Liver Cancer Risk Across Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and/or Alcohol: A Nationwide Study.

INTRODUCTION: New terminologies of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) have been developed. We assessed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk across MASLD and/or alcohol intake. METHODS: We included participants aged 40-79 years receiving a national health checkup from 2009 to 2010 in the Republic of Korea, classified as follows: non-MASLD, MASLD, MASLD with increased alcohol intake (MetALD; weekly alcohol 210-420 g for male and 140-350 g for female individuals), and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD; excessive alcohol intake with weekly alcohol ≥420 g for male or ≥350 g for female individuals). The primary outcome was HCC incidence. HCC risk was estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Among 6,412,209 participants, proportions of non-MASLD, MASLD, MetALD, and ALD cases were 59.5%, 32.4%, 4.8%, and 3.4%, respectively. During follow-up (median 13.3 years), 27,118 had newly developed HCC. Compared with non-MASLD, the HCC risk increased from MASLD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-1.71) and MetALD (aHR 2.17, 95% CI 2.08-2.27) to ALD (aHR 2.34, 95% CI 2.24-2.45) in a stepwise manner. Furthermore, the older and non-cirrhosis subgroups were more vulnerable to detrimental effects of MASLD and/or alcohol intake, concerning HCC risk. Among the older, female, and cirrhosis subgroups, MetALD poses similar HCC risks as ALD. DISCUSSION: HCC risk increased from MASLD and MetALD to ALD in a stepwise manner, compared with non-MASLD. For an effective primary prevention of HCC, a comprehensive approach should be required to modify both metabolic dysfunction and alcohol intake habit.

Effect of Virtual Game-Based Integrated Clinical Practice Simulation Program on Undergraduate Nursing Students' Attitude Toward Learning.

Game-based virtual reality simulation programs can capitalize on the advantages of non-face-to-face education while effectively stimulating the interest of trainees and improving training efficiency. This study aimed to develop a game-based virtual reality simulation program for nervous system assessment and to evaluate the effects of the program on the learning attitudes of nursing students. Using a one-group pretest-posttest design, 41 senior nursing students were enrolled, and their learning attitudes (self-directed learning attitude, academic self-efficacy, flow-learning experience, and learning presence) were evaluated. The effect of the program was statistically significant in self-directed learning attitude ( t = -2.27, P = .027) and learning presence ( t = -3.07, P = .003), but the difference was not statistically significant in academic self-efficacy ( t = -1.97, P = .054) and learning flow ( t = -0.74, P = .459). The virtual gaming simulation program can be used to effectively replace field training in situations wherein field training is limited, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Psychosocial interventions for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and motor neuron disease and their caregivers: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: As amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder, patients experience severe impairments, with patients and family caregivers facing emotional distress and exhaustion. Several psychosocial interventions are aimed at providing tailored support for ALS/MND patients and caregivers. The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review and present a comprehensive overview of psychosocial interventions designed for individuals and families affected by ALS/MND, while also pinpointing research gaps. METHODS: This scoping review utilized Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework to investigate psychosocial interventions designed for individuals with ALS/MND and their families. The study adhered to the PRISMA-ScR checklist for reporting. RESULTS: A total of 27 articles describing 25 interventions met the inclusion criteria. The predominant interventions observed in the research encompassed education-related strategies, closely followed by behavior therapy, counseling, social support interventions, and psychotherapy interventions. Across the majority of the studies, findings indicated promising feasibility and acceptability of these interventions. Notably, a significant proportion of quantitative investigations yielded one or more statistically significant effects, while qualitative studies consistently reported favorable outcomes, including enhancements in well-being and heightened awareness of individual circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: Given the progressive and debilitating nature of this condition, coupled with the absence of a cure, the adoption of a psychosocial approach can prove beneficial for both ALS/MND patients and their families. However, high-quality RCTs with a large sample size are recommended to examine and confirm the effectiveness.

Comparable Mortality Between Asian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Under Long-Term Antiviral Therapy vs Matched Control: A Population-Based Study.

INTRODUCTION: Antiviral therapy (AVT) substantially improved the prognosis for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Head-to-head comparisons of prognosis between treated patients with CHB and the general population are scarce. We directly compared the prognosis between Asian patients with CHB receiving AVT and the general population. METHODS: From the South Korean National Health Insurance Service database, patients with CHB receiving AVT ≥3 years, aged 40-64 years, who underwent health examinations between 2011 and 2012 (AVT-CHB group) were recruited. As a control, propensity score-matched general population was chosen among patients without CHB. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes were cardiovascular disease (CVD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and all types of non-HCC malignancies. RESULTS: During follow-up (median 7.2 years), 26,467 and 75,469 individuals in the AVT-CHB group and matched general population were analyzed. The 5- and 7-year cumulative all-cause mortality rates were 0.40% and 1.0% for the AVT-CHB group vs 0.50% and 1.0% for the matched general population (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83-1.10; P = 0.51). The AVT-CHB group had a lower risk of CVD than the matched general population (aHR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.62-0.79; P < 0.001). Although the AVT-CHB group was more likely to develop HCC than the matched general population (aHR 13.16, 95% CI: 10.90-15.89; P < 0.001), the non-HCC malignancy risks in the AVT-CHB group were comparable to the matched general population (aHR 1.05, 95% CI 0.98-1.13; P = 0.137). DISCUSSION: The AVT-CHB group had a similar risk of all-cause mortality and non-HCC malignancies and a lower risk of CVD than the matched general population.

Statin use is associated with better post-operative prognosis among patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The high postoperative recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant challenge. Patient metabolic factors are potential disease modifiers and should be examined as risk factors for postoperative prognosis. Here, we assessed the association between long-term statin use and HCC recurrence after surgical resection of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC. METHODS: Patients who initially underwent curative resection for HBV-related HCC between 2005 and 2015 were recruited and followed up until December 2019. Patients were classified into statin user and non-statin user groups based on whether or not they had been prescribed statins for ≥2 years. The primary outcome was HCC recurrence, and the secondary outcome was liver-related mortality. The cumulative incidence by statin use was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS: Among 5653 patients with a median 6.1 years of follow-up, HCC recurrence and liver-related mortality occurred in 1603 and 316 patients, respectively. The 5-year cumulative incidence of HCC recurrence in the statin user group (15.9%) was significantly lower than that in the non-user group (21.3%; p = .019). From multivariable Cox regression analysis, statin use was significantly associated with a reduced risk of HCC recurrence (aHR 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61-0.98; p = .035) and liver-related mortality (aHR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.90; p = .023). CONCLUSION: Long-term statin use was significantly associated with reduced risk of HCC recurrence and liver-related mortality after curative resection of HBV-related HCC.

Effective dose of remimazolam co-administered with remifentanil to facilitate I-gel insertion without neuromuscular blocking agents: an up-and-down sequential allocation trial.

BACKGROUND: Remimazolam is a new anesthetic drug developed and is an ultra-short-acting agent with rapid onset and offset. The pharmacology of this drug seems to be ideal for short surgeries eligible for I-gel insertion. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal bolus dose of remimazolam for I-gel insertion when co-administered with remifentanil without neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). METHODS: Patients aged 19-65 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II scheduled for general anesthesia were enrolled. The first dose of remimazolam was 0.15 mg/kg and remifentanil was co-administered at an effect-site concentration (Ce) of 3.0 ng/mL. The dose of remimazolam for the following patient was decreased or increased by 0.05 mg/kg depending on the success or failure of I-gel insertion in the previous patient. RESULTS: The remimazolam bolus dose required for successful I-gel insertion in 50% of adult patients using modified Dixon's up-and-down method with remifentanil Ce 3.0 ng/mL and no NMBAs was 0.280 ± 0.048 mg/kg. Isotonic regression analysis showed that the 50% and 95% effective doses were 0.244 (83% confidence interval [CI] 0.213-0.313) mg/kg and 0.444 (95% CI 0.436-0.448) mg/kg, respectively. The mean time to loss of consciousness (Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score < 2) was 52.2 s. Three patients (12.0%) showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure of more than 30% from baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Selecting the appropriate dose of remimazolam/remifentanil without NMBAs makes it feasible to insert the I-gel. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study protocol was registered at http://cris.nih.go.kr (KCT0007801, 12th, October, 2022).

Socioeconomic Disparities in the Association Between All-Cause Mortality and Health Check-Up Participation Among Healthy Middle-Aged Workers: A Nationwide Study.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the relationship between non-participation in health check-ups and all-cause mortality and morbidity, considering socioeconomic status. METHODS: Healthy, middle-aged (35-54 years) working individuals who maintained either self-employed or employee status from 2006-2010 were recruited in this retrospective cohort study from the National Health Insurance Service in Korea. Health check-up participation was calculated as the sum of the number of health check-ups in 2007-2008 and 2009-2010. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of all-cause mortality were estimated for each gender using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, income, residential area, and employment status. Interaction of non-participation in health check-ups and employment status on the risk of all-cause mortality was further analyzed. RESULTS: Among 4,267,243 individuals with a median 12-year follow-up (median age, 44; men, 74.43%), 89,030 (2.09%) died. The proportion (number) of deaths of individuals with no, one-time, and two-time participation in health check-ups was 3.53% (n = 47,496), 1.66% (n = 13,835), and 1.33% (n = 27,699), respectively. The association between health check-up participation and all-cause mortality showed a reverse J-shaped curve with the highest adjusted HR (95% CI) of 1.575 (1.541-1.611) and 1.718 (1.628-1.813) for men and women who did not attend any health check-ups, respectively. According to the interaction analysis, both genders showed significant additive and multiplicative interaction, with more pronounced additive interaction among women who did not attend health check-ups (relative excess risk due to interaction, 1.014 [0.871-1.158]). CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the significant reverse J-shaped association between health check-up participation and all-cause mortality. A pronounced association was found among self-employed individuals, regardless of gender.

The relationship between occupational dust exposure and incidence of diabetes in male workers: A retrospective cohort study.

AIM: Previous studies have focused on the association between ambient particulate matter and diabetes. However, the relationship between subacute exposure to occupational dust and diabetes has not been explored. We aimed to assess this relationship. METHODS: Men who worked in dust-related process factories between January 2013 and December 2017 were recruited from a Korea Health Worker Examination Common Data Model cohort. A history of physician-diagnosed diabetes, use of an anti-diabetic drug, or a fasting blood glucose level of ≥7 mmol/L were considered the criteria to diagnose diabetes. Multivariable time-dependent Cox analysis estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for incident diabetes associated with exposure to occupational dust exposure; interactions with lifestyle factors were analysed. Sensitivity analyses used propensity score matching and landmark analysis. RESULTS: Among 5141 male participants (median follow-up duration, 3.85 years), 349 participants had diabetes. Occupational dust exposure was related to an increased risk of diabetes in the time-dependent Cox analysis (entire cohort: HR 1.66 [95% CI 1.25-2.19], matched cohort: HR 1.65 [95% CI 1.22-2.24]). The findings showed the same direction in the landmark analysis (HR 1.42 [95% CI 1.01-1.99]). CONCLUSIONS: A significant relationship exists between occupational dust exposure and increased risk of diabetes in male workers. Further studies should be conducted to confirm that occupational dust exposure is a possible risk factor for diabetes.

Effect of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease on liver cancer risk in a population with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A nationwide study.

BACKGROUND: The association between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lacks clinical validation in at-risk populations. We assessed this relationship among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. METHODS: Data was collected from the National Health Insurance System database in South Korea. Chronic hepatitis B patients aged over 40 years receiving health examinations between 2011 and 2012 were recruited. The primary outcome was HCC. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease was defined as hepatic steatosis in combination with at least one of the following: (i) overweight, (ii) diabetes, or (iii) lean/normal weight with two or more metabolic components. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). RESULTS: Of 197 346 participants, 66 149 had MAFLD; 19 149, 44 475, and 2525 fulfilled diabetes (regardless of overweight), overweight alone, and lean/normal weight with two or more metabolic components, respectively. During follow-up (median 7 years), 13 771 developed HCC. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease was independently associated with increased risk of HCC, with aHR of 1.36 (p < 0.001). Propensity score matching confirmed the same phenomena, with aHR of 1.37 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, when stratified by liver cirrhosis and/or antiviral therapy, independent significances of MAFLD for HCC risk were maintained (all p < 0.001). Compared with the persistent non-MAFLD subgroup during the entire follow-up, diagnosis of MAFLD from at least one health examination significantly increased HCC risk with aHRs of 1.41, 1.37, and 1.14 among subgroups with persistent MAFLD, MAFLD to non-MAFLD, and non-MAFLD to MAFLD, respectively (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease consistently increases HCC risk among CHB patients. Further studies are needed to develop an effective preventive strategy through control of metabolic health.

Variation in Knowledge of Stroke Warning Signs by Age and Presence of Conventional Risk Factors: A Community Health Survey in Korea.

BACKGROUND: It is important to recognize stroke in the general public. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting knowledge of stroke warning signs (SWSs) according to age group in the Korean population. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study. Using data from the Korean Community Health Survey conducted in Korea in 2017, 198 403 subjects were analyzed. Knowledge about SWSs was assessed by face-to-face interviews using structured close-ended questionnaires with 5 items about stroke symptoms (sudden unilateral weakness of face, arm or leg; sudden difficulty in speaking, or trouble understanding speech; sudden visual impairment in 1 eye, or double vision; sudden dizziness or loss of balance; and sudden severe headache). RESULTS: The overall percentage of subjects with good knowledge of SWSs (>4 correct answers to the SWS questionnaire) was 66.5%. It was highest in the middle-aged subjects (72.6%), followed by the young subjects (63.5%) and the older subjects (61.5%). The youngest of the young subjects and the oldest of the older subjects had the least knowledge. Subjects with conventional risk factors generally had more knowledge about SWSs, except for those with diabetes mellitus. However, in the young subjects, knowledge about SWSs was not increased by the presence of conventional risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Stoke risk factors are increasing among young people; they still have poor knowledge about SWSs. More education is needed to increase appropriate treatment, especially in young people with stroke-related risk factors.

What information about choosing a nursing home is available on YouTube?

This study aimed to identify YouTube videos focused on choosing a nursing home. The contents of the videos were analyzed using 19 items from the guidelines proposed by the Donabedian model. An analysis of 57 videos showed that informal presentations for format (54.39%), laypersons for speaker (36.84%), and personal channel for uploader (61.40%) exhibited the highest frequency. According to the analysis of video content, most videos included the environment (49.12%), programs (38.63%), and cost (35.09%). However, fewer videos focused on care protocols (5.26%), participation (5.26%) and health outcomes (5.26%). More informal presentations, laypersons, and personal channels than health providers, professional groups, and mass media were included in videos focused on choosing nursing homes. It is necessary to provide information regarding the philosophy, care, and health outcomes of residents in addition to the information regarding environment and cost provided by reliable suppliers, such as health professionals, the government, and mass media.

Coping in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and motor neuron disease: Systematic review.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To systematically review previous studies on the variables associated with coping strategies in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and motor neuron disease (ALS/MND), such as demographics, clinical features and patient-reported outcomes. BACKGROUND: Coping strategies are important factors for adjustment and quality of life (QOL) in patients with long-term conditions, and this topic in people with ALS/MND has not yet been the subject of a systematic review. DESIGN: A systematic review was performed based on the PRISMA checklist. METHODS: Electronic databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE and EMBASE, were systemically searched from their inception to December 2019 for articles meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) written in English, (2) published in peer-reviewed journals, (3) included subjects with ALS/MND and (4) used quantitative measurements of coping strategies in people with ALS/MND. RESULTS: Twenty-one articles were included. Significant relationships between participants' demographics (age and sex) and any coping strategy aspect were shown in six studies. Eight studies found significant relationships between clinical characteristics (disease duration and physical functional status) and coping strategies, and ten studies reported coping strategies that were associated with patients' QOL and mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Younger people used relatively more problem-focused, emotion-focused and social support coping strategies, and women used relatively more social support coping strategies. Problem-focused coping was generally related to better QOL and mental health, and emotion-focused coping was generally related to less depression. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: As the pattern of coping strategies is related to demographic and clinical characteristics, this study could be used to inform the provision of patient-centred nursing in clinical care. Coping patterns are related to mental health and QOL; thus, in clinical care, it is recommended that people with ALS be encouraged to develop skills that enable them to cope more effectively and that their coping strategies be assessed.

Safety Climate and Organizational Communication Satisfaction Among Korean Perianesthesia Care Unit Nurses.

PURPOSE: This study investigated organizational communication satisfaction and safety climate among perianesthesia care unit (PACU) nurses and factors affecting safety climate. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 103 registered nurses currently working in PACUs in Korea. METHODS: Organizational communication satisfaction was measured using the Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire, and safety climate was assessed using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire-Korean version 2. Additional questions covered the demographics of the respondents and the characteristics of the hospital where they worked. FINDINGS: Factors affecting teamwork climate included communication climate and horizontal informal communication. Safety climate was affected by media quality and organizational integration; job satisfaction by working in secondary hospitals, communication climate, and media quality; perception of management by working in public hospitals, media quality, and personal feedback; and working conditions by working in public hospitals, media quality, and personal feedback. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that Korean PACU nurses experience poorer safety climate compared with other countries. One suggestion is to enhance nurses' satisfaction using organizational communication (eg, by developing effective communication media that satisfy users) and to promote communication at an organizational level so that individual health care professionals are aware of their organizations' vision and policies.

Depressive Symptoms, Emotional Aggression, School Adjustment, and Mobile Phone Dependency Among Adolescents with Allergic Diseases in South Korea.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effects of depression, aggression, and school adjustment on mobile phone dependency among South Korean adolescents, and to identify the differences in these paths among adolescents with or without allergic diseases. DESIGN AND METHODS: The Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, a nationwide multistage cluster sampling survey, was used for this cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 1937 first-year middle school students in South Korea, using self-reported questionnaires. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was used to test the differences of the critical ratio for the variables depressive symptom, emotional aggression, school adjustment, and mobile phone dependency between adolescents with allergic diseases and those without allergic disease. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms and emotional aggression were significantly higher in the allergic disease group. Significantly different effects were found on the path of depressive symptoms to school adjustment and depressive symptoms to mobile phone dependency. CONCLUSIONS: Higher depressive symptoms in allergic disease adolescents had a greater negative effect on school adjustment and a more positive effect on mobile phone dependency. Healthcare professionals need to be concerned not only with the physical symptoms of adolescents with allergic diseases but also with psychological issues, such as depression. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Early assessments and interventions for depressive symptoms in adolescents with allergic diseases could help prevent over dependency on mobile phones, as well as maladjustment to school.

Unmet supportive care needs mediate the relationship between functional status and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to identify the unmet care needs and to examine the mediating effect of unmet supportive care needs in the relationship between functional status and quality of life (QOL) in Korean patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 186 patients with ALS recruited from a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea. ALS patients' functional status, unmet supportive care needs, and QOL were assessed by Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Supportive Care Needs Instrument, and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Specific Quality of Life - Revised Instrument, respectively. Mediation analysis was tested using Baron and Kenny's regression analysis and a Sobel test. RESULT: The mean score for functional status was 33.35 ± 8.89; for unmet supportive care needs it was 2.40 ± 0.66; and for QOL it was 4.95 ± 1.29. Functional status was significantly correlated with unmet care needs and QOL. Unmet care needs satisfaction demonstrated a complete mediating effect on the relationship between functional status and QOL of the patients with ALS (ß = -0.53, p < 0.001) and the effect was significant (Sobel test; Z = 5.48, p < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Although QOL was negatively affected by the functional status in our sample, the relationship was fully mediated via unmet supportive care needs. Because there is no cure for ALS, and the condition is rapidly progressive with a lethal outcome, providing care by meeting patients' needs is a critical aspect of caring for these patients. Early assessment of supportive care needs, providing services, and referring ALS patients to appropriate resources could enhance their QOL.

The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis supportive care needs assessment instrument: Development and psychometric evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to develop an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis supportive care needs (ALSSCN) instrument based on Fitch's Supportive Care Needs Framework and to test its psychometric properties. METHOD: This study consists of three parts: (1) item generation from the literature review and qualitative interview; (2) content validation; and (3) psychometric evaluation of the instrument. Participants who were diagnosed with ALS (n = 139) were recruited from two ALS clinics in Seoul, Korea, and Busan, Korea for the psychometric testing.ResultThe ALSSCN consisted of 37 items with seven domains: physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, social, informational, and practical needs. The Cronbach's alpha of each domain ranged from 0.61 (social needs) to 0.90 (emotional needs). The intra-class correlation coefficient for test-retest was 0.89, indicating good test-retest reliability. The overall ALSSCN was significantly negatively correlated with the quality of life, which supported convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis of the ALSSCN supported a seven-factor model.Significance of resultsThe ALSSCN has acceptable internal consistency, stability, and content and construct validity in a Korean ALS population. ALSSCN is a psychometrically sound measure and can be adopted by healthcare professionals, researchers, and administrators to comprehensively assess the perceived supportive care needs of patients with ALS.

Supportive care needs of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease and their caregivers: A scoping review.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify the supportive care needs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease patients and their caregivers, categorise and summarise them into a Supportive Care Needs Framework and identify gaps in literature. BACKGROUND: Little is known about the supportive care needs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease patients and their caregivers, and this subject has not previously been systemically reviewed. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review from the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases for the period January 2000-July 2016, using the following inclusion criteria: (i) written in English only, (ii) published in peer-reviewed journals, (iii) at least part of the research considered the supportive care needs perspective of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease patients or their caregivers and (iv) the population sample included patients of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease or their caregivers. RESULTS: Thirty-seven articles were included. Our review shows that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease patients and their caregivers' supportive care needs were mentioned across all seven domains of the Supportive Care Needs Framework. Most common were practical needs (n = 24), followed by Informational needs (n = 19), Social needs (n = 18), Psychological needs (n = 16), Physical needs (n = 15), Emotional needs (n = 13) and Spiritual needs (n = 8). CONCLUSION: From the perspectives of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease patients and their caregivers, there is a significant need for more practical, social, informational, psychological, physical, emotional and spiritual support. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The Supportive Care Needs Framework has potential utility in the development of patient-centred support services or healthcare policies and serves as an important base for further studies; especially, specific examples of each supportive care needs domain can guide in clinical settings when healthcare professionals provide multidisciplinary care to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease patients and individualised care.

Information-seeking Behavior and Information Needs in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Analyzing an Online Patient Community.

A few studies have examined the specific informational needs of the population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The aims of this study were to describe the information-seeking behavior and information needs of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their families in Korea by analyzing messages from an online patient community. A total of 1047 messages from the question and answer forum of the "Lou Gehrig's Disease Network" (http://cafe.daum.net/alsfree) from January 2010 to September 2015 were collected. The word frequency, main questions, and asker of the messages were analyzed and coded. Terms such as "hospital," "mother," "father," "gastrostomy," and "ALS" were most frequently identified. The most commonly mentioned main topic was about disease-specific information, while the most frequent subcategory was symptoms or management of symptoms. Other prominent categories concerned information about treatment, rehabilitation, and the medical system. The people who wrote the questions were mostly the son/daughter of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their family members commonly obtained information by posting their inquiries online and have a variety of questions regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in this study. The findings of this study can be used as a base of information for developing educational programs and resources for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their families.

Measurements of the pulmonary vasculature on thoracic radiographs in healthy dogs compared to dogs with mitral regurgitation.

This study reassessed the previously reported radiographic method of comparing pulmonary vessels versus rib diameter for differentiating healthy dogs and dogs with mitral regurgitation. The width of the right cranial pulmonary artery and vein at the fourth rib level, right caudal pulmonary artery and vein at the ninth rib level, and the diameters of the fourth rib and ninth rib were measured in prospectively recruited healthy dogs (n = 40) and retrospectively recruited dogs with mitral regurgitation (n = 58). In healthy dogs, the pulmonary arteries and accompanying veins were similar in size. The cranial lobar vessels were smaller than the fourth rib. However, 67.5% of right caudal pulmonary artery diameters and 65% of vein diameters were larger than the ninth rib in healthy dogs. The right caudal pulmonary vein diameter in dogs with mitral regurgitation, particularly those within moderate and severe grades, was significantly larger than that in healthy dogs (P < 0.001). The comparative method used to detect enlargement of the right caudal pulmonary vein relative to the accompanying pulmonary artery had the highest sensitivity (80.2%) and specificity (82.5%) for predicting mitral regurgitation. A cut-off of 1.22 when applying the ninth rib criterion had better specificity (73%) than the most used value ≤ 1 (89.7% sensitivity and 63.8% specificity), although it has less sensitivity (73%). We recommend using the accompanying pulmonary artery and 1.22 × the diameter of the ninth rib as a radiographic criterion for assessing the size of the right caudal pulmonary vein and differentiating healthy dogs from those with mitral regurgitation.