Time trend prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection and endoscopic findings in symptomatic children in Portugal: A retrospective study based on three time points in 2009, 2014, and 2019.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection acquisition occurs mainly in childhood and may be a critical factor in developing long-term complications. In contrast to other developed countries, previous studies have reported a relatively high H. pylori infection prevalence in Portugal, both in children and adults. However, there are no recent data concerning pediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study concerning an 11 years period (2009, 2014, 2019), that included patients under 18 years old who underwent upper endoscopy at a pediatric tertiary center. Demographic, clinical-pathological, and microbiological data were collected. RESULTS: Four hundred and sixty one children were included. The average age was 11.7 ± 4.4 years. In total, H. pylori infection was confirmed in 37.3% of cases (histology and/or culture) and a decreasing infection trend was observed (p = .027). The most common indication for endoscopy was abdominal pain, which was a good predictor of infection. Antral nodularity was present in 72.2% of the infected children (p < .001). In the oldest age groups, moderate/severe chronic inflammation, H. pylori density and lymphoid aggregates/follicles were positive predictors for the presence of antral nodularity. For all ages, the presence of antral nodularity, neutrophilic activity in the antrum and corpus and lymphoid follicles/aggregates in the antrum were positive predictors for the presence of H. pylori infection. Among the 139 strains tested for antibiotic susceptibility, 48.9% were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and both was detected in 23.0%, 12.9%, and 6.5% of the strains, respectively; furthermore, resistance to ciprofloxacin and to amoxicillin was observed in 5.0% and 1.4% of the strains, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reports (for the first time in Portugal) a significant decreasing trend in the prevalence of pediatric H. pylori infection, although it remains relatively high compared to the recently reported prevalence in other South European countries. We confirmed a previously recognized positive association of some endoscopic and histological features with H. pylori infection, as well as a high prevalence rate of resistance to clarithromycin and to metronidazole. The clinical relevance of these findings requires confirmation with further studies at a national level, taking into account the high incidence rate of gastric cancer in Portugal and the potential need for country-specific intervention strategies.

Advanced Levels of Chronic Venous Insufficiency are Related to an Increased in Arterial Stiffness.

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is characterized by progressive inflammatory changes. Inflammatory damage occurs in the veins, adjacent tissues, and can lead to structural changes in the arteries. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the degree of CVI is associated with arterial stiffness. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including patients with CVI classified by clinical, etiological, anatomical, and pathophysiological classification (CEAP) 1 to 6. We performed correlation between the degree of CVI, central and peripheral arterial pressure, and arterial stiffness measured by brachial artery oscillometry. RESULTS: We evaluated 70 patients, 53 of whom were women with a mean age of 54.7 years. Patients with advanced degrees of venous insufficiency CEAP 4,5,6, had higher levels of systolic, diastolic, central, and peripheral arterial pressures compared to those with early stages (CEAP 1,2,3). The CEAP 4,5,6 group had higher arterial stiffness indices than the CEAP 1,2,3 group: pulse wave velocity (PWV) 9.3 m/s vs. 7.0 m/s, P < 0.001; augmentation pressure (AP) 8.0 mm Hg vs. 6.3 mm Hg; P = 0.04. There was a positive correlation between the degree of venous insufficiency measured by the venous clinical severity score, villalta score and CEAP classification, and the arterial stiffness indices (Spearman's coefficient = 0.62 for PWV and CEAP, P < 0.01). The factors influencing PWV were age, peripheral systolic arterial pressure (SAPp), and AP. CONCLUSIONS: There is a correlation between the degree of venous disease and arterial structural changes characterized by arterial pressure and stiffness indices. Degenerative changes secondary to venous insufficiency are associated with impairment of the arterial system, which has implications for the development of cardiovascular disease.

COVID-19 and ear endoscopy in otologic practices.

PURPOSE: Otolaryngologists have had to postpone the majority of surgical procedures in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Airborne transmission, beyond the projection of droplets from upper airways, expose healthcare workers to a risk of viral infection. Aerosol generating procedures (AGP) increase the risk of viral transmission to staff within the operating room. METHODS: Surgery of middle ear and mastoid is also considered an AGP, particularly mastoidectomy performed using a high-speed drill. The authors report their experience in endoscopic ear surgery as an alternative technique to reduce AGP in otologic procedures. RESULTS: Transcanal endoscopic ear surgery is a reliable technique used to manage many otologic conditions. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic approach may reduce the risk of viral transmission to operating room staff by reducing the need for mastoidectomy.

A Plug-and-Play Approach for the De Novo Generation of Dually Functionalized Bispecifics.

Diseases are multifactorial, with redundancies and synergies between various pathways. However, most of the antibody-based therapeutics on the market interact with only one target, thus limiting their efficacy. The targeting of multiple epitopes could improve the therapeutic index of treatment and counteract mechanisms of resistance. To this effect, a new class of therapeutics has emerged: bispecific antibodies. Bispecific formation using chemical methods is rare and low-yielding and/or requires a large excess of one of the two proteins to avoid homodimerization and heterogeneity. In order for chemically prepared bispecifics to deliver their full potential, high-yielding, modular, and reliable cross-linking technologies are required. Herein, we describe a novel approach not only for the rapid and high-yielding chemical generation of bispecific antibodies from native antibody fragments, but also for the site-specific dual functionalization of the resulting bioconjugates. Based on orthogonal clickable functional groups, this strategy enables the assembly of functionalized bispecifics with controlled loading in a modular and convergent manner.

Site-selective protein modification via disulfide rebridging for fast tetrazine/trans-cyclooctene bioconjugation.

An inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine and trans-cyclooctene (TCO) holds great promise for protein modification and manipulation. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a tetrazine-based disulfide rebridging reagent, which allows the site-selective installation of a tetrazine group into disulfide-containing peptides and proteins such as the hormone somatostatin (SST) and the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The fast and efficient conjugation of the tetrazine modified proteins with three different TCO-containing substrates to form a set of bioconjugates in a site-selective manner was successfully demonstrated for the first time. Homogeneous, well-defined bioconjugates were obtained underlining the great potential of our method for fast bioconjugation in emerging protein therapeutics. The formed bioconjugates were stable against glutathione and in serum, and they maintained their secondary structure. With this work, we broaden the scope of tetrazine chemistry for site-selective protein modification to prepare well-defined SST and Fab conjugates with preserved structures and good stability under biologically relevant conditions.

Functionalised thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) microparticles enabled for "click" chemistry.

Due to their homogeneity, tuneable properties, low cost and ease of manufacture, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) polymeric microparticles are emerging as an exciting class of injectable device for the treatment of damaged tissue or complex diseases, such as cancer. However, relatively little work has explored enhancing surface functionalisation of this system. Herein, we present the functionalisation of TIPS microparticles with both small molecules and an antibody fragment of Herceptin™, via a heterobifunctional pyridazinedione linker capable of participating in SPAAC "click" chemistry, and compare it to the traditional method of preparing active-targeted microparticle systems, that is, physisorption of antibodies to the microparticle surface. Antigen-binding assays demonstrated that functionalisation of microparticles with Herceptin Fab, via a pyridazinedione linker, provided an enhanced avidity to HER2+ when compared to traditional physisorption methods.

Magnetic Driven Nanocarriers for pH-Responsive Doxorubicin Release in Cancer Therapy.

Doxorubicin is one of the most widely used anti-cancer drugs, but side effects and selectivity problems create a demand for alternative drug delivery systems. Herein we describe a hybrid magnetic nanomaterial as a pH-dependent doxorubicin release carrier. This nanocarrier comprises magnetic iron oxide cores with a diameter of 10 nm, enveloped in a hybrid material made of siliceous shells and ĸ-carrageenan. The hybrid shells possess high drug loading capacity and a favorable drug release profile, while the iron oxide cores allows easy manipulation via an external magnetic field. The pH responsiveness was assessed in phosphate buffers at pH levels equivalent to those of blood (pH 7.4) and tumor microenvironment (pH 4.2 and 5). The nanoparticles have a loading capacity of up to 12.3 wt.% and a release profile of 80% in 5 h at acidic pH versus 25% at blood pH. In vitro drug delivery tests on human breast cancer and non-cancer cellular cultures have shown that, compared to the free drug, the loaded nanocarriers have comparable antiproliferative effect but a less intense cytotoxic effect, especially in the non-cancer cell line. The results show a clear potential for these new hybrid nanomaterials as alternative drug carriers for doxorubicin.

"M" line: New anatomical landmark for the maxillary sinus natural ostium.

OBJECTIVE: Describe a reliable anatomical landmark that can be used to locate the maxillary sinus natural ostium (MSNO) during endoscopic surgery, even if the uncinate process is preserved. DESIGN: Descriptive anatomical. SETTING: An anatomical and radiological study was performed to evaluate the consistency of the landmark, denominated "M" line. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Dissections were performed in 57 cadaver heads (114 sides). In addition, 73 computerised tomography (CT) scans (146 sides) of patients with chronic inflammatory sinonasal disease were analysed using a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction computer program. RESULTS: The "M" line crossed the MSNO in 112 dissected sides (98.2%) and 140 sides at CT 3D reconstruction (95.9%). CONCLUSION: The "M" line is a reliable anatomical landmark for predicting MSNO location. As such, it could improve and facilitate endoscopic sinus surgery, using traditional, minimally invasive or uncinate preserving techniques.

The genus Exogone (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from the Brazilian coast, with the description of a new species.

A new species of Exogone, E. gigas sp. n., is described herein, together with E. africana, E. arenosa, E. dispar, E. naidinoides, E. rolani, and E. simplex, collected along the Brazilian coast, including new morphological details. The distribution of E. breviantennata is expanded to include the states of Espírito Santo, Paraíba and Pernambuco. Exogone gigas sp. n. is characterized by having a large median antenna, the absence of dorsal cirri on chaetiger 2, and having a triangular process and minute spines on the shaft of the spiniger-like chaetae on chaetiger 2. The Brazilian specimens are compared to the morphologically most similar congeners. A key for the species described in this paper is provided.

Four new species of Polycirrus Grube, 1850 (Polychaeta: Terebellidae) from Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil.

Four new species of Polycirrus were collected at the Campos Basin, state of Rio de Janeiro, during a survey coordinated by CENPES/PETROBRAS under the scope of the project, "Environmental Heterogeneity in the Campos Basin". These species are P. nonatoi sp. nov., P. papillosus sp. nov., P. breviuncinatus sp. nov., and P. habitats sp. nov. All these species are herein described and compared with the morphologically most similar congeners. In addition, a key is provided for the identification of the species of Polycirrus which have been originally described for the Brazilian coast.

Species of Odontosyllis Claparède, 1863 (Annelida: Polychaeta: Syllidae) occurring along the Brazlian coast.

Two new species of Odontosyllis were found in samples collected mainly on rocky shores off the states of São Paulo (SE Brazil) and Paraíba (NE Brazil). Odontosyllis aracaensis sp. nov., and O. guarauensis sp. nov., are herein described and compared to their most similar congeners. A key for the species found in Brazil is provided, and relevant morphological characters of similar species of the genus, based on falcigers morphology, are summarized and compared with those of the newly described species. The current state of knowledge on the genus is briefly discussed.

Chemical generation of checkpoint inhibitory T cell engagers for the treatment of cancer.

Bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), a subset of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), can promote a targeted cancer cell's death by bringing it close to a cytotoxic T cell. Checkpoint inhibitory T cell engagers (CiTEs) comprise a BiTE core with an added immunomodulatory protein, which serves to reverse cancer-cell immune-dampening strategies, improving efficacy. So far, protein engineering has been the main approach to generate bsAbs and CiTEs, but improved chemical methods for their generation have recently been developed. Homogeneous fragment-based bsAbs constructed from fragment antigen-binding regions (Fabs) can be generated using click chemistry. Here we describe a chemical method to generate biotin-functionalized three-protein conjugates, which include two CiTE molecules, one containing an anti-PD-1 Fab and the other containing an immunomodulatory enzyme, Salmonella typhimurium sialidase. The CiTEs' efficacy was shown to be superior to that of the simpler BiTE scaffold, with the sialidase-containing CiTE inducing substantially enhanced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. The chemical method described here, more generally, enables the generation of multi-protein constructs with further biological applications.

A Framework and a Research Design Proposal to Identify Preservice Teachers' Integration Performance of Science and Mathematics.

Integration is an important, albeit difficult, goal of science and mathematics education. This paper presents a framework and a research design proposal to identify preservice teachers' (PSTs) integration performance of science and mathematics (IPoSM). It also presents the classification of PSTs' level of integration in each phase of a problem-based learning (PBL) activity, within the proposed framework, and evidence of their work. The framework is organized in three levels of integration, based on current research, and detailed with specific integration indicators about an exemplary PBL activity, named STEM Bees. This PBL activity was structured as a research problem divided into two integrated problems. A qualitative methodology was used, focused on the application of the framework to the work of PSTs in that PBL activity. The final participants were 13 PSTs, organized in four working groups. In general, results show that PSTs' integration performance was higher with the second problem than with the first problem. However, full integration with meaningful connections between science and mathematics ideas was achieved by almost all PST at the conclusion of the research problem. The IPoSM framework indicators proved to be useful for identifying the level of integration of science and mathematics in PSTs' work in each phase of the PBL activity. Keeping the IPoSM framework in mind, teacher educators could elaborate more effective problem-based integrated approaches of science and mathematics in initial teacher education.

Bien que difficile à réaliser, l'intégration constitue un objectif important de l'enseignement des sciences et des mathématiques. Cet article présente un cadre ainsi qu'un projet conceptuel de recherche destinés à déterminer le rendement des enseignants en formation initiale (EFI) dans leur processus d'intégration des sciences et des mathématiques (RdISM). On y présente aussi la catégorisation du niveau d'intégration des EFI dans chacun des stades d'une activité d'apprentissage par résolution de problèmes (ARP), à l'intérieur du cadre proposé ainsi que des preuves de leur travail. En accord avec la recherche en cours, on a organisé le cadre en trois niveaux d'intégration comprenant des indicateurs d'intégration précis applicables à une activité type d'ARP nommée « Abeilles STEM¼. Cette activité d'ARP était conçue de façon à agir comme problématique de recherche que l'on a divisée en deux enjeux intégrés. On a utilisé une méthode qualitative ciblée sur la mise en application du cadre au travail réalisé par les EFI lors de cette activité d'ARP. La liste finale des participants comprenait 13 EFI placés dans quatre groupes de travail. En général, les résultats montrent un rendement en intégration de la part des EFI plus élevé dans le deuxième enjeu que dans le premier. Toutefois, l'intégration complète comprenant l'établissement de liens étroits entre les concepts scientifiques et mathématiques a été atteinte par presque tous les EFI au terme de la problématique de recherche. Les indicateurs du cadre de RdISM ont démontré leur utilité pour déterminer le niveau d'intégration en sciences et en mathématiques dans le travail des EFI pour chacun des stades de l'activité d'ARP. En tenant compte du cadre de RdISM, les formateurs d'enseignants pourraient concevoir des approches d'intégration fondées sur la résolution de problèmes plus efficaces en sciences et en mathématiques dans la formation initiale des enseignants.

Assessment of Functional Outcome Predictors in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery: A Single-Centre Analysis.

Introduction Lumbar interbody fusion is a surgical modality performed in selected patients with low back and radicular pain not responding to medical therapy. We aim to evaluate the main predictors of functional outcome, assessed through Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), in patients submitted to a lumbar interbody fusion. Methods A sample of 33 patients undergoing lumbar interbody fusion at a neurosurgery department between 2017 and 2020 was selected. In order to assess functional status, ODI was applied before and after surgery. Data related to patients' medical history, current disease, and surgery performed were collected from the clinical process. Results In our cohort, functional improvement (pre-surgery ODI - post-surgery ODI) averaged 34.4 ± 23 points, suggesting robust surgical efficacy. We find patients with severe disability or worse to display relevant amelioration of their functional scores (p<0.0001), suggesting that these can benefit from lumbar interbody fusion surgery. The female gender (p=0.007) predicts a better outcome, which was surprising as no sex differences in lumbar fusion outcomes have been reported. Conversely, early symptom recurrence (p=0.015) and need for revision surgery (p=0.032) were found to be negative predictors of post-surgical functional outcome. Rapid return to the activities of daily living (p=0.001) and to work (p=0.002) was associated with post-surgical functional improvement. The underlying diagnosis that led to surgical referral and surgical modality did not affect the functional outcome in our patient cohort. Importantly, patients with previous lumbar surgeries had similar improvements to those who had never been operated on. Conclusions Severely disabled patients submitted to lumbar interbody fusion showed significant functional improvement, regardless of the referral diagnosis or the existence of previous lumbar surgeries. Additionally, sustained functional improvement resulted in a return to an active life.

The Endoscopic Anatomy of the External Acoustic Meatus and of the Middle Ear in Dry Temporal Bones: A Study Conducted Using Digital and Mobile Device Technology.

Introduction The endoscopic anatomy of the middle ear (ME) and of the external acoustic meatus (EAM) has been described in cadavers, in fresh temporal bones, or in vivo using conventional video recording, but not in dry bones or using an alternative inspection and recording technique. Objective To study the anatomy of the ME and of the EAM in dry temporal bones using a smartphone-endoscope system. Methods The EAM and the ME were studied in dry temporal bones using an endoscopic transcanal approach with a telescope connected to a smartphone (M-scope mobile endoscope app and adaptador, GBEF Telefonia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Results Out of 50 specimens, 2 had exostosis of the EAM and 3 contained remains of the tympanic membrane. The anterior wall of the EAM was prominent in 10/48 specimens (20.8%). Ossicles were seen in 13/45 (28.8%), stapes at the oval window were seen in 12/45 (26.6%), and the incus was seen in 1/45 (2.2%) specimens. The facial canal was open and protruding in 15/45 (33.3%) and in 7/45 (15.5%) specimens, respectively. Of the 45 MEs evaluated, type A was predominant for finiculus (93.3%), subiculum (100%), and ponticulus (95.6%). The rest were type B. None was classified as type C. According to its position in relation to the round window, the fustis was classified into type A (68.9%) or B (31.1%). The pyramidal eminence, the bony portion of the Eustachian tube, the semicanal of the tensor tympani muscle, and the cochleariform process were visualized completely or partially in all cases. Conclusion The use of a smartphone-based endoscopic transcanal procedure in dry temporal bones allowed the evaluation of anatomical variations in the EAM and in the ME.

Vestibular Schwannoma Leading to Contacting Aneurysm Rupture: An Unusual Presentation.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a rare manifestation of brain tumors, being even rarer in vestibular schwannomas. We report the second case of a posterior circulation aneurysm close to the tumor capsule, responsible for SAH as an initial manifestation of a vestibular schwannoma. A 67-year-old female was admitted to the Emergency Department with sudden onset of nausea and headache. A diagnosis of a SAH and a tumor of the right cerebellopontine angle was made. An angiography showed an aneurysm in the dependency of the right anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), juxtaposed to the tumor capsule. The patient underwent surgery, the tumor was removed, and the aneurysm was treated. This case highlights that SAH in patients with vestibular schwannoma may originate from a contact aneurysm. Although exceedingly rare, surgeons should consider this scenario in vestibular schwannoma presenting with SAH, and angiography is important for its diagnosis.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Case Report of an Underdiagnosed Condition.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by episodic bursts of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, affecting chronic cannabis users. The clinical picture mimics an acute abdomen, usually leading to multiple assessments in the emergency department. Several complementary diagnostic examinations are performed with non-specific results, making differential diagnosis puzzling. We present a case of a 42-year-old man, who has been admitted multiple times to the emergency department in the last 3 months for abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, without triggering factors and improving only with hot water baths. He was evaluated by different specialties, the various complementary diagnostic tests performed showed no significant results, and no definitive diagnosis was obtained. Treatment resulted only in a partial and transient resolution of symptoms. A more detailed medical history revealed cannabis use for more than 5 years, with a recent increase in the amount consumed. After psychoeducation, explaining the risks associated with consumption and its relationship with the clinical symptoms, which resulted in complete suspension of cannabis, there have been no new symptomatic episodes since then. We present an illustrative case of a poorly reported clinical entity despite having a probable significant prevalence, raising awareness in order that clinicians identify and properly manage these cases.

A Síndrome Hiperemética dos Canabinóides cursa com crises episódicas de náuseas, vómitos e dor abdominal que acometem consumidores crónicos de cannabis. O quadro clínico mimetiza o de um abdómen agudo, condicionando habitualmente múltiplas avaliações no Serviço de Urgência (SU) que levam à realização de vários exames complementares de diagnóstico (ECD), cujos resultados tendem a ser inespecíficos, dificultando o diagnóstico diferencial. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 42 anos de idade, sem antecedentes psiquiátricos conhecidos, que nos últimos 3 meses foi admitido por múltiplas vezes no SU Hospitalar por dor abdominal, náuseas e vómitos aliviados com banhos de água quente. Vários exames auxiliares de diagnóstico e avaliação por diferentes especialidades foram realizados, sem que se obtivesse um diagnóstico definitivo. A terapêutica sintomática instituída resultou apenas numa resolução parcial e transitória dos sintomas. Uma história clínica mais detalhada revelou um consumo de cannabis há mais de 5 anos, com incremento recente da quantidade consumida. Após psicoeducação ao doente, explicando os riscos do consume de canabinóides e a sua relação com a sintomatologia apresentada resultou na suspensão completa no consume de cannabis, não se tendo verificado novos episódios sintomáticos desde então. Este é um caso ilustrativo de uma entidade clínica recente, cuja prevalência está a aumentar, tendo em conta o aumento do consumo de cannabis. A adequada identificação desta patologia é fundamental para um tratamento adequado e eficaz, evitando o uso desnecessário de métodos complementares de diagnóstico e medicação.

When Paranoia Comes with the Treatment: Psychosis Associated with Tacrolimus Use.

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug frequently used in solid organ transplant recipients. This drug has well-documented neuropsychiatric side effects in the literature, although emergence of psychotic symptoms is rare, being only described in a very few case reports. We present a case of a renal transplant recipient with no prior psychiatric history, who developed a severe psychosis secondary to supratherapeutic tacrolimus' blood concentrations. This case highlights the importance of clinical awareness to rare but severe neuropsychiatric effects due to tacrolimus use.

Psychoactive substance consumption: A Portuguese cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing consumption of psychoactive substances is a major social concern worldwide. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of psychoactive substances consumption in the Portuguese, throughout their life as well as recently, and the main reasons for the consumption and associated factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) applied to a sample of 385 Portuguese obtained for convenience. It was used descriptive statistics, the Cui-square, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Alcohol was the most consumed throughout life (86%), followed by xanthines (79%) and tobacco (60%). In the last 3 months, xanthines (49%) were the most consumed daily, followed by tobacco (22%) and alcohol (9%). Socializing was the main reason for consumption of alcohol (67%), tobacco (36%) and cannabis (34%) while anxiolytics have been used to sleep (50%) and xanthines to increase cognitive capacity (35%). Tobacco (p = 0.016), alcohol (p = 0.03) and illicit substances (p < 0.001) were more consumed by men and anxiolytics by women (p = 0.027). Alcohol (p = 0.008), cannabis (p = 0.027), and xanthines (p = 0.009) were mostly consumed by young adults. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal sporadic and recreational use of illicit substances, and regular use of alcohol, tobacco and xanthines, mostly by young adults and men, and anxiolytics by women. Socializing was the main reason for psychoactive substances consumption.