RESUMEN
Higher-order chromosomal organization for transcription regulation is poorly understood in eukaryotes. Using genome-wide Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End-Tag sequencing (ChIA-PET), we mapped long-range chromatin interactions associated with RNA polymerase II in human cells and uncovered widespread promoter-centered intragenic, extragenic, and intergenic interactions. These interactions further aggregated into higher-order clusters, wherein proximal and distal genes were engaged through promoter-promoter interactions. Most genes with promoter-promoter interactions were active and transcribed cooperatively, and some interacting promoters could influence each other implying combinatorial complexity of transcriptional controls. Comparative analyses of different cell lines showed that cell-specific chromatin interactions could provide structural frameworks for cell-specific transcription, and suggested significant enrichment of enhancer-promoter interactions for cell-specific functions. Furthermore, genetically-identified disease-associated noncoding elements were found to be spatially engaged with corresponding genes through long-range interactions. Overall, our study provides insights into transcription regulation by three-dimensional chromatin interactions for both housekeeping and cell-specific genes in human cells.
Asunto(s)
Cromatina/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , ARN Polimerasa II/metabolismo , Transcripción Genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Inmunoprecipitación de Cromatina , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , HumanosRESUMEN
The length of internodes plays a crucial role in determining the height of the castor plant (Ricinus communis L.). However, the specific mechanisms underlying internode elongation, particularly in the main stem of the castor plant, remain uncertain. To further investigate this, we conducted a study focusing on the internode tissue of the dwarf castor variety 071113, comparing it with the control high-stalk Zhuansihao. Our study included a cytological observation, physiological measurement, transcriptome sequencing, and metabolic determination. Our integrated findings reveal that the dwarf variety 071113 undergoes an earlier lignification development in the main stem and has a more active lignin synthesis pathway during internode intermediate development. In addition, the dwarf variety exhibited lower levels of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which had an impact on the development process. Furthermore, we identified specific enzymes and regulators that were enriched in the pathways of the cell cycle, auxin signal transduction, and secondary cell wall synthesis. Using these findings, we developed a model that explained the intermediate secondary growth observed in castor internode elongation and enhanced our comprehension of the dwarfing mechanism of the 071113 variety. This research provides a theoretical groundwork for the future breeding of dwarf castor varieties.
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Ricinus communis , Ricinus communis/genética , Transcriptoma , Fitomejoramiento , Ricinus , Metaboloma , Aceite de RicinoRESUMEN
The process of domestication, despite its short duration as it compared with the time scale of the natural evolutionary process, has caused rapid and substantial changes in the phenotype of domestic animal species. Nonetheless, the genetic mechanisms underlying these changes remain poorly understood. The present study deals with an analysis of the transcriptomes from four brain regions of gray rats (Rattus norvegicus), serving as an experimental model object of domestication. We compared gene expression profiles in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray matter, and the midbrain tegmental region between tame domesticated and aggressive gray rats and revealed subdivisions of differentially expressed genes by principal components analysis that explain the main part of differentially gene expression variance. Functional analysis (in the DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) Bioinformatics Resources database) of the differentially expressed genes allowed us to identify and describe the key biological processes that can participate in the formation of the different behavioral patterns seen in the two groups of gray rats. Using the STRING- DB (search tool for recurring instances of neighboring genes) web service, we built a gene association network. The genes engaged in broad network interactions have been identified. Our study offers data on the genes whose expression levels change in response to artificial selection for behavior during animal domestication.
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Agresión , Encéfalo , Animales , Ratas , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Agresión/fisiología , Transcriptoma/genética , Análisis de Componente Principal , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Conducta Animal , Domesticación , Anotación de Secuencia Molecular , Masculino , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Regulación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
The transcription of Arabidopsis organellar genes is performed by three nuclear-encoded RNA polymerases: RPOTm, RPOTmp, and RPOTp. The RPOTmp protein possesses ambiguous transit peptides, allowing participation in gene expression control in both mitochondria and chloroplasts, although its function in plastids is still under discussion. Here, we show that the overexpression of RPOTmp in Arabidopsis, targeted either to mitochondria or chloroplasts, disturbs the dormant seed state, and it causes the following effects: earlier germination, decreased ABA sensitivity, faster seedling growth, and earlier flowering. The germination of RPOTmp overexpressors is less sensitive to NaCl, while rpotmp knockout is highly vulnerable to salt stress. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction in the rpotmp mutant induces an unknown retrograde response pathway that bypasses AOX and ANAC017. Here, we show that RPOTmp transcribes the accD, clpP, and rpoB genes in plastids and up to 22 genes in mitochondria.
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Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Cloroplastos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Mitocondrias , Transcriptoma , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/genética , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Germinación/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/metabolismo , Plantones/genética , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genéticaRESUMEN
Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) is recognized as an extremely powerful tool to study the interaction of numerous transcription factors and other chromatin-associated proteins with DNA. The core problem in the optimization of ChIP-seq protocol and the following computational data analysis is that a 'true' pattern of binding events for a given protein factor is unknown. Computer simulation of the ChIP-seq process based on 'a-priory known binding template' can contribute to a drastically reduce the number of wet lab experiments and finally help achieve radical optimization of the entire processing pipeline. We present a newly developed ChIP-sequencing simulation algorithm implemented in the novel software, in silico ChIP-seq (isChIP). We demonstrate that isChIP closely approximates real ChIP-seq protocols and is able to model data similar to those obtained from experimental sequencing. We validated isChIP using publicly available datasets generated for well-characterized transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2. Although the novel software is compatible with the Illumina protocols by default, it can also successfully perform simulations with a number of alternative sequencing platforms such as Roche454, Ion Torrent and SOLiD as well as model ChIP -Exo. The versatility of isChIP was demonstrated through modelling a wide range of binding events, including those of transcription factors and chromatin modifiers. We also performed a comparative analysis against a few existing ChIP-seq simulators and showed the fundamental superiority of our model. Due to its ability to utilize known binding templates, isChIP can potentially be employed to help investigators choose the most appropriate analytical software through benchmarking of available ChIP-seq programs and optimize the experimental parameters of ChIP-seq protocol. isChIP software is freely available at https://github.com/fnaumenko/isChIP.
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Algoritmos , Secuenciación de Inmunoprecipitación de Cromatina , Simulación por Computador , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
Transcription factors (TFs) and their specific interactions with targets are crucial for specifying gene-expression programs. To gain insights into the transcriptional regulatory networks in embryonic stem (ES) cells, we use chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with ultra-high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) to map the locations of 13 sequence-specific TFs (Nanog, Oct4, STAT3, Smad1, Sox2, Zfx, c-Myc, n-Myc, Klf4, Esrrb, Tcfcp2l1, E2f1, and CTCF) and 2 transcription regulators (p300 and Suz12). These factors are known to play different roles in ES-cell biology as components of the LIF and BMP signaling pathways, self-renewal regulators, and key reprogramming factors. Our study provides insights into the integration of the signaling pathways into the ES-cell-specific transcription circuitries. Intriguingly, we find specific genomic regions extensively targeted by different TFs. Collectively, the comprehensive mapping of TF-binding sites identifies important features of the transcriptional regulatory networks that define ES-cell identity.
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Células Madre Embrionarias/metabolismo , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Sitios de Unión , Inmunoprecipitación de Cromatina , Genoma , Factor 4 Similar a Kruppel , Ratones , Complejos Multiproteicos , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
The analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to environmental changes and stress response is crucial for plant biotechnology [...].
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Biología Computacional , Genómica , Plantas/genética , BiotecnologíaRESUMEN
Studying the association of gene function, diseases, and regulatory gene network reconstruction demands data compatibility. Data from different databases follow distinct schemas and are accessible in heterogenic ways. Although the experiments differ, data may still be related to the same biological entities. Some entities may not be strictly biological, such as geolocations of habitats or paper references, but they provide a broader context for other entities. The same entities from different datasets can share similar properties, which may or may not be found within other datasets. Joint, simultaneous data fetching from multiple data sources is complicated for the end-user or, in many cases, unsupported and inefficient due to differences in data structures and ways of accessing the data. We propose BioGraph-a new model that enables connecting and retrieving information from the linked biological data that originated from diverse datasets. We have tested the model on metadata collected from five diverse public datasets and successfully constructed a knowledge graph containing more than 17 million model objects, of which 2.5 million are individual biological entity objects. The model enables the selection of complex patterns and retrieval of matched results that can be discovered only by joining the data from multiple sources.
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Metadatos , Bases de Datos FactualesRESUMEN
Intracellular tripeptide glutathione is an important agent of cell survival under hypoxia. Glutathione covalently binds to SH groups of hemoglobin cysteine residues, protecting them from irreversible oxidation, and changes its affinity to oxygen. Reduced glutathione (GSH) can also form a noncovalent complex with hemoglobin. Previously, we showed that hemoglobin tetramer has four noncovalent binding sites of glutathione GSH molecules inside, two of which are released during hemoglobin transition to deoxy form. In this study, we characterized the conserved cysteine residues and residues of noncovalent glutathione binding sites in the sequences of a number of hypoxia-tolerant and hypoxia-sensitive mammals. The solvent accessibility of all HbA and HbB residues in oxy and deoxy forms was analyzed. The alpha subunit of all species considered was shown to have no conserved cysteines, whereas the beta subunit contains Cys93 residue, which is conserved across species and whose glutathionylation changes the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen 5-6-fold. It was found that the key residues of noncovalent glutathione binding sites in both alpha and beta subunits are absolutely conserved in all species considered, suggesting a common mechanism of hemoglobin redox regulation for both hypoxia-sensitive and hypoxia-tolerant mammals.
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Cisteína , Hipoxia , Animales , Oxígeno , Sitios de Unión , Glutatión , Hemoglobinas , MamíferosRESUMEN
The study of gene expression regulation raises the challenge of developing bioinformatics tools and algorithms, demanding data integration [...].
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Algoritmos , Biología Computacional , Regulación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
The analysis of molecular mechanisms of disease progression challenges the development of bioinformatics tools and omics data integration [...].
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Genética Médica , Genómica , Biología ComputacionalRESUMEN
Short interrupted repeat cassette (SIRC)-a novel DNA element found throughout the A. thaliana nuclear genome. SIRCs are represented by short direct repeats interrupted by diverse DNA sequences. The maxima of SIRC's distribution are located within pericentromeric regions. We suggest that originally SIRC was a special case of the complex internal structure of the miniature inverted repeat transposable element (MITE), and further MITE amplification, transposition, and loss of terminal inverted repeats gave rise to SIRC as an independent DNA element. SIRC sites were significantly enriched with several histone modifications associated with constitutive heterochromatin and mobile genetic elements. The majority of DNA-binding proteins, strongly associated with SIRC, are related to histone modifications for transcription repression. A part of SIRC was found to overlap highly inducible protein-coding genes, suggesting a possible regulatory role for these elements, yet their definitive functions need further investigation.
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Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/genética , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos Nucleicos/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Elementos Transponibles de ADN/genética , Secuencias Repetidas TerminalesRESUMEN
This study discusses the genetic mutations that have a significant association with economically important traits that would benefit tea breeders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the leaf quality and SNPs in quality-related genes in the tea plant collection of 20 mutant genotypes growing without nitrogen fertilizers. Leaf N-content, catechins, L-theanine, and caffeine contents were analyzed in dry leaves via HPLC. Additionally, the photochemical yield, electron transport efficiency, and non-photochemical quenching were analyzed using PAM-fluorimetry. The next generation pooled amplicon-sequencing approach was used for SNPs-calling in 30 key genes related to N metabolism and leaf quality. The leaf N content varied significantly among genotypes (p ≤ 0.05) from 2.3 to 3.7% of dry mass. The caffeine content varied from 0.7 to 11.7 mg g-1, and the L-theanine content varied from 0.2 to 5.8 mg g-1 dry leaf mass. Significant positive correlations were detected between the nitrogen content and biochemical parameters such as theanine, caffeine, and most of the catechins. However, significant negative correlations were observed between the photosynthetic parameters (Y, ETR, Fv/Fm) and several biochemical compounds, including rutin, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, Theaflavin-3'-gallate, gallic acid. From our SNP-analysis, three SNPs in WRKY57 were detected in all genotypes with a low N content. Moreover, 29 SNPs with a high or moderate effect were specific for #316 (high N-content, high quality) or #507 (low N-content, low quality). The use of a linear regression model revealed 16 significant associations; theaflavin, L-theanine, and ECG were associated with several SNPs of the following genes: ANSa, DFRa, GDH2, 4CL, AlaAT1, MYB4, LHT1, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. Among them, seven SNPs of moderate effect led to changes in the amino acid contents in the final proteins of the following genes: ANSa, GDH2, 4Cl, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. These results will be useful for further evaluations of the important SNPs and will help to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of nitrogen uptake efficiency in tree crops.
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Camellia sinensis , Catequina , Cafeína/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Camellia sinensis/metabolismo , Catequina/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Té/química , Nitrógeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
The study of molecular mechanisms of plant stress response is important for agrobiotechnology applications as it was discussed at series of recent bioinformatics conferences [...].
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Biotecnología , Biología Computacional , Genómica , Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
Diospyros lotus is the one of the most frost-tolerant species in the Diospyros genera, used as a rootstock for colder regions. Natural populations of D. lotus have a fragmented character of distribution in the Northwestern Caucasus, one of the coldest regions of Diospyros cultivation. To predict the behavior of D. lotus populations in an extreme environment, it is necessary to investigate the intraspecific genetic diversity and phenotypic variability of populations in the colder regions. In this study, we analyzed five geographically distant populations of D. lotus according to 33 morphological leaf traits, and the most informative traits were established, namely, leaf length, leaf width, leaf index (leaf to length ratio) and the length of the fourth veins. Additionally, we evaluated the intraspecific genetic diversity of D. lotus using ISSR and SCoT markers and proposed a new parameter for the evaluation of genetic polymorphism among populations, in order to eliminate the effect of sample number. This new parameter is the relative genetic polymorphism, which is the ratio of polymorphism to the number of samples. Based on morphological and genetic data, the northernmost population from Shkhafit was phenotypically and genetically distant from the other populations. The correspondence between several morphological traits (leaf width, leaf length and first to fifth right vein angles) and several marker bands (SCoT5, SCoT7, SCoT30: 800-1500 bp; ISSR13, ISSR14, ISSR880: 500-1000 bp) were observed for the Shkhafit population. Unique SCoT and ISSR fragments can be used as markers for breeding purposes. The results provide a better understanding of adaptive mechanisms in D. lotus in extreme environments and will be important for the further expansion of the cultivation area for persimmon in colder regions.
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Diospyros , Diospyros/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Filogenia , Fitomejoramiento , Hojas de la Planta/genéticaRESUMEN
We overview recent research trends in cancer genomics, bioinformatics tools development and medical genetics, based on results discussed in papers collections "Medical Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics" (https://www [...].
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Biología Computacional/tendencias , Genómica/tendencias , Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismoRESUMEN
Molecular mechanisms of human disease progression often have complex genetic underpinnings, and sophisticated sequencing approaches coupled with advanced analytics [...].
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Biología Computacional , Enfermedad/genética , Genética Médica , Genómica , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismoRESUMEN
Gene expression regulation at the transcriptome, genome, cell, and tissue levels is a complex phenomenon demanding the development of bioinformatics tools [...].
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Biología Computacional/métodos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Animales , Humanos , Publicaciones , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Analyzing the local sequence content in proteins, earlier we found that amino acid residue frequencies differ on various distances between amino acid positions in the sequence, assuming the existence of structural units. METHODS: We used informational entropy of protein sequences to find that the structural unit of proteins is a block of adjacent amino acid residues-"information unit". The ANIS (ANalysis of Informational Structure) method uses these information units for revealing hierarchically organized Elements of the Information Structure (ELIS) in amino acid sequences. RESULTS: The developed mathematical apparatus gives stable results on the structural unit description even with a significant variation in the parameters. The optimal length of the information unit is five, and the number of allowed substitutions is one. Examples of the application of the method for the design of protein molecules, intermolecular interactions analysis, and the study of the mechanisms of functioning of protein molecular machines are given. CONCLUSIONS: ANIS method makes it possible not only to analyze native proteins but also to design artificial polypeptide chains with a given spatial organization and, possibly, function.
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Medical genomics relies on next-gen sequencing methods to decipher underlying molecular mechanisms of gene expression. This special issue collects materials originally presented at the "Centenary of Human Population Genetics" Conference-2019, in Moscow. Here we present some recent developments in computational methods tested on actual medical genetics problems dissected through genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics data analysis, gene networks, protein-protein interactions and biomedical literature mining. We have selected materials based on systems biology approaches, database mining. These methods and algorithms were discussed at the Digital Medical Forum-2019, organized by I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University presenting bioinformatics approaches for the drug targets discovery in cancer, its computational support, and digitalization of medical research, as well as at "Systems Biology and Bioinformatics"-2019 (SBB-2019) Young Scientists School in Novosibirsk, Russia. Selected recent advancements discussed at these events in the medical genomics and genetics areas are based on novel bioinformatics tools.