The effects of systemic and local fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor treatments on the metabolomic profile of lungs.

The contribution of the endocannabinoid system to both physiology and pathological processes in the respiratory system makes it a promising target for inflammatory airway diseases. Previously, we have shown that increasing the tissue endocannabinoid levels by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors can prevent airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. In this study, the changes in the levels of major metabolites of endocannabinoids by systemic and local FAAH or MAGL inhibitor treatments were evaluated. Mice were treated with either the FAAH inhibitor URB597 or the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 by local (intranasal) or systemic (intraperitoneal) application. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and lungs were isolated afterward in order to perform histopathological and metabolomic analyses. There were no significant histopathological changes in the lungs and neutrophil, and macrophage and lymphocyte numbers in BAL fluid were not altered after local and systemic treatments. However, GC-MS-based metabolomics profile allowed us to identify 102 metabolites in lung samples, among which levels of 75 metabolites were significantly different from the control. The metabolites whose levels were changed by treatments were mostly related to the endocannabinoid system and energy metabolism. Therefore, these changes may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of URB597 and JZL184 treatments in mice.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for the Future.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most specific and yet challenging fields of heart surgery. Apart from the known clinical approaches, including surgery, a significant scale of regenerative therapeutic options is available, which increase the number of cardiomyocytes and restore cardiac function. Although it has been revealed in recent years that mitochondrial transplantation can be used as a promising treatment option in this disease group, there is no clinical evidence for the significance of mitochondrial function in myocardial tissue of patients with CHD regarding cardiac surgery. In this study, mitochondrial morphology and function, myocardial fibrosis, and myocyte atypia were evaluated in myocardial biopsy tissue of pediatric patients with cyanotic and acyanotic CHD, five from each group. After histopathological evaluation of myocardial tissue specimens, mitochondrial morphology and network were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining using an anti-Tom20 antibody, electron transport chain complexes of myocardium were examined by cytochrome c oxidase/succinate dehydrogenase staining, and the amount of ATP was measured by bioluminescence assay. In addition, cardiac markers have been tested to be reviewed as a potential indicator for postoperative follow-up. Myocyte atypia and fibrosis were classified on a scale of 1 to 4. In this study, unlike patients with acyanotic CHD, alterations in mitochondrial network and reduction in ATP production were detected in all pediatric patients with cyanotic CHD. A statistically significant correlation was also determined between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac markers. These findings may be assumed as a promising pathway for evaluating the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cyanotic CHD.

Is there any contribution of bronchial washing to biopsy in the diagnosis of patients with endobronchial pathology in the era of personalized medicine?

INTRODUCTION: Bronchoscopic biopsies and bronchial washings (BW) are commonly used together for the diagnosis of centrally located tumors. This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of routinely collecting BWs in patients who simultaneously had biopsies for visible endobronchial lesions in the current molecular analysis-driven personalized medicine era. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the patients who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) between October 2011 and December 2016. Patients who had both BW and biopsy specimens (EBB: endobronchial forceps biopsy and/or EBNA: endobronchial needle aspiration biopsy) for visible endobronchial lesions were included in this study. Demographic and clinical data, macroscopic findings during FOB, pathology results, and final diagnoses were collected from the hospital database. RESULT: The study included 269 patients (220 males/49 females) with a mean age of 61.6 ± 10.6 years. While the overall diagnostic yield of FOB was 71.4%, the diagnostic yields of bronchoscopic procedures were 68.2% for EBB, 83.3% for EBNA, and 19.7% for BW. Only three patients (1.1%) with undiagnostic biopsies had positive BW cytology revealing merely malignant epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: BW provided a negligible diagnostic contribution in 1.1% (n= 3) of the patients. These three patients had undergone further diagnostic procedures for making a proper therapeutic management plan. In the era of personalized therapy, it is logical to obtain more biopsy in the time spent for BWs.

The effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor treatments on lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in mice.

Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system significantly contributes to the airway inflammation. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) are two main enzymes responsible for the metabolism of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachydonoyl glycerol (2-AG), respectively. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of local and systemic FAAH and MAGL inhibitor treatments in experimental airway inflammation and tracheal hyperreactivity in mice. Airway inflammation was induced by intranasal (i.n.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) application (60 µl; 0,1 mg/ml in PBS) to mice and the control group received PBS. Systemic (intraperitoneal (i.p.)) or local (i.n.) FAAH inhibitor URB597 and MAGL inhibitor JZL184 treatments were administered 1h before LPS/PBS application. Fourty 8 h after LPS/PBS application, tracheas were removed to assess airway reactivity, and the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were isolated for histopathological evaluation, cytokine and endocannabinoid measurements. LPS application lead to an increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) contractions in isolated tracheal rings while carbachol contractions remained unchanged. The increased 5-HT contractions were prevented by both systemic and local URB597 and JZL184 treatments. Systemic treatment with URB597 and JZL184, and local treatment with JZL184 reduced peribronchial and paranchymal inflammation in the LPS group while i.n. application of URB597 worsened the inflammation in the lungs. Systemic URB597 treatment increased lung AEA level whereas it had no effect on 2-AG level. However, JZL184 treatment increased 2-AG level by either systemic or local application, and also elevated AEA level. Inflammation-induced increase in neutrophil numbers was only prevented by systemic URB597 treatment. However, both URB597 and JZL184 treatments abolished the increased TNF-α level either they are administered systemically or locally. These results indicate that FAAH and MAGL inhibition may have a protective effect in airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity, and therefore their therapeutic potential for airway diseases should be further investigated.

Is bacterial vaginosis associated with autoimmune antibody positivity?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and autoimmune antibody positivity. METHOD: We evaluated Papanicolaou-stained cervicovaginal smears of 210 patients with poor obstetric history who were admitted to a special preconception counselling programme. Cytological specimens with various types of microorganisms except for BV, epithelial cell abnormalities and other non-neoplastic findings, including inflammation were excluded from the cohort in addition to patients with autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The remaining study population (n = 121) was divided into two groups of patients with autoimmune antibody positivity (study group, n = 80) and patients without antibody positivity (control group, n = 41). RESULTS: The rate of BV was demonstrated to be 13.8% and 2.4% in the study and control groups respectively (P = .042). We also demonstrated that the anti-nuclear antibody was positive in 58.3% of the cases with BV. CONCLUSION: BV was found more frequently in patients with autoimmune antibody positivity to a statistically significant degree.

Diagnostic value of BRCA1-associated protein-1, glucose transporter-1 and desmin expression in the discrimination between reactive mesothelial proliferation and malignant mesothelioma in tissues and effusions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1), glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 and desmin expression by immunohistochemistry in the discrimination between reactive and malignant mesothelial proliferations. METHODS: A total of 88 biopsies and 30 effusions from mesothelioma cases were studied. Control groups were composed of 35 tissues and 30 cell blocks. The 88 mesothelioma cases were from 43 males and 45 females (mean age 56 years). Tumours were mostly localised to pleura (66/88, 75%) and of epithelioid histology (75/88, 85%). Cytology samples were from 17 males and 13 females (mean age 58 years), and 16 pleural and 14 peritoneal effusions. Twenty cytology cases had corresponding tissue biopsies. RESULTS: BAP1 loss was detected in 61/88 (69%) tissues and in 20/30 (67%) cytology samples from mesothelioma with a specificity of 100% for both sampling methods. BAP1 loss was observed more frequently in pleural and biphasic tumours. GLUT-1 immunoreactivity was identified in 54/81 (67%) and 23/25 (92%) malignant tissues and effusions, and in 6/33 (18%) and 6/30 (20%) benign tissues and effusions, respectively. Desmin loss was observed in 74/80 (92%) malignant biopsy samples, 16/21 (76%) malignant effusions and 10/34 (29%) of benign tissues, but in none of the reactive effusions. Concordance rate of results between biopsy and cytology was as follows: BAP1 20/20 (100%); GLUT-1 13/18 (72%); and desmin 10/14 (71%). CONCLUSIONS: BAP1, GLUT-1 and desmin are useful markers in the discrimination between reactive and malignant mesothelial proliferations. BAP1 loss seems to be diagnostic for mesotheliomas both in biopsy and cytology samples.

Effects of intranasal treatment with slow (GYY4137) and rapid (NaHS) donors of hydrogen sulfide in lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in mice.

We have investigated the effects of slow (GYY4137) and rapid (NaHS) hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing donors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway inflammation in mice. LPS (0.1 mg/ml) in 60 µl PBS was administered by the intranasal (i.n.) route and control group received vehicle, whereas the subgroups of mice were treated with i.n. GYY4137 or NaHS. The tracheal reactivity, inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung histopathology were evaluated in all groups 48 h after LPS/PBS applications. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced contraction response in isolated tracheas was enhanced after LPS treatment but carbachol response was not altered. Incubation with atropine (10-6 M), 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (10-9-10-7 M) and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist alosetron (10-8 and 10-7 M) prevented 5-HT-induced hyperreactivity whereas 5-HT4 receptor antagonist GR113808 (10-7 M, 10-6 M) did not have any effect in LPS-treated group. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of isolated tracheas elicited frequency-dependent contractile response, which was not altered by LPS treatment alone but was enhanced in the presence of 5-HT (10-9-10-4 M). This data indicated that 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors, and acetylcholine released from cholinergic nerves were contributing to 5-HT-induced hyperreactivity in the present experiments. The increase in neutrophil count along with cytokine (IL-1ß, TNF-α) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and histopathological changes like paranchymal inflammation and interalveolar thickening were determined in LPS-treated mice. H2S production in lung homogenates were determined by the methylene blue assay, and found to be similar in both LPS and control groups. The experiments conducted after i.n. treatment with H2S donors has shown that only GYY4137 (1 mg/kg) inhibited 5-HT-induced hyperreactivity, and both GYY4137 and NaHS (1 mg/kg) prevented the neutrophil increase in BAL fluid in LPS-induced airway inflammation. IL-1ß increase in BAL fluid was abolished by both GYY4137 and NaHS treatments whereas TNF-α levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, GYY4137 treatment did not have any effect in LPS-induced changes of lung pathology whereas NaHS prevented the paranchymal inflammation. The different H2S releasing pattern of these donors may explain the difference of their effects in this model. Compounds that provide stable H2S levels via local application may be a new therapeutic approach in airway inflammation.

Histologic alterations in tetralogy of Fallot.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to investigate the pre-existing histologic alterations at the time of complete repair in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and evaluate their effects on the early postoperative outcomes. METHODS: Fourteen patients, seven with acyanotic TOF (SO2 > 90, group I) and seven with cyanotic TOF (SO2 < 90, group II), undergoing complete repair, were enrolled. Right ventricular biopsies were examined for cardiomyocyte injury and fibrosis by light microscopy and mitochondrial injury by electron microscopy. The association of the severity of histologic alterations and postoperative inotrope use, intensive care unit, and in-hospital stays were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with group I, patients in group II had a higher inotrope score (p = 0.03) and longer intensive care unit (p = 0.01) and in-hospital stays (p = 0.04). Cardiomyocyte injury and mitochondrial damage scores were higher in group II (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Fibrosis was detected in all specimens but was more severe in group II (p < 0.001). However, we could not demonstrate any correlation between histologic alterations and early surgical outcomes. The history of spell was significantly associated with worse early surgical outcomes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing cardiomyocyte injury accompanied by mitochondrial damage and fibrosis were more pronounced in cyanotic TOF patients. Early repair may prevent the development of histopathologic alterations in these patients.

Unusual presentations of Carney Complex in patient with a novel PRKAR1A mutation.

Carney Complex (CNC) is a multiple neoplasia syndrome characterized by skin tumors and pigmented lesions, myxomas, and various endocrine tumors. The aim of this case report was to describe a case of CNC with a novel PRKAR1A mutation. A man aged 46 years with a medical history of surgery for cardiac myxomas at the age of 39 was admitted to our hospital because of four newly-developed heart masses. The histologic examination confirmed cardiac myxomas. He had many presentations of CNC such as growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL)-secreting mixed pituitary adenoma, benign thyroid nodule, large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor (LCCST), and superficial angiomyxoma. A bilateral adrenalectomy was performed because the laboratory findings suggested primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). The pathologic examination revealed a focal unilateral PPNAD, unilateral nonpigmented adrenocortical nodule, and bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia. Two years after the second cardiac operation, an interatrial septum-derived tumor was detected. An atrial myxoma was confirmed with histologic studies. Based on these findings, the patient was confirmed to have CNC. A novel insertion mutation in the type 1A regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A gene (PRKAR1A) in exon 2 was detected in our patient through genetic analysis. The presence of multiple myxomas and endocrine abnormalities should be an indication to physicians to further investigate for CNC. Herein, we described a case of CNC with a novel mutation in exon 2 of the PRKAR1A gene with typical and atypical clinical features.

Diagnostic yield of conventional transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy (C-TBNA) without an on-site cytopathologist: Experience of 363 procedures in 219 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy (C-TBNA) is a technique in evaluating mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes (LN). We aimed to investigate diagnostic yield (DY) and safety of C-TBNAs performed in a single university clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 363 consecutive C-TBNA procedures in 219 patients. The DY and its relationship with location, shortest diameter, SUVmax of LN, and number of sampled stations were evaluated. RESULT: Procedures were diagnostic in 257 (71%) LNs. The most common diagnoses were malignancy (n= 109.30%) and granulomatous inflammation (n= 68, 18.7%).The ratio of patients with at least one diagnostic cytology result was 77% (n= 168). DY was significantly increased with the increased number of sampled LNs (p= 0.033) and larger LN diameter (p< 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were 83.3%, 43.2%, 79.6%, and 49.3% respectively for cut-off LN diameter of 11.5 mm. There was nearly a significant relationship between DY and SUVmax (p= 0.05, cut-off= 4.8). The highest DY was in subcarinal LN (77.4%). No major complications were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: The DY of C-TBNA was 71%. The ratio of the patients with at least one diagnostic cytology result was 77%. The most common diagnoses were malignancy and granulomatous inflammation. The DY of C-TBNA was increased with the increased number of sampled LNs, larger LN diameter, and increased SUVmax. C-TBNA is a safe procedure.

Methylation status of TSHr in well-differentiated thyroid cancer by using cytologic material.

BACKGROUND: The role of methylation status of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHr) in the discrimination of benign and malignant thyroid nodules has already been studied using paraffin blocks and cell lines. As cytological sampling plays an important role in assessment of thyroidal nodules, we have investigated the potential clinical use of TSHr methylation status of fine needle aspiration specimens reported according to Bethesda System. METHOD: Sixty nine patients who had both cytological and pathological diagnosis of the same nodule were selected. Four groups were composed according to cytological and pathological diagnoses: Benign (B), papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), atypia of unknown significance (AUS) and follicular neoplasia (FN). The latter 2 groups were further sub-classified into 2 as benign (AUS-B and FN-B) and malignant (AUS-M and FN-M) according to final pathological diagnosis. DNAs were isolated from the fine needle aspiration cytology specimens and the methylation status of TSHr promotor region was investigated by using methylation specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Overall, TSHr methylation was present in 58% of cases; 71% of malignant and 46% of benign nodules. PTC group showed the highest TSHr methylation rate (87%), followed by 61% in AUS, 44% in B, and 30% in FN (p = 0.016). TSHr methylation rate was significantly higher in PTC group when compared to B (p = 0.013) and FN-B (p = 0.004) groups; but not in FN-M (p = 0.115) or AUS (p = 0.096) groups. All 9 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastasis showed TSHr methylation. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of TSHr methylation in determination of malignancy were calculated as 60, 66, 71 and 54%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The eminent ratio of TSHr methylation in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma against benign thyroidal nodules adduced that TSHr methylation status can be utilized as a tumor marker for well-differentiated thyroid cancer; however, it has a limited value. The determination of methylation status of TSHr gene had no efficiency on decision of the malignant potential for the nodules which are cytologically classified as atypia of undetermined significance.

Guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of epithelioid and mixed-type malignant mesothelioma. Complementary statement from the International Mesothelioma Interest Group, also endorsed by the International Academy of Cytology and the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology.

OBJECTIVE: To provide practical guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. DATA SOURCES: Cytopathologists with an interest in the field involved in the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) and the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) contributed to this update. Reference material includes peer-reviewed publications and textbooks. RATIONALE: This article is the result of discussions during and after the IMIG 2012 conference in Boston, followed by thorough discussions during the 2013 IAC meeting in Paris. Additional contributions have been obtained from cytopathologists and scientists who could not attend these meetings, with final discussions and input during the IMIG 2014 conference in Cape Town.

Re-Categorization and Risk of Malignancy of Atypical Effusions According to the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (TIS): An Institutional Experience.

BACKGROUND: Serous effusion fluids serve as crucial cytological materials in diagnosing the underlying causes of fluid accumulation in various body cavities. The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (TIS) outlined atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) and suspicious for malignancy (SFM) as two intermediate categories for atypical fluids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study, cases diagnosed as "atypical" by an experienced cytopathologist in the Hacettepe University Department of Pathology, between 2014 and 2023, were re-categorized according to TIS. The risk of malignancy (ROM) for AUS and SFM categories was calculated. Additionally, cases were re-evaluated according to the 5-tier categorical system by two observers with different level of experience. RESULTS: A total of 3501 effusion fluids were included in the study, evaluated between 2014 and 2023. 50.7% of the cases were male, and 49.3% were female. 55.2% of the cases were pleural fluid, 41.5% were peritoneal fluid, and 3.3% were pericardial fluid. Two hundred sixty five cases (7.6%) were non-diagnostic, 2160 (61.7%) were negative for malignancy, 111 (3.2%) were AUS, 83 (2.4%) were SFM, and 883 (25.2%) were malignant (M). ROM calculated 27% for AUS, 49% for SFM 49%. The interobserver agreement for AUS was 46% with kappa value of 0.162, and 42% for SFM with kappa value of 0.188. CONCLUSION: The differentiation of atypical cases into AUS and SFM is effective in determining the ROM. The interobserver agreement tends to be lower in intermediate categories compared to others, emphasizing the potential significance of clinical expertise in diagnosis.

Fish: A Promising Screening Tool for Malignancy After Augmentation Cystoplasty?

INTRODUCTION: Malignancy after augmentation cystoplasty (AC) is reported up to 5.5 %. We assessed the use of urine fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) screening for bladder malignancy after AC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 36/98 patients under follow-up who have completed tenth year after ileal AC were included prospectively. Twenty-four (66.7 %) patients were tested with FISH initially and overall 28 (77.8 %) patients with conventional cytology (CC). Twenty-four (66.7 %) patients with FISH analysis also had cytology analysis. Blinded from the cytology results, 32 (88.9 %) patients who were consented underwent cystoscopy with random biopsy (native bladder, ileal segment, ileovesical junction). Two patients those were tested with FISH did not consented cystoscopy. This study was registred to the government registry (No: 71146310). RESULTS: Mean follow-up time after AC was 15.4 ± 4.8 years. 2/32 (5.6 %) patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in cyctoscopic biopsy. FISH analysis of 3/24 (12.5 %) patients demonstrated abnormal findings consistent with malignancy. Two FISH malignant patients were patients who had adenocarcinoma. The third patient's biopsy was benign and the third year control cystoscopy was normal. 2/4 patients with malignant CC had adenocarcinoma and 2/4 patients had benign biopsy. The sensitivity and specificity of FISH in our series were 100 % and 95 % respectively. Whereas the sensitivity and specificity of CC was 100 % and 91.6 % respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite limited number of patients in this study, FISH showed higher specificity than CC in this series. FISH is a promising tool for malignancy screening after AC. TYPE OF STUDY: Diagnostic Studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Does The Diagnostic Performance Of The Pathologist On The Indeterminate Categories Of The Bethesda System For Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology Vary Between Pediatric And Adult Patients?

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in the use of indeterminate categories of The Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology across age groups, particularly focusing on 'atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) category, and discern the potential role of a bias in pathologist's interpretation when dialing with pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To highlight a more refined diagnostic pattern, thyroid fine-needle aspirations reported by a single pathologist over a span of 10 years enrolled to the study. A total of 8827 cases from patients aged between 2 and 89 were categorized for each decades of ages. For the AUS category, AUS to malignant (AUS:M) ratio was calculated, and variations in distinct age groups and across the years were noted. RESULTS: The rate of indeterminate categories was 19% for the pediatric cases and 11% for the adults. When compared to adults, AUS diagnosis was more common in pediatric patients (14% vs. 9%), with rates of malignancy (ROM) 54% and 45%, respectively. The AUS:M ratio during the study period ranged between 0.5 and 2.3 (mean 1.4). AUS:M ratio was highest in children below the age 11. Among AUS subtypes, AUS-nuclear predominated in both age groups, and papillary thyroid carcinoma emerged as the most common malignancy after resection. Follicular neoplasia category was higher in pediatric patients than adults (4% vs.1%), with similar ROMs (29% vs. 32%). CONCLUSION: Indeterminate cytology diagnosis and subsequent ROM is higher in pediatric patients, which might be attributable to a slightly higher use of AUS diagnosis in the youngest children.

Effects of experimental diabetes on C/EBP proteins in rat hippocampus, sciatic nerve and ganglia.

Neurodegeneration is one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). The exact mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration related to diabetic complications such as cognitive deficits and peripheral neuropathy are not clarified yet. Due to the fact that CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) have roles in cognitive functions, memory, synaptic plasticity, inflammation, lipid storage, and response to neurotrophic factors, it is possible to suggest that these transcription factors could have roles in neurodegeneration. Hence, in this study, the effects of experimental diabetes on C/EBPs in the hippocampus, sciatic nerve, and ganglia tissues were examined. After experimentally induced diabetes, immunoreactivity of related proteins was measured by western blotting. C/EBPα immunoreactivity in the hippocampus was not altered at 4-weeks but significantly decreased at 12-weeks of diabetes. C/EBPß immunoreactivity was not altered at 4-weeks whereas significantly increased at 12-weeks of diabetes. In the ganglion, C/EBPα immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in diabetes, but C/EBPß immunoreactivity was not affected. In the sciatic nerve, C/EBPα and ß immunoreactivities were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. Furthermore, insulin therapy prevented diabetes-induced alterations in C/EBPα and ß immunoreactivities. This study indicated, for the first time, that DM altered the immunoreactivity of C/EBPs in the nervous system. C/EBPs might be one of the important molecular targets which are responsible for neurodegeneration seen in diabetes.

The Prognostic Significance of KIAA1522 Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

The majority of lung cancers belong to the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) category, which is linked to a high mortality rate despite significant progress in diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, there is a need for novel prognostic NSCLC biomarkers to improve prognosis which currently remains poor. Recent studies and analyses of gene expression data of NSCLC revealed that high expression of KIAA1522 was significantly associated with poor prognosis and decreased overall survival. We identified 98 patients who underwent radical curative surgical resections or metastasectomy for pulmonary adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma at our institution or the pathological diagnosis confirmed by our pathologists. Following the latest data, we utilized immunohistochemistry to assess the expression of KIAA1522 and investigated its association with various clinic-demographic parameters, pathological stages, recurrence rates, overall survival, and disease-free survival in patients who achieved complete remission. Notably, there were no significant differences in the expression profiles of KIAA1522 between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma samples (p=0.6). Survival analysis was conducted using log-rank tests and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. Of the 98 samples, 54 (55.1%) exhibited high expression of KIAA1522, and patients with high KIAA1522 expression had a significantly shorter overall survival than the low-expression group (p=0.01). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models in which metastatic patients were included revealed that along with older age, higher TNM stage (tumor, node, metastasis system), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, high expression of KIAA1522 served as an independent prognostic factor. A high expression profile was not significantly associated with relapses in those whose complete remission had been achieved. Still, those patients with high expression of KIAA1522 tended to exhibit a shorter disease-free survival rate. In conclusion, our findings suggest that KIAA1522 expression is an independent factor for predicting overall survival and may serve as a valuable prognostic indicator for relapse and disease-free survival in NSCLC patients.

An unexpected intracardiac location of yolk sac tumor.

PURPOSE: In the pediatric population, intracardiac tumors are rare, usually benign, and mostly diagnosed as rhabdomyoma. Yolk sac tumors (YSTs) are a rare malignant type of germ celltumor that typically occurs in gonads. It can also be seen in midline locations but the intracardiac location is extremely rare. METHODS: The case herein comprises an asymptomatic 2.5-year-old girl with a murmur detected under general examination. RESULTS: Echocardiography showed a 3 × 3-cm mass in the right ventricle. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed a smooth contoured mass in the right ventricle lumen, which was compatible with rhabdomyoma. After surgical resection, the histopathological results showed a YST. This diagnosis was supported by high values of subsequent serum alpha feto-protein. There was no evidence for any other primary location. CONCLUSION: When an intracardiac mass is observed, a YST should be considered. The increase in the alpha feto-protein level can help in the differential diagnosis.

The effect of mitochondria-targeted slow hydrogen sulfide releasing donor AP39-treatment on airway inflammation.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of airway diseases. Therefore, mitochondria are targeted in the development of new therapeutic approaches. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiological processes of airway inflammation. We aimed to evaluate the effect of mitochondria-targeted slow H2S releasing donor AP39 [(10-oxo-10-(4-(3-thioxo-3H-1,2-dithiol5yl)phenoxy)decyl)triphenylphosphoniumbromide)] on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway inflammation in mice. LPS was applied to female Balb/c mice by intranasal (i.n.) route to induce airway inflammation and the subgroups of mice were treated with i.n. AP39 (250-1000 nmol/kg). 48 h after LPS administration airway reactivity was evaluated in vivo, then bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lungs were collected. LPS application led to bronchial hyperreactivity and neutrophil infiltration into the lung tissues along with increased TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 levels in BAL fluid. LPS also induced an increase in the rate of glycolysis, glycogenolysis and Krebs-cycle. AP39 treatment prevented the LPS-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and reversed the increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels in BAL fluid. The increase in neutrophil numbers in BAL fluid was also prevented by AP39 treatment at the highest dose. Our results indicate that AP39 can prevent bronchial hyperreactivity and decrease airway inflammation. Targeting H2S to the mitochondria may be a new therapeutic approach in airway inflammation.

Trypsin-induced elevated contractile responses in a rat model of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: Involvement of PAR2 and intracellular Ca2+ release pathways.

AIMS: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with unclear etiology. Different receptors play a role in the pathophysiology including protease activated receptors (PARs). The present study aimed to investigate the subtypes and the effects of PARs on contractility using permeabilized detrusor smooth muscle strips in IC/BPS. MAIN METHODS: IC/BPS was induced by cyclophosphamide injection. Histopathological analysis, PCR for detecting PAR proteins, western blotting for indicating PAR2 protein expression levels and myograph recording for measuring contractile force were used. KEY FINDINGS: The present study reveals that in rat bladder PAR1 and PAR2 but not PAR4 were found to be expressed. The first evidence was revealed where trypsin-induced contractions in rat permeabilized detrusor were potentiated in CYP-induced cystitis. Moreover, the functional inhibition of trypsin-induced contractions by selective PAR2 antagonist (ENMD-1068) and the supporting immunoblotting results emphasized that the main PAR subtype involved in IC/BPS model in rat bladder is PAR2. Our data emphasize the prominent role of IP3 in cystitis pathology besides ryanodine channels. Trypsin-induced Ca2+sensitization contractions were also higher in cystitis. Both Rho kinase and protein kinase C played a role in this increased Ca2+sensitization situation. SIGNIFICANCE: The present paper highlights the intracellular pathways that are involved in trypsin-induced contractions mainly via PAR2 in permeabilized bladder detrusor smooth muscle in a rat model of IC/BPS.