Amyloid Against Amyloid: Dimeric Amyloid Fragment Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments by Direct Clearance of Oligomers and Plaques.

Amyloid-ß (Aß) in the form of neurotoxic aggregates is regarded as the main pathological initiator and key therapeutic target of Alzheimer's disease. However, anti-Aß drug development has been impeded by the lack of a target needed for structure-based drug design and low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An attractive therapeutic strategy is the development of amyloid-based anti-Aß peptidomimetics that exploit the self-assembling nature of Aß and penetrate the BBB. Herein, we designed a dimeric peptide drug candidate based on the N-terminal fragment of Aß, DAB, found to cross the BBB and solubilize Aß oligomers and fibrils. Administration of DAB reduced amyloid burden in 5XFAD mice, and downregulated neuroinflammation and prevented memory impairment in the Y-maze test. Peptide mapping assays and molecular docking studies were utilized to elucidate DAB-Aß interaction. To further understand the active regions of DAB, we assessed the dissociative activity of DAB with sequence modifications.

Comparison of Antinociceptive Properties Between Sevoflurane and Desflurane Using Pupillary Dilation Reflex Under Equivalent Minimum Alveolar Concentration: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The pupillary dilation reflex (PDR), the change in pupil size after a nociceptive stimulus, has been used to assess antinociception during anesthesia. The aim of this study was to compare the antinociceptive properties of sevoflurane and desflurane by measuring the PDR amplitude. METHODS: Seventy patients between 20 and 55 years of age were randomly allocated to receive either sevoflurane or desflurane. The PDR amplitude after an electrical standardized noxious stimulation (SNT) was measured using an infrared pupillometer under 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). The pupil diameter was measured from 5 seconds before to 5 minutes after the SNT. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and bispectral index (BIS) were also measured immediately before and after SNT as well as 1 minute and 5 minutes after SNT. The primary outcome was the maximum percent increase from the prestimulation value of the pupil diameter, and the secondary outcomes were the maximum percent increase from the prestimulation value of the MAP, HR, and BIS after SNT. RESULTS: The maximum percent increase of the pupil diameter after SNT was not different between the 2 groups (median [first quartile to third quartile], 45.1 [29.3-80.3] vs 43.4 [27.0-103.1]; median difference, -0.3 [95% confidence interval, -16.0 to 16.5]; P = .986). Before SNT, the MAP was higher under 1.0 MAC of sevoflurane than desflurane; however, the maximum percent increase of MAP, HR, and BIS was not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of change in the PDR amplitude, MAP, and HR after SNT was not different between sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia. This result might suggest that sevoflurane and desflurane may not have different antinociceptive properties at equivalent MAC.

Development and validation of dual-cardiotoxicity evaluation method based on analysis of field potential and contractile force of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes / multielectrode assay platform.

A recent in vitro cardiovascular safety pharmacology test uses cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to overcome the limitations of the classical test systems, such as species differences and local channel analysis. The Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) is a new proarrhythmia screening paradigm proposed by a CiPA steering expert group, which essentially requires iPSCs derived cardiomyocyte-based electrophysiological evaluation technology. Moreover, the measurement of the contractile force is also emerging as an important parameter to recapitulate non-proarrhythmic cardiotoxicity. Therefore, we constructed an multielectrode assay (MEA) evaluation method that can measure the electrophysiological changes with 6 reference drugs in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Subsequently, it was confirmed that the electrophysiological were changed in accordance with the mechanism of action of the drugs. Furthermore, based on the multi-probe impedance, we confirmed the decrease in contractile force due to treatment with drugs, and developed a platform to evaluate cardiotoxicity according to drugs along with field potential changes. Our excitation-contraction coupling cardiotoxicity assessment is considered to be more supportive in cardiac safety studies on pharmacologic sensitivity by complementing each assessment parameter.

Optimization of a Simplified and Effective Analytical Method of Pesticide Residues in Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor Larvae) Combined with GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS.

An effective analytical method was optimized for residues including chlorpyrifos-methyl, deltamethrin, fenoxanil, thiobencarb and fludioxonil in mealworms, the larval form of Tenebrio molitor. They are listed for pest control during wheat cultivation and can be found in wheat-bran feed for growing mealworms in South Korea. Analytes were extracted using acetonitrile and salt packet. Four clean-up methods ((1) MgSO4 + 25 mg PSA + 25 mg C18; (2) MgSO4 + 50 mg PSA + 50 mg C18; (3) EMR-lipidTM tube; and (4) 10 mL n-hexane) were investigated and the method (1) was selected due to its robustness. Low-temperature precipitation of fat and proteins improved the recoveries. Recoveries from the Method (1) were satisfying with 70-120% with <20% relative SD at a spiking level of 0.01 mg/kg. With the simultaneous sample preparation, fenoxanil, thiobencarb and fludioxonil were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Quantification limits for LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS were 0.5 and 2.5 µg/L, respectively. No pesticides of interest were detected in 30 real samples collected across the nation. However, the data can be provided for establishing maximum residue limits for the pesticides in mealworms in response to the positive list system.

Melittin - A bee venom component - Enhances muscle regeneration factors expression in a mouse model of skeletal muscle contusion.

Melittin is a major peptide component of sweet bee venom that possesses anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective properties. However, the therapeutic effects of melittin on muscle injury have not been elucidated. We investigated the therapeutic effects of melittin on muscle injury in a mouse model of muscle contusion. The biceps femoris muscle of the mice was injured using drop mass method, and the animals were treated with melittin (4, 20, or 100 µg/kg) for 7 days. Melittin significantly increased: locomotor activity in open field test, and treadmill running activity in a dose-dependent manner to level comparable to the positive control, diclofenac (30 mg/kg). Melittin treatment attenuated the pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6. The expression of muscle regeneration biomarkers, including MyoD (muscle differentiation marker), myogenin, smooth muscle actin, and myosin heavy chain was markedly increased in the injured muscle tissue of melittin-treated mice, as determined by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results demonstrate that melittin inhibits inflammatory response and improves muscle damage by regenerating muscles in a mouse model of muscle contusion. Taken together, the results of present study suggest that melittin is a promising candidate for the muscle injury treatment.

Clinical effect of the proximity of epidural blood patch injection to the leakage site in spontaneous intracranial hypotension.

BACKGROUND: Epidural blood patch (EBP) has been shown to be an effective treatment option for spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). We investigated whether response to the EBP was related to the distance of the injection site from the leakage site in patients with SIH. METHODS: We reviewed patients with SIH who underwent EBP at a single hospital. Patients were assigned to group R (response after EBP) or group N (no response after EBP). We then analyzed the demographics, clinical characteristics, leakage site, leakage length, EBP injection level and distance from leakage site, and injected EBP volume. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were included in the analysis. The overall response rate to EBP was 59.7% (37 patients). The leakage length and injection distance from the leakage site did not differ between the two groups. Age, gender, body mass index, leakage site, and EBP volume did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The clinical effect of EBP in SIH was not affected by leakage length or injection distance to leakage site. Further large studies must be conducted to investigate the efficacy of targeted EBP for SIH.

Conservative Treatment of Multiple Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors in a Young Patient with Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome by Decompression: A 7-year Follow-up Study.

Multiple keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOT) occurred in a young child is challenging problem in the field of pediatric dentistry, and might have been related to nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). Because of high recurrence rate of KCOTs, complete surgical resection is generally accepted as definitive treatment. However, complete surgical resection could induce negative effect on the development of permanent teeth and growth of jaw. Herein, we reported successful treatment case of young KCOT patient with NBCCS. Although multiple KCOTs occurred continually, the majority of the lesions healed well by decompression and important anatomical structures and permanent teeth were successfully preserved. The purpose of this paper is to report more conservative treatment of multiple keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs) by repeated decompressions with later peripheral ostectomy during a 7-year follow-up.

Effectiveness of organic acids for inactivating pathogenic bacteria inoculated in laboratory media and foods: an updated minireview.

Food processing industries commonly employ organic acids (OAAs) to determine bacterial contamination in acidified and fermented foods. OAAs are believed to possess potent antimicrobial properties by permeating cell membranes, altering proton and anion concentrations in the cytoplasm due to their lipophilic undissociated forms. The bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects of OAAs are influenced by various factors including microbial physiology, environmental pH, and acid dissociation ratios. Despite their utility, the precise mechanisms underlying OAA-mediated inhibition of pathogenic bacteria remain incompletely understood. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to compile a selected area of researches that focus on the current propensity of different OAAs for inactivating food-borne pathogens, and then to present a theoretical insight on the use of OAAs to prevent and control pathogenic bacteria present in acidic/acidified foods and their mode of mechanisms.

Understanding the pharmacokinetic journey of Fc-fusion protein, rhIL-7-hyFc using complementary approach of two analytical methods, accelerator mass spectrometry and ELISA.

Antibody-based therapeutics (ABTs), including monoclonal/polyclonal antibodies and fragment crystallizable region (Fc)-fusion proteins, are increasingly used in disease treatment, driving the global market growth. Understanding the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of ABTs is crucial for their clinical effectiveness. This study investigated the PK profile and tissue distribution of efineptakin alfa, a long-acting recombinant human interleukin-7 (rhIL-7-hyFc), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Totally, four rats were injected intramuscularly with 1 mg/kg of rhIL-7-hyFc containing 14C-rhIL-7-hyFc, which was prepared via reductive methylation. Serum total radioactivity (TRA) and serum rhIL-7-hyFc concentrations were quantified using AMS and ELISA, respectively. The TRA concentrations in organs were determined by AMS. Serum TRA peaked at 10 hours with a terminal half-life of 40 hours. The rhIL-7-hyFc exhibited a mean peak concentration at around 17 hours and a rapid elimination with a half-life of 12.3 hours. Peak concentration and area under the curve of TRA were higher than those of rhIL-7-hyFc. Tissue distribution analysis showed an elevated TRA concentrations in lymph nodes, kidneys, and spleen, indicating rhIL-7-hyFc's affinity for these organs. The study also simulated the positions of 14C labeling in rhIL-7-hyFc, identifying specific residues in the fragment of rhIL-7 portion, and provided the explanation of distinct analytes targeted by each method. Combining ELISA and AMS provided advantages by offering sensitivity and specificity for quantification as well as enabling the identification of analyte forms. The integrated use of ELISA and AMS offers valuable insights for the development and optimization of ABT.

Investigation of Residue Dissipation of Fluxapyroxad and Its Metabolites in Chinese Cabbage and Spring Scallion Using Different Application Methods.

Fluxapyroxad, a persistent fungicide in soil, was investigated for differences in residue dissipation in Chinese cabbage and spring scallion through the application methods of soil, foliar, and systemic treatment. Soil application of 0.4% granule fluxapyroxad resulted in residues up to 0.09 mg kg-1 in the scallion, while it did not contribute to the residues in the harvested cabbage. The 50% dissipation time (DT50) of fluxapyroxad in the scallion was 6.8 days. The residues from systemic treatment were highly correlated with foliar application in both the cabbage and the scallion, and the initial residue and DT50 values were similar for foliar and systemic treatments. In comparing the residues from the systemic treatments between the two crops, the initial residue was 3.11 and 0.22 mg kg-1 in the cabbage and the scallion after the systemic treatment, respectively. The DT50 values were 2.6 and 12.2 days in the cabbage and the scallion, respectively. The theoretical dilution effect due to crop growth was higher for the cabbage (4-fold) than for the scallion (1.2-fold), and the half-lives of fluxapyroxad without considering the dilution effect were 6.4 days in the cabbage and 17.8 days in the scallion. Thus, the residue difference was drastically reduced after 14 days from the last treatment.

Chest anteroposterior diameter affects difficulty of laryngoscopy for non-morbidly obese patients.

PURPOSE: This prospective, observational study was performed to examine the hypothesis that if conventional 7-cm head elevation is applied, laryngoscopy is more difficult for patients with anteroposterior chest diameter (chest AP diameter) outside the average range (≥17.7 or ≤14.7 cm). METHODS: Chest AP diameter at the sternal notch were measured preoperatively. All patients were placed on a surgical bed with an incompressible 7-cm pillow. During laryngoscopy, the laryngeal view was graded by use of the Cormack-Lehane classification. Difficult visualization of the larynx (DVL) was defined as a grade 3 or 4 view. RESULTS: DVL was observed for 49 patients (18.2 %). Differences between measured chest AP diameter for each patient and the calculated median value were used for statistical analysis. In univariate analysis, the difference between chest AP diameter and the median value was significantly related to DVL. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that the difference between chest AP diameter and the median value was an independent predictor of DVL (odds ratio, 3.900; 95 % confidence interval, 2.371-6.415; p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that this test with a test threshold of 1.5 cm had reasonable diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve of 0.748). CONCLUSION: When using a standard pillow size of 7 cm, chest AP diameter above or below the average range (≥17.7 or ≤14.7 cm) was a strong predictor of DVL for apparently normal-sized patients. In such cases, modification of pillow height should be considered.

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the lower jaw bone: a rare case report.

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation (XGI) is an uncommon type of chronic inflammation and is histologically characterized by foamy histiocytes and giant cells. The most common sites of occurrence are kidneys and gallbladder. The etiology remains controversial. Involvement of the lower jaw bone is rare. In this study, we report a case of XGI presenting in the lower jaw.

Verification of Therapeutic Effect through Accelerator Mass Spectrometry-Based Single Cell Level Quantification of hESC-Endothelial Cells Distributed into an Ischemic Model.

As the potential of pluripotent stem cell-derived differentiated cells has been demonstrated in regenerative medicine, differentiated vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are emerging as a therapeutic agent for the cardiovascular system. To verify the therapeutic efficacy of differentiated ECs in an ischemic model, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are induced as EC lineage and produce high-purity ECs through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). When hESC-ECs are transplanted into a hindlimb ischemic model, it is confirmed that blood flow and muscle regeneration are further improved by creating new blood vessels together with autologous ECs than the primary cell as cord blood endothelial progenitor cells (CB-EPCs). In addition, previously reported studies show the detection of transplanted cells engrafted in blood vessels through various tracking methods, but fail to provide accurate quantitative values over time. In this study, it is demonstrated that hESC-ECs are engrafted approximately sevenfold more than CB-EPCs by using an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)-based cell tracking technology that can perform quantification at the single cell level. An accurate quantification index is suggested. It has never been reported in in vivo kinetics of hESC-ECs that can act as therapeutic agents.

The Association between Two-Stage Tourniquet Application during Total Knee Replacement and Blood Loss: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Tourniquet use during total knee arthroplasty improves the surgical field, but is associated with several complications. The medical records of 506 patients who underwent elective total knee arthroplasty or total knee replacement from January 2017 to December 2020 were reviewed. A total of 331 patients who had undergone total knee arthroplasty were included. In the first half course group, the tourniquet was inflated with a pressure of 300 mmHg after manual banding before the incision and deflated after cement insertion. In the two-stage group, the tourniquet was inflated and deflated at the same stages of the procedure as in the first half course group. However, in this second group, the tourniquet was deflated for 15 min and then inflated again, and, finally, it was deflated after skin closure. The estimated blood loss, the number of patients who needed medications to control their blood pressure, and opioid usage at the post-anesthesia care unit were similar in both groups. The two-stage tourniquet technique was not related to reduced total blood loss in total knee arthroplasty.

Generation of human iPSCs derived heart organoids structurally and functionally similar to heart.

Currently, due to the increasing demand for 3D culture, various organoids that mimic organs are being actively studied. Despite active reports, information on heart organoids (HOs), which are the first functional organs, is still insufficient. Parameters for reproducing hearts are: chamber formation, organization with cardiac cells, vascularization, and simulation of electrophysiological signals. In particular, since the heart reflects complex factors, it is necessary to develop HOs that can be simulated in depth. In this study, we have created self-organized HOs using human iPSCs, and validated mimicry of cardiac structures such as chamber and epicardium/myocardium and atrium/ventricle-similar areas. Furthermore, mechanical/electrophysiological features were verified through multiple analyzes after inhibition of ion channels. More importantly, the HOs function, due to the cardiovascular characteristics of HOs, was maintained through vascularization after in vivo transplantation. In conclusion, this study has the advantage of being able to easily and closely recapitulate morphological/functional aspects of the heart.

Incidence Rate of Bee Venom Acupuncture Related Anaphylaxis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Bee venom acupuncture (BVA) is an effective treatment method for various diseases. Bee venom, however, can cause adverse effects, even rarely including life-threatening anaphylaxis, so safety-related evidence is required. In this study, we systematically estimated the incidence rate of anaphylaxis in response to BVA. METHODS: We searched eight databases (MEDLINE (Pubmed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled, KISS, KMBASE, Koreamed, OASIS, and NDSL) and systematically reviewed the articles that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Among 225 potentially relevant articles, 49 were selected for this study. The overall incidence rate of anaphylaxis in response to BVA was 0.045% (95% CI 0.028-0.062). Women (0.083%, 95% CI 0.010-0.157) showed a higher incidence rate than men (0.019%, 95% CI -0.018 to 0.055), while the incidence for patients who had a skin test conducted (0.041%, 95% CI 0.011-0.072) was not significantly different compared to that obtained for patients for which there was no information about a skin test (0.047%, 95% CI 0.026-0.067). The publication year affected the incidence rate: it was highest before 1999 (1.099%, 95% CI -1.043 to 3.241), lower between 2000 and 2009 (0.049%, 95% CI 0.025-0.073), and lowest between 2010 and 2021 (0.037% 95% CI 0.014-0.060). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we provide reference data about risk size and factors of BVA-related anaphylaxis, which is essentially required for BVA application in clinics.

Immunomodulation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rotator Cuff Tears Model.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) induce chronic muscle weakness and shoulder pain. Treatment of RCT using surgery or drugs causes lipid infiltration and fibrosis, which hampers tissue regeneration and complete recovery. The pluripotent stem cell-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (M-MSCs) represent potential candidate next-generation therapies for RCT. METHODS: The difference between M-MSCs and adult-MSCs was compared and analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, using a rat model of RCT, the muscle recovery ability of M-MSCs and adult-MSCs was evaluated by conducting a histological analysis and monitoring the cytokine expression level. RESULTS: Using NGS, it was confirmed that M-MSC was suitable for transplantation because of its excellent ability to regulate inflammation that promotes tissue repair and reduced apoptosis and rejection during transplantation. In addition, while M-MSCs persisted for up to 8 weeks in vivo, they significantly reduced inflammation and adipogenesis-related cytokine levels in rat muscle. Significant differences were also confirmed in histopathological remission. CONCLUSIONS: M-MSCs remain in the body longer to modulate immune responses in RCTs and have a greater potential to improve muscle recovery by alleviating acute inflammatory responses. This indicates that M-MSCs could be used in potential next-generation RCT therapies.

Smart three-dimensional imaging LADAR using two Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes.

In this paper, we propose a new method that is capable of obtaining a clear 3D image by the reduction of false alarms caused by noise in the stage of acquisition of raw time of flight (TOF) data. This method is implemented by intensity dividing a laser-return pulse into two Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GmAPDs); an AND gate compares the arrival time of the electrical signals from the GmAPDs. Despite the fact that the energy of a laser-return pulse is decreased by half, the false alarm probability is drastically decreased because the noise distributed randomly in the time domain is filtered out. The experimental measurement is in agreement with the theoretical analysis. As a result, we can obtain a clear 3D image despite the high noise.

Development and analysis of a photon-counting three-dimensional imaging laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system.

In this paper, a photon-counting three-dimensional imaging laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system that uses a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GAPD) of relatively short dead time (45 ns) is described. A passively Q-switched microchip laser is used as a laser source and a compact peripheral component interconnect system, which includes a time-to-digital converter (TDC), is set up for fast signal processing. The combination of a GAPD with short dead time and a TDC with a multistop function enables the system to operate in a single-hit or a multihit mode during the acquisition of time-of-flight data. The software for the three-dimensional visualization and an algorithm for the removal of noise are developed. For the photon-counting LADAR system, we establish a theoretical model of target-detection and false-alarm probabilities in both the single-hit and multihit modes with a Poisson statistic; this model provides the prediction of the performance of the system and a technique for the acquisition of a noise image with a GAPD. Both the noise image and the three-dimensional image of a scene acquired by the photon-counting LADAR system during the day are presented.

Electroacupuncture for post-thoracotomy pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Thoracotomy is an invasive surgical procedure that produces intense postoperative pain. Electroacupuncture has been used to induce analgesia in various situations, including after surgery. The aim of the following systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture on post-thoracotomy pain. METHODS: The studies for the systematic review were searched using the following 9 databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE Complete, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Korean Medical Database (KMBASE), Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS), and OASIS, without language restriction. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and RevMan 5.3 was used for meta-analysis. The review protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) as CRD42019142157. RESULTS: Eleven randomized controlled trials were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis was performed for two outcome measures: pain score 24 hours after surgery and total dose of opioid analgesics. A subgroup analysis was performed according to the control group: sham acupuncture and conventional analgesia group. Pain score 24 hours after surgery of electroacupuncture group showed a standard mean difference of -0.98 (95% CI: -1.62 to -0.35) compared to sham acupuncture. The standard mean difference was -0.94 (95% CI: -1.33 to -0.55) compared to conventional analgesia. The total dose of opioid analgesics of electroacupuncture group showed a standard mean difference values of -0.95 (95% CI: -1.42 to -0.47) compared to sham acupuncture. The standard mean difference was -1.96 (95% CI: -2.82 to -1.10) compared to conventional analgesia. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that electroacupuncture might provide useful pain relieving effect on post-thoracotomy patients. However, due to low quality and high heterogeneity of existing data, further rigorously designed studies should be performed to confirm the safety and efficacy.