The dual role of body mass index on Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis course: a pediatric experience.

Despite the well-known role of obesity as risk factor for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) severity, emerging but limited evidence suggested a similar role for underweight. We investigated the role of body mass index (BMI) across its full spectrum in a cohort of children with JIA.We retrospectively studied 113 children with JIA classified according to the International League of Association for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria attending our Rheumatology Clinic. The patients underwent a comprehensive evaluation including both clinical and biochemical assessments. According to BMI Z-score, the cohort was divided into five groups as underweight, normal weight, overweight (OW), obesity (OB), and severe OB. Disease activity was calculated by Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 10 (JADAS-10) joint reduced count and relapses were defined according to Wallace criteria.The mean age of the cohort was 7.43 ± 4.03 years. The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, OW, OB, and severe OB was 7.2%, 54.1%, 10.8%, 17.1%, and 10.8%, respectively. Significant higher ferritin levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate values were found in patients with severe OB and underweight compared to subjects belonging to normal weight, OW, and OB groups. A greater JADAS-10 score was observed in underweight patients and in those with severe OB than other groups. The relapse rate was higher in patients with severe OB and underweight compared to other groups.          Conclusions: Both underweight and OB might negatively affect JIA course. Weight control is fundamental in children with JIA to avoid a more unfavourable course of the disease. What is Known: • Obesity represents a well-known risk factor for JIA severity. • The role of underweight in children with JIA is still poorly explored. What is New: • As observed in children with obesity, underweight young patients with JIA seem to experience a more severe JIA course. • Healthy lifestyle promotion in children with JIA is a crucial step in the management of the disease.

Uric acid could be a marker of cardiometabolic risk and disease severity in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

In addition to disease-specific complications, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been linked to metabolic impairments in adults. Recent data supported the usefulness of uric acid (UA) as risk factor for cardiometabolic derangements. Given the lack of pediatric evidence in this field, we aimed to explore this association in a cohort of children diagnosed with JIA. We retrospectively evaluated 113 children diagnosed with JIA classified according to the International League of Association for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria attending our Rheumatology Clinic. Both clinical and biochemical assessments were performed. Participants were stratified in four groups according to quartiles of serum UA. Disease activity was calculated by the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 10 (JADAS-10) joint reduced count, and cut-offs for disease states were applied. Patients belonging to the highest UA quartile showed higher serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, and glucose levels (p = 0.01, p = 0.025, p = 0.04, and p = 0.005, respectively) and lower HDL cholesterol values (p < 0.0001) than subjects belonging to the lowest quartiles. Ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels, and age at disease onset did not significantly differ across UA quartiles (all p > 0.05). As activity disease index, JADAS-10 score significantly increased across UA quartiles (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Children with JIA presented with a worse cardiometabolic profile and a greater disease severity across UA quartiles. Our findings suggest that in clinical practice, UA might represent a useful marker of cardiometabolic risk and disease severity in children with JIA. WHAT IS KNOWN: • JIA has been linked to metabolic derangements in adulthood. • UA has been recognized as a marker of cardiometabolic risk both in adults and children. WHAT IS NEW: • Children with JIA belonging to the highest UA quartile showed a worse cardiometabolic profile and a greater disease severity. • UA might represent a helpful marker not only of cardiometabolic risk but also of disease severity in children with JIA.

Canakinumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: real-world data from a retrospective Italian cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to use real-world data to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of canakinumab in Italian patients with systemic JIA (sJIA). METHODS: A retrospective multicentre study of children with sJIA was performed. Clinical features, laboratory parameters and adverse events were collected at baseline, and 6 and 12 months after starting canakinumab. The primary outcome measure of effectiveness was clinically inactive disease (CID) off glucocorticoids (GCs) treatment at 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 80 children from 15 Italian centres were analysed. Of the 12 patients who started canakinumab in CID while receiving anakinra, all maintained CID. Of the 68 with active disease at baseline, 57.4% achieved CID off GCs at 6 months and 63.8% at 12 months. In univariate analysis, the variables significantly related to non-response were number of active joints (NAJs) ≥5, history of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and disease duration. Multivariate analysis confirmed the association between non-response and NAJs ≥5 [odds ratio (OR) 6.37 (95% CI: 1.69, 24.02), P = 0.006] and between non-response and history of MAS [OR 3.53 (95% CI: 1.06, 11.70), P = 0.039]. No serious adverse events were recorded in this series. There were two cases of MAS during canakinumab, leading to a rate of 2.9 episodes per 100 patient years. CONCLUSION: We have confirmed, using real-world data, the efficacy of canakinumab in sJIA in a multicentric cohort. History of MAS and higher NAJ were associated with lower probability of achieving CID.

Prevalence of and factors associated to chronic kidney disease and hypertension in a cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

We evaluated chronic kidney disease (CKD) (proteinuria or estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or hypertension prevalence in 110 children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). CKD and hypertension were clustered under the umbrella term of "renal injury". Median age at the last visit was 14 years. Nine out of 110 (8.1%) patients showed renal injury (8 hypertension, 1 proteinuria). Patients with renal injury presented higher age at last visit, longer duration of active JIA, shorter intervals free from JIA relapses, longer duration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) treatment but with similar cumulative NSAIDs dose and higher rate of methotrexate (MTX) prescription, longer time of MTX administration, and higher cumulative MTX dose compared to patients without renal injury. At the last visit, patients with and without renal injury presented similar prevalence of active disease. The cumulative proportion of patients free from renal injury at 240 months since JIA onset was 40.72% for all population; while the cumulative proportion was 23.7% for patients undergoing NSAIDs+MTX treatment and 100% for those undergoing NSAIDs (p = 0.039) treatment.Conclusion:About 8% of the children with JIA develop hypertension or CKD. The main risk factor was longer exposure to both NSAIDs and MTX due to a more severe form of the disease. What is Known •Anecdotal reports showed that rarely juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) could present renal involvement due to prolonged and uncontrolled inflammation (renal amyloidosis) or to long exposure to anti-rheumatic drugs. •No cohort studies investigated renal health in children with JIA. What is new •About 8% of the children with JIA developed hypertension or chronic kidney disease. •The main risk factor was long exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and methotrexate for patients suffering from a more severe form of the disease. •In JIA patients, periodic evaluation of renal function, blood pressure and proteinuria should be warranted.

Clinical characteristics and genetic analyses of 187 patients with undefined autoinflammatory diseases.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment response and genetic findings in a large cohort of patients with undefined systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs). METHODS: Clinical and genetic data from patients with undefined SAIDs were extracted from the Eurofever registry, an international web-based registry that retrospectively collects clinical information on patients with autoinflammatory diseases. RESULTS: This study included 187 patients. Seven patients had a chronic disease course, 180 patients had a recurrent disease course. The median age at disease onset was 4.3 years. Patients had a median of 12 episodes per year, with a median duration of 4 days. Most commonly reported symptoms were arthralgia (n=113), myalgia (n=86), abdominal pain (n=89), fatigue (n=111), malaise (n=104) and mucocutaneous manifestations (n=128). In 24 patients, relatives were affected as well. In 15 patients, genetic variants were found in autoinflammatory genes. Patients with genetic variants more often had affected relatives compared with patients without genetic variants (p=0.005). Most patients responded well to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, colchicine and anakinra. Complete remission was rarely achieved with NSAIDs alone. Notable patterns were found in patients with distinctive symptoms. Patients with pericarditis (n=11) were older at disease onset (33.8 years) and had fewer episodes per year (3.0/year) compared with other patients. Patients with an intellectual impairment (n=8) were younger at disease onset (2.2 years) and often had relatives affected (28.6%). CONCLUSION: This study describes the clinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with undefined SAIDs. Among these, patients with pericarditis and intellectual impairment appear to comprise distinct subsets.

A case of urticarial vasculitis in a female patient with lupus: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection or lupus reactivation?

A 17-year-old female patient affected by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (who had been taking 300 mg/die of hydroxychloroquine for 3 years), Graves' disease (treated with 10 mg/die of tapazole), and celiac disease came to our attention for urticarial vasculitis. She had been taking prednisone (25 mg/die) for 3 days, and her blood tests showed high levels of Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM and IgG antibodies. The association between urticaria and M. pneumoniae infections can be present in up to 7% of the cases and, to the best of our knowledge, only two reports of urticarial vasculitis and M. pneumoniae in adults are available in the literature. Urticarial vasculitis can also be a rare cutaneous manifestation of SLE (affecting 2% of the patients), and our case is the first in the literature describing the coexistence of M. pneumoniae infection, SLE, and urticarial vasculitis in a pediatric patient, a case that rises an important differential diagnosis issue about the origin of urticarial vasculitis: SLE reactivation or urticarial vasculitis due to M. pneumoniae infection?

Next-generation sequencing and its initial applications for molecular diagnosis of systemic auto-inflammatory diseases.

OBJECTIVES: Systemic auto-inflammatory disorders (SAIDs) are a heterogeneous group of monogenic diseases sharing a primary dysfunction of the innate immune system. More than 50% of patients with SAID does not show any mutation at gene(s) tested because of lack of precise clinical classification criteria and/or incomplete gene screening. To improve the molecular diagnosis and genotype interpretation of SAIDs, we undertook the development of a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based protocol designed to simultaneous screening of 10 genes. METHODS: Fifty patients with SAID, already genotyped for the respective causative gene(s), were massively sequenced for the coding portions of MEFV, MVK, TNFRSF1A, NLRP3, NLRP12, NOD2, PSTPIP1, IL1RN, LPIN2 and PSMB8. Three different bioinformatic pipelines (Ion Reporter, CLC Bio Genomics Workbench, GATK-based in-house workflow) were compared. RESULTS: Once resulting variants were compared with the expected mutation list, no workflow turned out to be able to detect all the 79 variants known in the 50 DNAs. Additional variants were also detected, validated by Sanger sequencing and compared to assess true and false positive detection rates of the three workflows. Finally, the overall clinical picture of 34 patients was re-evaluated in the light of the new mutations found. CONCLUSIONS: The present gene panel has resulted suitable for molecular diagnosis of SAIDs. Moreover, genotype-phenotype correlation has confirmed that the interpretation of NGS data in patients with an undefined inflammatory phenotype is remarkably difficult, thus supporting the need of evidence-based and validated clinical criteria to be used concurrently with the genetic analysis for the final diagnosis and classification of patients with SAIDs.

Risk for cancer development in familial Mediterranean fever and associated predisposing factors: an ambidirectional cohort study from the international AIDA Network registries.

Objective: Inflammation has been associated with an increased risk for cancer development, while innate immune system activation could counteract the risk for malignancies. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a severe systemic inflammatory condition and also represents the archetype of innate immunity deregulation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the risk for cancer development in FMF. Methods: The risk ratio (RR) for malignancies was separately compared between FMF patients and fibromyalgia subjects, Still's disease patients and Behçet's disease patients. Clinical variables associated with cancer development in FMF patients were searched through binary logistic regression. Results: 580 FMF patients and 102 fibromyalgia subjects, 1012 Behçet's disease patients and 497 Still's disease patients were enrolled. The RR for the occurrence of malignant neoplasms was 0.26 (95% Confidence Interval [CI.] 0.10-0.73, p=0.006) in patients with FMF compared to fibromyalgia subjects; the RR for the occurrence of malignant cancer was 0.51 (95% CI. 0.23-1.16, p=0.10) in FMF compared to Still's disease and 0.60 (95% CI. 0.29-1.28, p=0.18) in FMF compared to Behçet's disease. At logistic regression, the risk of occurrence of malignant neoplasms in FMF patients was associated with the age at disease onset (ß1 = 0.039, 95% CI. 0.001-0.071, p=0.02), the age at the diagnosis (ß1 = 0.048, 95% CI. 0.039-0.085, p=0.006), the age at the enrolment (ß1 = 0.05, 95% CI. 0.007-0.068, p=0.01), the number of attacks per year (ß1 = 0.011, 95% CI. 0.001- 0.019, p=0.008), the use of biotechnological agents (ß1 = 1.77, 95% CI. 0.43-3.19, p=0.009), the use of anti-IL-1 agents (ß1 = 2.089, 95% CI. 0.7-3.5, p=0.002). Conclusions: The risk for cancer is reduced in Caucasic FMF patients; however, when malignant neoplasms occur, this is more frequent in FMF cases suffering from a severe disease phenotype and presenting a colchicine-resistant disease.

Musculoskeletal manifestations in children with Behçet's syndrome: data from the AIDA Network Behçet's Syndrome Registry.

This study aims to describe musculoskeletal manifestations (MSM) in children with Behçet's syndrome (BS), their association with other disease manifestations, response to therapy, and long-term prognosis. Data were retrieved from the AIDA Network Behçet's Syndrome Registry. Out of a total of 141 patients with juvenile BS, 37 had MSM at disease onset (26.2%). The median age at onset was 10.0 years (IQR 7.7). The median follow-up duration was 21.8 years (IQR 23.3). Recurrent oral (100%) and genital ulcers (67.6%) and pseudofolliculitis (56.8%) were the most common symptoms associated with MSM. At disease onset, 31 subjects had arthritis (83.8%), 33 arthralgia (89.2%), and 14 myalgia (37.8%). Arthritis was monoarticular in 9/31 cases (29%), oligoarticular in 10 (32.3%), polyarticular in 5 (16.1%), axial in 7 (22.6%). Over time, arthritis became chronic-recurrent in 67.7% of cases and 7/31 patients had joint erosions (22.6%). The median Behçet's Syndrome Overall Damage Index was 0 (range 0-4). Colchicine was inefficacious for MSM in 4/14 cases (28.6%), independently from the type of MSM (p = 0.46) or the concomitant therapy (p = 0.30 for cDMARDs, p = 1.00 for glucocorticoids); cDMARDs and bDMARDs were inefficacious for MSM in 6/19 (31.4%) and 5/12 (41.7%) cases. The presence of myalgia was associated with bDMARDs inefficacy (p = 0.014). To conclude, MSM in children with BS are frequently associated with recurrent ulcers and pseudofolliculitis. Arthritis is mostly mono- or oligoarticular, but sacroiliitis is not unusual. Prognosis of this subset of BS is overall favorable, though the presence of myalgia negatively affects response to biologic therapies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05200715 (registered on December 18, 2021).

A patient-driven registry on Behçet's disease: the AIDA for patients pilot project.

Introduction: This paper describes the creation and preliminary results of a patient-driven registry for the collection of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and patient-reported experiences (PREs) in Behçet's disease (BD). Methods: The project was coordinated by the University of Siena and the Italian patient advocacy organization SIMBA (Associazione Italiana Sindrome e Malattia di Behçet), in the context of the AIDA (AutoInflammatory Diseases Alliance) Network programme. Quality of life, fatigue, socioeconomic impact of the disease and therapeutic adherence were selected as core domains to include in the registry. Results: Respondents were reached via SIMBA communication channels in 167 cases (83.5%) and the AIDA Network affiliated clinical centers in 33 cases (16.5%). The median value of the Behçet's Disease Quality of Life (BDQoL) score was 14 (IQR 11, range 0-30), indicating a medium quality of life, and the median Global Fatigue Index (GFI) was 38.7 (IQR 10.9, range 1-50), expressing a significant level of fatigue. The mean Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) necessity-concern differential was 0.9 ± 1.1 (range - 1.8-4), showing that the registry participants prioritized necessity belief over concerns to a limited extent. As for the socioeconomic impact of BD, in 104 out of 187 cases (55.6%), patients had to pay from their own pocket for medical exams required to reach the diagnosis. The low family socioeconomic status (p < 0.001), the presence of any major organ involvement (p < 0.031), the presence of gastro-intestinal (p < 0.001), neurological (p = 0.012) and musculoskeletal (p = 0.022) symptoms, recurrent fever (p = 0.002), and headache (p < 0.001) were associated to a higher number of accesses to the healthcare system. Multiple linear regression showed that the BDQoL score could significantly predict the global socioeconomic impact of BD (F = 14.519, OR 1.162 [CI 0.557-1.766], p < 0.001). Discussion: Preliminary results from the AIDA for Patients BD registry were consistent with data available in the literature, confirming that PROs and PREs could be easily provided by the patient remotely to integrate physician-driven registries with complementary and reliable information.

Unfolding dermatologic spectrum of Behçet's disease in Italy: real-life data from the International AIDA Network Behçet's disease Registry.

Behçet's disease (BD) is a heterogeneous multifactorial autoinflammatory disease characterized by a plethora of clinical manifestations. Cutaneous lesions are considered hallmarks of the disease. However, their evolution over time and a thorough description are scarcely reported in non-endemic regions. The aim of this study was to detail BD skin manifestations and their evolution over time in Italy, as well as the dermatological prognostic impact of specific cutaneous features in long-standing disease. Data were collected in a double fashion, both retrospectively and prospectively, from the AutoInflammatory Disease Alliance (AIDA) international registry dedicated to BD, between January 2022 and December 2022. A total of 458 Italian patients were included. When assessing skin manifestations course, the constant or sporadic presence or absence of cutaneous involvement between onset and follow-up was considered. Oral ulcers (OU) (88.4%) and genital ulcers (GU) (52.6%), followed by skin involvement (53.7%) represented the most common presenting mucocutaneous manifestations at disease onset. Up to the time of enrolment into the AIDA registry, 411 (93.8%) patients had suffered from OU and 252 (57.9%) from GU; pseudofolliculitis (PF) accounted for the most common skin manifestation (170 patients, 37.1%), followed by erythema nodosum (EN) (102 patients, 22.3%), skin ulcers (9 patients, 2%) and pyoderma gangrenosum (4 patients, 0.9%). A prospective follow-up visit was reported in 261/458 patients; 24/148 (16.2%) subjects with skin involvement as early as BD onset maintained cutaneous lesions for the entire period of observation, while 120 (44.1%) patients suffered from sporadic skin involvement. Conversely, 94/113 (83.2%) with no skin involvement at disease onset did not develop skin lesions thereafter. At follow-up visits, cutaneous involvement was observed in 52 (20%) patients, with a statistically significant association between PF and constant skin involvement (p = 0.031). BD in Italy is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and skin manifestations in line with what is described in endemic countries. Patients with skin disease at the onset are likely to present persistent cutaneous involvement thereafter; mucocutaneous lesions observed at the onset, especially PF, could represent a warning sign for future persistent skin involvement requiring closer dermatological care.

Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in adult-onset Still's disease: Real-life experience from the international AIDA registry.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Long-term efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ) in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) mostly derive from small case series. Herein we report a registry-based study investigating TCZ efficacy and safety in a cohort of patients with AOSD evaluated by clinical and serum inflammatory markers as well as drug retention rate analysis. METHODS: This is an international multicentre study analyzing data from patients with AOSD regularly enrolled in the AIDA registry. TCZ efficacy was evaluated between baseline and last follow-up assessment in terms of changes in the Pouchot score and laboratory findings. Drug-retention rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, while Cox-regression analysis was employed to detect potential predictive factors of treatment withdrawal. RESULTS: Data from 31 patients (15 men, 16 women) refractory to the conventional therapies and treated with TCZ were extracted from the AIDA registry. Mean ± SD time of treatment duration with TCZ was 24.32 ± 20.57 months. Median (IRQ) Pouchot score significantly decreased throughout the study period (p=0.001) with a significant difference between baseline [2.00 (4.00)] and 6 month-follow-up [0.00 (0.00)] (p=0.003) and between baseline and last follow-up assessment [0.00 (0.00)] (p=0.032), while no differences were observed between 6 month-evaluation and last follow-up assessment (p=0.823). Similarly, laboratory parameters significantly decreased from baseline to the last follow-up visit. With regard to drug survival, cumulative TCZ retention rate at 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up visit were 83.1%, 71.7% and 63.7%, respectively, without significant differences between biologic naïve patients and those previously treated with other biologics (p=0.329). Likewise, no significant differences were observed between chronic articular course of AOSD and other types of disease course (p=0.938) or between patients co-administered with conventional immunosuppressants and patients receiving TCZ as monotherapy (p=0.778). Cox-regression analysis identified no variable associated with a higher hazard of treatment withdrawal. Treatment was discontinued in 9 patients due to long-term remission (n=4), adverse events (n=2), loss of efficacy (n=1), non-medical reason (n=1) and unspecified cause (n=1). Mean glucocorticosteroids daily dose significantly decreased from baseline (18.36 ± 24.72 mg) to the last follow-up assessment (4.02 ± 4.99 mg, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: TCZ allows control of disease activity as well as normalization of serum inflammatory markers in both systemic and chronic articular form of AOSD. Additionally, TCZ displays an excellent drug retention rate while minimizing the risk of long-term exposure to corticosteroids.

The Autoinflammatory Diseases Alliance Registry of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases.

Objective: The present manuscript aims to describe an international, electronic-based, user-friendly and interoperable patient registry for monogenic autoinflammatory diseases (mAIDs), developed in the contest of the Autoinflammatory Diseases Alliance (AIDA) Network. Methods: This is an electronic platform, based on the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) tool, used for real-world data collection of demographics, clinical, laboratory, instrumental and socioeconomic data of mAIDs patients. The instrument has flexibility, may change over time based on new scientific acquisitions, and communicate potentially with other similar registries; security, data quality and data governance are corner stones of the platform. Results: AIDA project will share knowledge and expertise on mAIDs. Since its start, 118 centers from 24 countries and 4 continents have joined the AIDA project. Fifty-nine centers have already obtained the approval from their local Ethics Committees. Currently, the platform counts 337 users (122 Principal Investigators, 210 Site Investigators, 2 Lead Investigators, and 3 data managers). The Registry collects baseline and follow-up data using 3,748 fields organized into 21 instruments, which include demographics, patient history, symptoms, trigger/risk factors, therapies, and healthcare information for mAIDs patients. Conclusions: The AIDA mAIDs Registry, acts both as a research tool for future collaborative real-life studies on mAIDs and as a service to connect all the figures called to participate. On this basis, the registry is expected to play a pivotal role in generating new scientific evidence on this group of rare diseases, substantially improving the management of patients, and optimizing the impact on the healthcare system. NCT05200715 available at https://clinicaltrials.gov.

A case report of a boy suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus and familial Mediterranean fever.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus could be associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, but the association with Familial Mediterranean Fever is rare, we describe a case of a boy with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus associated with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). CASE PRESENTATION: A 13 year old boy already suffering from Diabetes Mellitus type 1 since the age of 4 years, came to our attention because of periodic fever associated with abdominal pain, chest pain and arthralgia. The fever appeared every 15-30 days with peaks that reached 40 °C and lasted 24-48 h. Laboratory investigation, were normal between febrile episodes, but during the attacks revealed an increase in inflammatory markers. Suspecting Familial Mediterranean Fever molecular analysis of MEFV gene, was performed. The genetic analysis showed homozygous E148Q mutation. So Familial Mediterranean Fever was diagnosed and colchicine treatment was started with good response. CONCLUSION: Familial Mediterranean Fever could be associated with other autoimmune diseases such as Ankylosing Spondylitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Polyarteritis Nodosa, Behcet disease, Systemic Lupus, Henoch-Schönlein Purpura, and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Association of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Familial Mediterranean Fever has been newly reported in the medical literature, this is the third association of these two diseases described in the medical literature so far.

Gastrointestinal Henoch-Schönlein purpura successfully treated with Mycophenolate Mofetil: Description of 2 case reports.

RATIONALE: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) is an acute small vessel vasculitis. It is the most common vasculitis in children. In majority of the cases, the disease is self-limited. Relapses can occur, in particular during the first year of the disease. There is no consensus on a specific treatment. The efficacy and safety of steroidal treatment in treating HSP is still controversial. Immunosuppressive treatment of HSP nephritis is used in patients with severe renal involvement (nephrotic range proteinuria and/or progressive renal impairment). The literature on immunosuppressive treatment of severe HSP without kidney involvement is scanty. PATIENTS CONCERNS: We report 2 case reports of 2 adolescents affected from Henoch-Schönlein Purpura and severe gastrointestinal involvement. Both patients presented a poor response to steroids treatment. DIAGNOSES: The diagnosis of HSP was made according to the diagnostic criteria published by European League against Rheumatism and Pediatric Rheumatology European Society in 2006. INTERVENTIONS: In consideration of the recurrence of the Henoch Schönlein Purpura and the gastrointestinal involvement, we decided to start Mycophenolate Mofetil treatment. OUTCOMES: In both patients all clinical manifestations resolved in few days. LESSONS: In our cases of HSP with gastrointestinal involvement Mycophenolate Mofetil treatment has been very effective. This experience teaches us that immunosuppressive agents may be very useful to induce and maintain remission not only in renal involvement, but in all cases of persistent, recurrent, or complicated Henoch Schönlein Purpura in children.

Musculoskeletal manifestations of childhood cancer and differential diagnosis with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (ONCOREUM): a multicentre, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Presenting symptoms of childhood cancers might mimic those of rheumatic diseases. However, the evidence available to guide differential diagnosis remains scarce. Preventing wrong or delayed diagnosis is therefore important to avoid incorrect administration of glucocorticoid or immunosuppressive therapy and worsening of prognosis. As such, we aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of presenting musculoskeletal manifestations in patients at cancer onset and to identify the factors that differentiate childhood malignancies with arthropathy from juvenile idiopathic arthritis. METHODS: We did a multicentre, cross-sectional study at 25 paediatric haemato-oncology centres and 22 paediatric rheumatology centres in Italy. We prospectively recruited patients who were younger than 16 years that were newly diagnosed with cancer or juvenile idiopathic arthritis. We excluded patients with glucocorticoid pre-treatment (>1 mg/kg per day of oral prednisone or equivalent for ≥2 consecutive weeks). We collected data for patients with a new diagnosis of cancer or juvenile idiopathic arthritis using an electronic case report form on a web-based platform powered by the Cineca Interuniversity Consortium. The primary outcome was to describe the frequency and characteristics of musculoskeletal manifestations at cancer onset; and the secondary outcome was to identify factors that could discriminate malignancies presenting with arthropathy, with or without other musculoskeletal symptoms, from juvenile idiopathic arthritis using multivariable logistic regression analysis. FINDINGS: Between May 1, 2015, and May 31, 2018, 1957 patients were eligible, of which 1277 (65%) had cancer and 680 (35%) had juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Musculoskeletal symptoms occurred in 324 (25% [95% CI 23·0-27·8]) of 1277 patients with cancer, of whom 207 had arthropathy. Patients with malignant bone tumours had the highest frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms (53 [80%] of 66), followed by patients with Langerhans histiocytosis (16 [47%] of 34), leukaemia (189 [32%] of 582), soft-tissue sarcomas (16 [24%] of 68), and neuroblastoma (21 [19%] of 109). In the 324 patients with cancer and musculoskeletal symptoms, the most common complaints were joint pain (199 [61%]), followed by limb bone pain (112 [35%]). Joint involvement had a prevalent monoarticular pattern (100 [48%] of 207) and oligoarticular pattern (86 [42%] had 2-4 joints involved and 20 [10%] had >4 joints involved), with the most frequently involved joints being the hip (88 [43%] of 207) and knee (81 [39%]). On multivariable analysis, limb bone pain was the independent variable most strongly associated with cancer (odds ratio [OR] 87·80 [95% CI 18·89-408·12]), followed by weight loss (59·88 [6·34-565·53]), thrombocytopenia (12·67 [2·40-66·92]), monoarticular involvement (11·30 [4·09-31·19]), hip involvement (3·30 [1·13-9·61]), and male sex (2·40 [1·03-5·58]). Factors independently associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis were morning stiffness (OR 0·04 [95% CI 0·01-0·20]), joint swelling (0·03 [0·01-0·09]), and involvement of the small hand joints (0·02 [0-1·05]). INTERPRETATION: Our study provides detailed information about presenting musculoskeletal manifestations of childhood cancers and highlights the clinical and laboratory features that are most helpful in the differential diagnosis with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. FUNDING: Associazione Lorenzo Risolo.

EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura, childhood polyarteritis nodosa, childhood Wegener granulomatosis and childhood Takayasu arteritis: Ankara 2008. Part II: Final classification criteria.

OBJECTIVES: To validate the previously proposed classification criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), childhood polyarteritis nodosa (c-PAN), c-Wegener granulomatosis (c-WG) and c-Takayasu arteritis (c-TA). METHODS: Step 1: retrospective/prospective web-data collection for children with HSP, c-PAN, c-WG and c-TA with age at diagnosis

Anakinra Drug Retention Rate and Predictive Factors of Long-Term Response in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Adult Onset Still Disease.

Background and Objective: Only a few studies have reported long-term efficacy of interleukin (IL)-1 inhibition in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and adult-onset Still disease (AOSD). Herein we report on the effectiveness of anakinra (ANA), expressed in terms of drug retention rate (DRR), and evaluate the predictive factors of drug survival in a cohort of patients with sJIA and AOSD. Patients and Methods: This is a multicenter study reviewing retrospectively the medical records from 61 patients with sJIA and 76 with AOSD, all treated with ANA in 25 Italian tertiary referral centers. Results: The cumulative retention rate of ANA at 12-, 24-, 48-, and 60-month of follow-up was 74.3%, 62.9%, 49.4%, and 49.4%, respectively, without any significant differences between sJIA and AOSD patients (p = 0.164), and between patients treated in monotherapy compared with the subgroup coadministered with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) (p = 0.473). On the other hand, a significant difference in DRR was found between biologic-naïve patients and those previously treated with biotechnologic drugs (p = 0.009), which persisted even after adjustment for pathology (p = 0.013). In the regression analysis, patients experiencing adverse events (AEs) {hazards ratio (HR) = 3.029 [confidence interval (CI) 1.750-5.242], p < 0.0001} and those previously treated with other biologic agents [HR = 1.818 (CI 1.007-3.282), p = 0.047] were associated with a higher HR of ANA discontinuation. The median treatment delay was significantly higher among patients discontinuing ANA (p < 0.0001). Significant corticosteroid-sparing (p = 0.033) and cDMARD-sparing effects (p < 0.0001) were also recorded. Less than one-third of our cohort developed AEs, and 85% were deemed mild in nature, with 70% of them involving the skin. Conclusions: Our findings display an overall excellent DRR of ANA on the long run for both sJIA and AOSD, that may be further optimized by closely monitoring patient's safety issues and employing this IL-1 inhibitor as a first-line biologic as early as possible. Moreover, ANA allowed a significant drug-sparing effect and showed an overall good safety profile.