PNU-96391A (OSU6162) antagonizes the development of behavioral sensitization induced by dopamine agonists in a rat model for Parkinson's disease.

PNU-96391A is a weak dopamine (DA) D(2) receptor antagonist with behavioral stabilizing properties. Previous experiments revealed that PNU-96391A antagonizes the expression of L-DOPA induced behavioral sensitization (dyskinesias) in lesioned primates without inducing akinesia or reducing the anti-Parkinsonian efficacy of L-DOPA. This study evaluated the ability of PNU-96391A to block the development of DA agonist-induced behavioral sensitization in rats with unilateral 6-OH-DA lesions of the median forebrain bundle. Repeated twice daily treatment with L-DOPA and the decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide (15 and 5 mg/kg, IP, respectively), or quinpirole (D(2)/D(3) agonist, 0.1 mg/kg, SC) increased the contralateral rotations measured on day 7 and 14 as compared to day 1. PNU-96391A (10-60 mg/kg, SC, bid.) antagonized the development of behavioral sensitization induced by both agonists. The basal activity of L-DOPA was not affected while a reduction of quinpirole-induced rotations was observed after 30-60 mg/kg, SC of PNU-96391A. Neurochemical analyses confirmed >99 % reductions of striatal DA levels, unilaterally. Concomitant treatment with PNU-96391A and L-DOPA did not affect plasma levels of PNU-96391A indicating that the effects observed are not related to pharmacokinetic interactions. These results suggest that PNU-96391A could be therapeutically useful to prevent the development of behavioral sensitization induced by DA agonists.

Dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists. 1. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 5,6-dimethoxy-N-alkyl- and N-alkylaryl-substituted 2-aminoindans.

5,6-Dimethoxy-2-(N-dipropyl)-aminoindan (3, PNU-99194A) was found to be a selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist with potential antipsychotic properties in animal models. To investigate the effects of nitrogen substitution on structure-activity relationships, a series of 5,6-dimethoxy-N-alkyl- and N-alkylaryl-substituted 2-aminoindans were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for binding affinity and metabolic stability. The results indicate that substitution at the amine nitrogen of the 2-aminoindans is fairly limited to the di-N-propyl group in order to achieve selective D(3) antagonists. Thus, combinations of various alkyl groups were generally inactive at the D(3) receptor. Although substitution with an N-alkylaryl or N-alkylheteroaryl group yields compounds with potent D(3) binding affinity, the D(2) affinity is also enhanced, resulting in a less than 4-fold preference for the D(3) receptor site, and no improvements in metabolic stability were noted. A large-scale synthesis of the D(3) antagonist 3 has been developed that has proven to be reproducible with few purification steps. The improvements include the use of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde as a low-cost starting material to provide the desired 5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone 5c in good overall yield (65%) and the formation of a soluble silyl oxime 17 that was reduced efficiently with BH(3).Me(2)S. The resulting amino alcohol was alkylated and then deoxygenated using a Lewis acid and Et(3)SiH to give the desired product 3 in good overall yield of ( approximately 65%) from the indanone 5c.

Synthesis and biological activities of (R)-5,6-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-4H-imidazo[4,5,1-ij]quinolin-5-amine and its metabolites.

The imidazoquinoline (R)-5,6-Dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-4H-imidazo[4,5,1-ij]quinolin-5-amine [(R)-3] is a potent dopamine agonist when tested in animals but surprisingly shows very low affinity in in vitro binding assays. When incubated with mouse or monkey liver S9 microsomes, (R)-3 is metabolized by N-demethylation and oxidation to (R)-5,6-dihydro-5-(methylamino)-4H-imidazo[4,5,1-ij]quinolin-2(1H) -one [(R)-6], intermediate metabolites, where N-demethylation to the imidazoquinoline (R)-4 and where oxidation to the imidazoquinolinone (R)-5 has taken place, are also observed in these incubates. A cross-species study on the metabolism of (R)-3 in vitro has shown large variations in the extent of metabolism from species to species. Imidazoquinolinones (R)-5 and (R)-6 have comparable activity to (R)-3 in animals and also show good dopaminergic (D2) and serotonergic (5HT1A) activities in binding assays. It is probable that these metabolites account at least in part for the in vivo activity found for (R)-3. Efficient syntheses for compounds 3-6 as single enantiomers from quinoline are presented together with information on the biological activities and metabolic stabilities of these compounds.

Two automated locomotor activity tests for dopamine autoreceptor agonists.

In the first test (exploratory activity), pretreated rats explored a novel environment in the dark. The potential autoreceptor agonists apomorphine HCl, N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA), and N-n-propyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-piperidine (3-PPP) and its enantiomers decreased the total distance travelled while at the same time paradoxically increasing the number of discrete movements. This is a very different pattern from that of the typical antipsychotic drugs haloperidol HCl and chlorpromazine HCl, and the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, which also decreased the total distance travelled but decreased the number of movements. Both groups decreased the distance/movement. In the second test, rats were habituated to the monitors in the light and then treated with test drug and stimulant (d-amphetamine sulfate or apomorphine HCl). Apomorphine HCl, NPA, and (+)3-PPP antagonized amphetamine-stimulated locomotor behavior (total distance) without antagonizing apomorphine-stimulated behavior, suggesting a presynaptic dopamine autoreceptor agonism. EMD 23448 gave equivocal activity. On the other hand, haloperidol HCl, chlorpromazine HCl, and clozapine decreased both amphetamine- and apomorphine-stimulated behavior, suggesting a postsynaptic dopamine antagonism. 3-PPP and (-)3-PPP showed neither pattern in this test.

BACE knockout mice are healthy despite lacking the primary beta-secretase activity in brain: implications for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The major components of plaque, beta-amyloid peptides (Abetas), are produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the activity of beta- and gamma-secretases. beta-secretase activity cleaves APP to define the N-terminus of the Abeta1-x peptides and, therefore, has been a long- sought therapeutic target for treatment of AD. The gene encoding a beta-secretase for beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) was identified recently. However, it was not known whether BACE was the primary beta-secretase in mammalian brain nor whether inhibition of beta-secretase might have effects in mammals that would preclude its utility as a therapeutic target. In the work described herein, we generated two lines of BACE knockout mice and characterized them for pathology, beta-secretase activity and Abeta production. These mice appeared to develop normally and showed no consistent phenotypic differences from their wild-type littermates, including overall normal tissue morphology and brain histochemistry, normal blood and urine chemistries, normal blood-cell composition, and no overt behavioral and neuromuscular effects. Brain and primary cortical cultures from BACE knockout mice showed no detectable beta-secretase activity, and primary cortical cultures from BACE knockout mice produced much less Abeta from APP. The findings that BACE is the primary beta-secretase activity in brain and that loss of beta-secretase activity produces no profound phenotypic defects with a concomitant reduction in beta-amyloid peptide clearly indicate that BACE is an excellent therapeutic target for treatment of AD.