be isolated and characterized. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HIV-1 envelope variants from early in infection from individuals infected heterosexually with subtype A HIV-1 for their sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization and to inhibitors of viral entry. METHODS: Full-length subtype A HIV-1 envelope clones from 28-75 days postinfection were used to generate pseudoviruses for infection studies. The susceptibility of these pseudoviruses to neutralization by autologous and heterologous plasma and by monoclonal antibodies was examined. The sensitivity of these pseudoviruses to PSC-RANTES and TAK-779, inhibitors of CCR5, and to soluble CD4 (sCD4) was also evaluated. RESULTS: Pseudoviruses with subtype A HIV-1 envelopes from early in infection demonstrated a broad range of neutralization sensitivities to both autologous and heterologous plasma. However, neutralization by the monoclonal antibodies b12, 2G12, 4E10 and 2F5 was generally poor; notably, none of the 14 early virus variants were neutralized by 2G12 and only one was neutralized by b12. Viruses bearing these early CCR5-using envelopes were generally sensitive to the CCR5 inhibitors PSC-RANTES and TAK-779, but they demonstrated more variable sensitivity to sCD4. CONCLUSIONS: These subtype A HIV-1 variants, representing the viruses that must be blocked by antibody-based prevention strategies, vary in their susceptibility to neutralization. A subset of these HIV-1 variants from early in infection will be useful for screening candidate vaccines and microbicides.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Antagonistas de los Receptores CCR5 , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/clasificación , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Amidas/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Antígenos CD4/inmunología , Quimiocina CCL5/inmunología , Femenino , Antígenos VIH/inmunología , Proteína gp120 de Envoltorio del VIH/inmunología , Proteínas gp160 de Envoltorio del VIH/inmunología , Inhibidores de Fusión de VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Humanos , Kenia , Pruebas de Neutralización , Filogenia , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/inmunología , Receptores CCR5/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Coreceptor switching from CCR5 to CXCR4 is common during chronic HIV-1 infection, but is even more common in individuals who have failed antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prior studies have suggested rapid mutation and/or recombination of HIV-1 envelope (env) genes during coreceptor switching. We compared the functional and genotypic changes in env of viruses from viremic subjects who had failed ART just before and after coreceptor switching and compared those to viruses from matched subjects without coreceptor switching. Analysis of multiple unique functional env clones from each subject revealed extensive diversity at both sample time points and rapid diversification of sequences during the 4-month interval in viruses from both 9 subjects with coreceptor switching and 15 control subjects. Only two subjects had envs with evidence of recombination. Three findings distinguished env clones from subjects with coreceptor switching from controls: (1) lower entry efficiency via CCR5; (2) longer V1/V2 regions; and (3), lower nadir CD4 T cell counts during prior years of infection. Most of these subjects harbored virus with lower replicative capacity associated with protease (PR) and/or reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations, and the extensive diversification tended to lead either to improved entry efficiency via CCR5 or the gain of entry function via CXCR4. These results suggest that R5X4 or X4 variants emerge from a diverse, low-fitness landscape shaped by chronic infection, multiple ART resistance mutations, the availability of target cells, and reduced entry efficiency via CCR5.