Trends in category and grade for therapeutic plasma exchange in the latest guideline on therapeutic apheresis by the American Society for Apheresis: Hurdles in pursuing evidence-based medicine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Writing Committee of American Society for Apheresis released the ninth edition of guidelines for therapeutic apheresis in 2023. Categories have been a part of the guidelines since the first edition, and the grading system was introduced in the fifth edition, with updates in every new edition. In this study, we investigated the category and grade change trends through the latest five editions, focusing on therapeutic plasma exchange, to suggest future directions as part of evidence-based medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Categories and grades for therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) were collected and analysed from the fifth through ninth editions. We aligned classification changes to the ninth edition's clinical context and compared its categories and grades with those introduced in the guideline. RESULTS: Among 166 total indications in the ninth edition, 118 included TPE procedure, either as a sole treatment or as one of the therapeutic apheresis techniques. The total number of indications changed, but Category III remained predominant throughout the editions. Similarly, Grade 2C consistently emerged as the most prevalent grade. Notably, 24 cases had grade changes. Of the 16 cases with evidence quality changes, the quality weakened in six and improved in 10. Evidence levels were not improved throughout the study period for 102 clinical conditions. CONCLUSION: To address gaps in evidence quality, international collaboration is imperative to establish comprehensive large-scale studies or randomized controlled trials. This will refine the use of therapeutic apheresis, including TPE, to foster evidence-based advancements in clinical practice.

Relative immunogenicity of blood group antigens: First report in a Korean population.

BACKGROUND: The immunogenicity of a blood group antigen is a measure of its likelihood of inducing alloantibodies. Although the immunogenicity of blood group antigens has been analyzed in Caucasian populations, immunogenicity to date has not been analyzed in Asian subjects. The present study therefore evaluated the relative immunogenicity of blood group antigens in a Korean population. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All available data of unexpected antibody identification tests performed at Asan Medical Center between 1997 and 2021 were analyzed. The relative immunogenicity of a blood group antigen relative to K antigen was calculated based on relative numbers of alloantibodies and the probabilities of antigen-negative recipients receiving antigen-positive RBC units. RESULTS: A total of 3898 antibody identification results were included, with 1632 (41.9 %) from male patients. The ranking of antigen immunogenicity was: E > c > e > C > K > Jk(a) > Lu(a) > S > Fy(a) > Fy(b) > Jk(b) > Di(b) > Di(a) in the total population and E > c > e > C > Jk(a) > Fy(a) > Fy(b) > S > K > Lu(a) > Jk(b) > Di(b) > Di(a) in male patients. DISCUSSION: The rank order of immunogenicity for blood group antigens in this study provides information about relative immunogenecity in Koreans. These findings also provide supporting evidence regarding antigen selection for extended antigen-matched transfusions in recipients of multiple transfusions.

Clinical significances and distribution of unexpected antibodies found in infants.

INTRODUCTION: The unexpected antibody test is an essential for ensuring the safety of blood transfusions. In infants, different pre-transfusion tests and transfusion strategies are needed due to their immature antigen/antibody system. This study aims to analyze the pattern of unexpected antibodies and their clinical significance in infants. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the results of unexpected antibody identification tests performed on infants under one year of age at Asan Medical Center from 1999 to 2022. Patients' unexpected antibody identification test results and clinical information were investigated. The results of unexpected antibody identification and phenotype of each patient's mother were collected. RESULTS: 45 cases of antibody results were studied. 25 cases were found in infants under 4 months of age, and 18 cases (76%) were associated with hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). The most common unexpected antibody in infants was anti-M (17 cases). There was one case of severe HDFN caused by anti-M. In 10 cases, anti-E and anti-c were found together, and 9 of these cases were associated with HDFN. There were four cases with a history of previous transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Non-ABO antibodies found in infants showed a different pattern compared to adults. Interpreting unexpected antibody tests in infants, it is important to consider the clinical status of the infant and the test results of the mother, due to possibility of HDFN. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the distribution and clinical significances of unexpected antibodies found in infants in Korea.

Detection of anti-B antibodies in a patient with A1B blood group: A case report and literature review.

ABO antibodies occur naturally and usually exist as alloantibodies. They are the most clinically significant in cases of transfusions. However, there are very few reports on auto-anti-A or B. A 58-year-old man visited our hospital for evaluation of an inguinal mass. Blood typing was performed, while preparing the patient for an excisional biopsy. Forward and reverse typing showed a typical AB and A pattern. Results of the direct antiglobulin and unexpected antibody screening tests were negative. The serum did not react with AB3 cells. The biopsy revealed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. After completing four cycles of R-CHOP chemotherapy, the patient achieved complete remission. There were no anti-B antibodies found on repeat ABO typing. This report shares our experience on unexpected anti-B antibody findings in a patient with an A1B blood type. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of anti-B antibodies in a patient with an A1B blood type in Korea.

A New Trial to Measure ABO Antibodies Using Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity.

Background and objectives: The ABO antibody (Ab) titration tests are used in monitoring in ABO-incompatible (ABOi) solid organ transplantation (SOT). However, currently developed ABO Ab tests show Ab binding reactions. This study attempted to measure ABO Ab level using complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Materials and methods: We studied 93 blood group O serum samples from patients who underwent ABOi SOT from January 2019 to May 2021. Patients' sera were incubated with A1 or B cells and added to a human complement solution. Supernatants were collected after centrifugation, and free hemoglobin (Hb) was measured by spectrophotometry. We converted plasma Hb value to hemolysis (%), which were compared with ABO Ab titer. Results: We found a mild correlation between hemolysis and ABO Ab titers. In simple regression analysis, the correlation coefficients were within 0.3660−0.4968 (p < 0.0001) before transplantation. In multiple linear regression analysis, anti-A hemolysis (%) was higher in immunoglobulin M (IgM) (ß = 12.9) than in immunoglobulin G (IgG) (ß = −3.4) (R2 = 0.5216). Anti-B hemolysis was higher in IgM (ß = 8.7) than in IgG (ß = 0.0) (R2 = 0.5114). There was a large variation in hemolysis within the same Ab titer. Conclusions: CDC can be used in a new trial for ABO Ab measurement. Furthermore, IgM rather than IgG seems to play a significant role in vivo activity, consistent with previous knowledge. Thus, this study may help in the development of the ABO Ab titration supplement test for post-transplant treatment policy establishment and pre-transplant desensitization.

Evaluation of safety of using incompatible plasma for therapeutic plasma exchange during shortage of AB plasma.

BACKGROUND: Criteria for selection of FFP blood type has not been clearly established and use of group AB plasma is preferred by numerous transplantation protocols. AIMS: This study assesses the safety and efficacy of alternative group A or B plasma in ABO incompatible solid organ transplantation. MATERIALS & METHODS: Alternative use of group A or B plasma (incompatible plasma) was inevitable during the shortage of group AB plasma. Experience from select number of patients during the period of extreme group AB plasma shortage is described. RESULTS: The result of alternative use of group A or B plasma was within expectation, showing effective reduction of isoagglutinin titers for pre-operative desensitization and efficacy for treatment of post-operative patients. No immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction was reported. DISCUSSION: While validation in a larger cohort of patients is necessary, our limited experience have shown satisfactory clinical outcomes without adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Use of incompatible group A or B plasma is a viable option when group AB plasma is limited.

Microparticle-tagged image-based cell counting (ImmunoSpin) for CD4 + T cells.

Affordable point-of-care (POC) CD4 + T lymphocyte counting techniques have been developed as alternatives to flow cytometry-based instruments caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. However, POC CD4 enumeration technologies can be inaccurate. Here, we developed a microparticle-based visual detector of CD4 + T lymphocytes (ImmunoSpin) using microparticles conjugated with anti-CD4 antibodies, independent of microfluidic or fluorescence detection systems. Visual enumeration of CD4 + T cells under conventional light microscope was accurate compared to flow cytometry. Microparticle-tagged CD4 + T cells were well-recognized under a light microscope. ImmunoSpin showed very good precision (coefficients of variation of ImmunoSpin were ≤ 10%) and high correlation with clinical-grade flow cytometry for the enumeration of CD4 + T cells (y = 0.4232 + 0.9485 × for the %CD4 + T cell count, R2 = 0.99). At thresholds of 200 and 350 cells/µL, there was no misclassification of the ImmunoSpin system compared to the reference flow cytometry. ImmunoSpin showed clear differential classification of CD4 + T lymphocytes from granulocytes and monocytes. Because non-fluorescence microparticle-tags and cytospin slides are used in ImmunoSpin, they can be applied to an automatic digital image analyzer. Slide preparation allows long-term storage, no analysis time limitations, and image transfer in remote areas.

Neonatal exchange transfusion: Experience in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Exchange transfusion (ET) is an established, efficacious, and reliable practice for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and neonatal sepsis. This study assessed the indications and clinical outcomes of ET performed in a tertiary hospital in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 64 ET sessions performed on 23 neonates between March 1999 and March 2018. ET was performed based on estimated double volume exchange transfusion using fresh red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma. Patients' clinical information, including demographic data and ET indication, and laboratory data were collected pre- and post-ET. RESULTS: The most common ET indication was hyperbilirubinemia with hemolytic anemia due to non-ABO maternal blood group discrepancies. In three preterm babies, ETs were performed for severe anemia, leukocytosis, and hyperkalemia cases. Before ET, the patients showed slightly high WBC counts, low hemoglobin levels, and low platelet counts. After ET, blood examination revealed normal WBC counts, increased hemoglobin levels, and decreased platelet counts (all P < 0.001). Bilirubin levels decreased immediately after ET (P < 0.001). Electrolyte and C-reactive protein levels showed no significant changes after ETs. Adverse events occurred in 11 (47.8 %) patients; the most common were hypoxemia and hypotension. One infant experienced cardiorespiratory arrest due to hypercalcemia and was successfully resuscitated. No one died within 24 h of ET. However, five infants showed hyperbilirubinemia aggravation. CONCLUSIONS: ET is an effective treatment modality for leukocytosis and hyperbilirubinemia with low mortality but involves common adverse events post-ET. This report provides an overview of current ET practices in Korea.

Fatal hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn caused by anti-Jra antibody: A case report and literature review.

The Jra antigen of the JR blood group system is a highly prevalent red blood cell antigen. Although anti-Jra-associated hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is generally considered mild-to-moderate, a rare fatal case was recently reported. We report the third example of HDFN-related anti-Jra with fatal outcomes. The clinical significance of anti-Jra antibody as a cause of HDFN should be reassessed.

The First Case of Para-Bombay Blood Type Encountered in a Korean Tertiary Hospital.

Para-Bombay phenotypes are rare blood groups that have inherent defects in producing H antigens associated with FUT1 and/or FUT2. We report the first case of para-Bombay blood type in a Southeast Asian patient admitted at a tertiary hospital in Korea. A 23-year-old Indonesian man presented to the hospital with fever and was diagnosed with a disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterium infection and anemia. During blood group typing for blood transfusion, cell typing showed no agglutination with both anti-A and anti-B reagents. Serum typing showed strong reactivity against B cells and trace agglutination pattern with A1 cells. His red blood cells failed to react with anti-H reagents. Direct sequencing of FUT1 and FUT2 revealed a missense variation, c.328G>A (p.Ala110Thr, rs56342683, FUT1*01W.02), and a synonymous variant, c.390C>T (p.Asn130=, rs281377, Se357), respectively. This highlights the need for both forward and reverse grouping.

Upconversion Nanoparticle-Based Förster Resonance Energy Transfer for Detecting DNA Methylation.

Aberrant methylation of a crucial CpG island is the main mechanism for the inactivation of CDKN2A in the early stages of carcinogenesis. Therefore, the detection of DNA methylation with high sensitivity and specificity is important, and various detection methods have been developed. Recently, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been found to display a high signal-to-noise ratio and no photobleaching, making them useful for diagnostic applications. In this pilot study, we applied UCNPs to the detection of CDKN2A methylation and evaluated the feasibility of this system for use in molecular diagnostics. DNA PCR was performed using biotinylated primers, and the PCR amplicon was then intercalated with SYTOX Orange dye, followed by incubation with streptavidin-conjugated UCNPs. Fluorescence detection of the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of the UCNPs (MS-UC-FRET) was then performed, and the results were compared to those from real-time PCR (RQ-PCR) and pyrosequencing. Detection by MS-UC-FRET was more sensitive than that by either RQ-PCR or pyrosequencing. Our results confirmed the success of our MS-UC-FRET system for detecting DNA methylation and demonstrated the potential application of this system in molecular diagnostics.

Aptamer-based competitive binding assay for one-step quantitation of hepatitis B surface antigen.

An aptamer-based competitive binding assay for one-step (i.e. no requirement of pre-treatment) quantitation of target molecules of interest has been developed. This method has been successfully employed for the fast and sensitive detection of the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBsAg). The key features of our method include its low intrinsic background noise, low costs, high resolution, and high sensitivity, enabling the detection of as low as 1.25 mIU mL(-1), approximately 40-fold better than that of the most widely used Abbott Architect assay for HBsAg detection, without the tedious extraction and/or washing procedures. Moreover, this assay has better recovery and accuracy than that of conventional competitive binding assay or others for HBsAg quantitation.

The HLA-B*58:01:43 allele identified in a Korean individual awaiting hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

HLA-B*58:01:43 differs from HLA-B*58:01:01:01 by one synonymous nucleotide substitution in codon 197.

Genomic full-length sequence of the novel HLA-DQB1*04:01:01:04 allele.

The sequence of HLA-DQB1*04:01:01:04 differs from HLA-DQB1*04:01:01:03 by four nucleotide deletion in intron 2.

Genomic full-length sequence of the novel HLA-A*02:1100 allele.

HLA-A*02:1100 differs from HLA-A*02:01:01:01 by a single non-synonymous nucleotide substitution in codon 76 of exon 2.

Discovery of the HLA-DQB1*06:465 allele, a variant of HLA-DQB1*06:04:01:01.

HLA-DQB1*06:465 differs from HLA-DQB1*06:04:01:01 by a non-synonymous nucleotide substitution in codon 38.

Genomic full-length sequence of the novel HLA-C*06:364 allele.

HLA-C*06:364 differs from HLA-C*06:02:01:01 by a non-synonymous nucleotide substitution in exon 3.

Genomic full-length sequence of the novel HLA-B*56:94 allele.

HLA-B*56:94 differs from HLA-B*56:05:01 by two non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions in exon 1 and synonymous nucleotide substitutions in exon 1 and exon 2.