Impact of medications on salivary flow rate in patients with xerostomia: a retrospective study by the Xeromeds Consortium.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the impact of systemic medications and polypharmacy on unstimulated (UWS) and chewing-stimulated whole saliva (SWS) flow rates in patients with xerostomia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional multicenter study is based on data of patients referred to five oral medicine outpatient practices in Europe and USA from January 2000 and April 2014. Relevant demographic, social, medical history and current medications were collected. RESULTS: The study included 1144 patients, 972 (85%) females, with a mean (SD) age of 59 (14.1) years. In unmatched patients, the UWS flow rate was lower in patients taking a medication (vs. not taking a medication) from the following drug categories: opioid analgesics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihypertensives, benzodiazepines, corticosteroids, diuretics, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and hormones. There was a greater negative effect on SWS flow rate in patients taking (vs. not taking) anticonvulsants, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, corticosteroids, and DMARDs. In matched patients, both UWS (0.22 vs. 0.19 ml/min; p = 0.03) and SWS (0.97 vs. 0.85 ml/min; p = .017) flow rates were higher in patients on non-opioid analgesics (vs. not taking). The UWS flow rate was lower in patients taking antidepressants (vs. not taking) (0.16 vs. 0.22 ml/min p = .002) and higher (and within normal range) in patients taking sex hormones (vs. not taking) (0.25 vs. 0.16 ml/min; p = .005). On the other hand, SWS was lower in patients taking corticosteroid (vs. not taking) (0.76 vs. 1.07 ml/min; p = .002), and in patients taking DMARDs (vs. not taking) (0.71 vs. 0.98 ml/min; p = .021). Finally, differences in medians of both UWS and SWS were statistically significant in patients taking 1 or more than 1 opioid analgesic (vs. not taking, p ≤ .0001 and p = .031, respectively), 1 or more than 1 anticonvulsants (vs. not taking, p = .008 and p = .007), 1 or more than 1 antidepressants (vs. not taking, p < .0001 for both), 1 or more than 1 DMARDs (vs. not taking, p = .042, and p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: A greater negative impact on UWS and SWS flow rates was seen in patients taking more than one medication from the same drug class. Intake of antidepressants, corticosteroids and DMARDs is associated with lower whole saliva flow rates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Salivary flow rate can be modified by some specific medications, mostly by polypharmacy.

Human oral mucosa and oral microbiome interactions following supragingival plaque reconstitution in healthy volunteers: a diet-controlled balanced design proof-of-concept model to investigate oral pathologies.

Changes in the oral microbiome may contribute to oral pathologies, especially in patients undergoing cancer therapy. Interactions between oral microbiome and oral mucosa may exacerbate inflammation. We determined whether probiotic-controlled plaque formation could impact proximal oral mucosa gene expression profiles in healthy volunteers. A 3-weeks balanced sample collection design from healthy volunteers (HVs) was implemented. At Week-1 plaques samples and labial mucosa brush biopsies were obtained from HVs in the morning (N = 4) and/or in the afternoon (N = 4), and groups were flipped at Week-3. A fruit yogurt and tea diet were given 2-4hrs before sample collection. mRNA gene expression analysis was completed using RNA-Seq and DESeq2. Bacterial taxa relative abundance was determined by 16S HOMINGS. Bacterial diversity changes and metabolic pathway enrichment were determined using PRIMERv7 and LEfSe programs. Alpha- and beta-diversities did not differ morning (AM) vs. afternoon (PM). The most affected KEGG pathway was Toll-like receptor signaling in oral mucosa. Eighteen human genes and nine bacterial genes were differentially expressed in plaque samples. Increased activity for 'caries-free' health-associated calcifying Corynebacterium matruchotii and reduced activity for Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, an opportunistic pathogen, were observed. Microbial diversity was not altered after 8 hours plaque formation in healthy individuals as opposed to gene expression.

Oncologists' Perspective on Dental Care Around the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer: A Pattern of Practice Survey.

PURPOSE: Patients with head and neck cancer are at risk of long-term dental complications. Proper dental assessment pre- and post-treatment can improve outcomes but is logistically challenging. We surveyed oncologists to better understand their perspectives surrounding dental care in this unique population. METHODS: We surveyed oncologists at institutions associated with an ongoing national study of oral health after treatment of head and neck cancer. Seventeen questions were used to assess provider characteristics, patterns of practice, patterns of referral, barriers to referral, and willingness to apply fluoride varnish in the oncology clinic. RESULTS: Ninety-seven oncologists were invited from six institutions, of whom 40 (41%) responded. Surgeons represented 45% of the sample, followed by radiation oncologists (40%) and medical oncologists (15%). Both generalists and subspecialists were included. All practiced in a metropolitan area with an academic dental practice, and many felt that this improved access to care. Despite this, most oncologists thought that financial factors were a significant barrier to obtaining timely dental care. Most oncologists performed a dental assessment during visits. Oncologists felt qualified to identify the most significant complications of treatment, such as exposed bone, but felt underqualified to identify early changes in need of intervention. When asked if the oncology clinic could apply fluoride varnish during follow-ups, most stated that this seemed feasible but would require education and financial support. CONCLUSION: Oncologists often perform limited dental evaluations during their routine visits. Given the challenges associated with access to proper dental care for this population, these oncology visits may provide a window for preventative intervention.

Predictors of symptomatic oral lichen planus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). STUDY DESIGN: Patients with OLP seen for an initial visit were assessed retrospectively. Initial visit data included demographic characteristics; social, medical, and OLP treatment histories; medications; chief complaints, 0 to 10 pain level; OLP duration and symptoms; OLP type and location; total OLP lesion size (mm2); total ulcer size (mm2); and fungal infection and its management. Follow-up data included 0 to 10 pain level and total lesion and ulcer sizes. RESULTS: We assessed 205 patients: 154 (75%) were women, and the mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 62.5 (11.5) years. The mean (SD) current pain level was 1.6 (2.2) at the initial visit. A total of 125 patients (61%) were classified as symptomatic, including 85 (41%) patients reporting a pain level of 1 or greater and another 40 patients (20%) who had symptoms not described as pain at the initial visit. The following increased the odds of OLP symptoms at the initial visit: tongue location (× 2.3), erosive/erythematous type (× 2.3), female sex (× 2.9), topical steroid use before initial visit (× 2.1), and number of medical conditions (× 1.2). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with OLP in the present cohort were symptomatic at the initial visit, with location, type, sex, steroid use and medical conditions being predictors of symptomatic OLP. Despite improvement in OLP symptoms in most patients over time, 25% of patients who are asymptomatic at the initial visit present with symptomatic OLP at a future visit.

Coping strategies and support networks for Sjögren's syndrome patients.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any organ system in the body. The most common symptoms are dryness of the mouth and eyes resulting from chronic inflammation and a progressive loss of secretory function. As with most individuals managing a chronic condition, patients with Sjögren's are on a multipronged path to disease and symptom management. Various coping strategies are presented in this article and the advantages and disadvantages discussed. Additionally, how a support group functions and practical guidance for the initiation of a Sjögren's support group are discussed.

Diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome: American-European and the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria.

Classification criteria provide a formalized approach to studying course and management of rheumatic disease, as well as a measure of improvement in care. Understanding the purposes of classification criteria sets and the differences between different classification criteria is crucial for understanding rheumatic disease and for the design and conduct of clinical and epidemiologic investigations. In this article, the similarities and differences between the American-European Consensus Group Criteria (AECG) and the newly proposed American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome and the clinical implications of switching to the ACR classification criteria from the AECG are described.

Molecular methodology to assess the impact of cancer chemotherapy on the oral bacterial flora: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study determined the profile of the oral bacterial flora in an outpatient cancer population before and after chemotherapy using molecular techniques. STUDY DESIGN: We recruited 9 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients scheduled for induction chemotherapy. All were seen immediately before chemotherapy, and 7 to 14 days later. At both visits, we performed oral evaluations and obtained mucositis grading (with the World Health Organization [WHO] scale), absolute neutrophil counts (ANC), and bacterial samples from the buccal mucosa. Bacterial DNA was isolated, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene clonal libraries were constructed. Sequences of genes in the library were used to determine species identity by comparison to known sequences. RESULTS: After chemotherapy, WHO scores of 0 and 1 were in 3 and 6 patients, respectively, and mean ANC (+/-SD) dropped from 3326 +/- 463 to 1091 +/- 1082 cells/mm(3). From pre- and post-chemotherapy samples, 41 species were detected, with a predominance of Gemella haemolysans and Streptococcus mitis. More than 85% of species have not been previously identified in chemotherapy patients. Seven species appeared exclusively before chemotherapy and 25 after chemotherapy. After chemotherapy, the number of species per patient increased by a mean of 2.6 (SD = 4.7, P = .052). CONCLUSION: We identified species not previously identified in chemotherapy patients. Our results suggest a shift to a more complex oral bacterial profile in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.

Poor oral hygiene as a risk factor for infective endocarditis-related bacteremia.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) often is caused by bacteria that colonize teeth. The authors conducted a study to determine if poor oral hygiene or dental disease are risk factors for developing bacteremia after toothbrushing or single-tooth extraction. METHODS: One hundred ninety-four participants in a study were in either a toothbrushing group or a single-tooth extraction with placebo group. The authors assessed the participants' oral hygiene, gingivitis and periodontitis statuses. They assayed blood samples obtained before, during and after the toothbrushing or extraction interventions for IE-associated bacteria. RESULTS: The authors found that oral hygiene and gingival disease indexes were associated significantly with IE-related bacteremia after toothbrushing. Participants with mean plaque and calculus scores of 2 or greater were at a 3.78- and 4.43-fold increased risk of developing bacteremia, respectively. The presence of generalized bleeding after toothbrushing was associated with an almost eightfold increase in risk of developing bacteremia. There was no significant association between any of the measures of periodontal disease and the incidence of bacteremia after toothbrushing. The oral hygiene or disease status of a tooth was not significantly associated with bacteremia after its extraction. CONCLUSION: Bacteremia after toothbrushing is associated with poor oral hygiene and gingival bleeding after toothbrushing. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Improvements in oral hygiene may reduce the risk of developing IE.

Concomitant surgical treatment of dental and valvular heart diseases.

BACKGROUND: Invasive dental procedures are often indicated before cardiac valve surgery. The purpose of this case-control study was to determine the risks and benefits of concomitant dental and thoracic surgery. METHODS: Critically ill cardiac inpatients requiring cardiac valve surgery were referred by the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery to our Oral Medicine consult service. Those requiring dental extractions were considered for dental treatment during the same general anesthetic as the cardiac surgery. These study patients were compared with control patients who had extractions before valve surgery in a different setting. There was no attempt to analyze the impact of this practice on the development of infective endocarditis. All patients received broad-spectrum antibiotics during dental surgery. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients had concomitant oral and cardiac valve surgery. Seventeen patients were in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls in demographics, length of stay, nature of the dental surgery, mean number of teeth removed, oral bleeding, or postoperative infections. One patient in the control group developed prosthetic valve endocarditis versus none in the concomitant surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study suggests that concomitant surgical procedures for dental and valvular heart disease can be accomplished without clinically significant oral complications. Given the risk from poor oral health following cardiac valve surgery, this approach should be considered for patients who would benefit by avoiding a second general anesthetic and/or a delay in cardiac surgery, and by having their oral surgery performed in the safest environment.

Radiation-induced trismus in head and neck cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of trismus in patients who had previously received curative doses of radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer. In addition, we assessed if trismus was associated with quality of life deficits and radiation toxicity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between February, 2005 and December, 2006, 40 patients with histologically confirmed head and neck cancer who had received curative doses of RT to the area(s) of the masticatory muscles and/or the ligaments of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were enrolled in this study. Differences in trismus incidence were compared between cancer treatment modalities [i.e., RT vs RT/chemotherapy (CT) and conventional RT vs intensity modulated RT]. Quality of life (QOL) was measured by using four questions from the EORTC QLQ-C30 that address pain and difficulty opening the jaw. Scores regarding impaired eating as a result of decreased range of motion of the mouth were derived from the Modified Common Toxicity Criteria (CTCAE Version 3.0). RESULTS: Trismus was identified in 45% of subjects who had received curative doses of RT. No differences were noted in the incidence of trismus between RT and RT/CT or between conventional RT and intensity modulated RT (IMRT). Those with trismus demonstrated more QOL deficits than the non-trismus group. CONCLUSIONS: Curative doses of RT for head and neck cancer result in trismus in a high percentage of patients, independent of other treatment modalities. Trismus has a negative impact on quality of life in this population.

Molecular analysis of oral and respiratory bacterial species associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Trauma intensive care unit (TICU) patients requiring mechanical respiratory support frequently develop ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Oral and oropharyngeal bacteria are believed to be responsible for many cases of VAP, but definitive evidence of this relationship is lacking. Earlier studies used conventional culture-based methods for identification of bacterial pathogens, but these methods are insufficient, as some bacteria may be uncultivable or difficult to grow. The purpose of this study was to use a culture-independent molecular approach to analyze and compare the bacterial species colonizing the oral cavity and the lungs of TICU patients who developed VAP. Bacterial samples were acquired from the dorsal tongue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 16 patients. Bacterial DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA genes were PCR amplified, cloned into Escherichia coli, and sequenced. The sequencing data revealed the following: (i) a wide diversity of bacterial species in both the oral and pulmonary sites, some of them novel; (ii) known and putative respiratory pathogens colonizing both the oral cavity and lungs of 14 patients; and (iii) a number of bacterial pathogens (e.g., Dialister pneumosintes, Haemophilus segnis, Gemella morbillorum, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in lung samples that had not been reported previously at this site when culture-based methods were used. Our data indicate that the dorsal surface of the tongue serves as a potential reservoir for bacterial species involved in VAP. Furthermore, it is clear that the diversity of bacterial pathogens for VAP is far more complex than the current literature suggests.