RESUMEN
When a seed produced by a single-cross (SC) maize hybrid is sown, the resulting grain yield is usually lower than that of the hybrid due to the inbreeding generated. However, if a seed from a mixture of s hybrids were sown instead, the synthetic variety thus formed (SynSC) would have a lower inbreeding coefficient (FSynSC) and a higher grain yield. The grain yield s, the finite number of representatives of each parent SC (m) and the inbreeding coefficient of the parent lines of the SCs (F) are related to the FSynSC. In addition, randomness and the finite size of m can cause the loss of genes and genotypes and increase the FSynSC. The objectives of this study were to derive formulas for (1) expressing FSynSC in terms of m, F, and s, and (2) calculating the probability of the occurrence of gene and genotype loss. It was found that for the probability of no genotype being missing from the progeny representing a parent to be at least 0.95, it is necessary that m ≥ 15. It was also found that a sample size of 7 is sufficient for FSynSC to stabilize, more visibly as F is larger, and for the probability of the occurrence of erosion to be practically zero.
RESUMEN
The generation of new hybrid varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most widely used breeding method for this species and requires at least seven self-fertilization cycles to generate stable parent lines. The development of doubled haploids aims at obtaining completely homozygous lines in a single generation, although, to date, routine commercial application has not been possible in this species. In contrast, obtaining doubled haploid lines via gynogenesis has been successfully implemented in recalcitrant crops such as melon, cucumber, pumpkin, loquat and walnut. This review provides an overview of the requirements and advantages of gynogenesis as an inducer of haploidy in different agricultural crops, with the purpose of assessing the potential for its application in tomato breeding. Successful cases of gynogenesis variants involving in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules, use of 60Co-irradiated pollen, in vivo haploid inducers and wide hybridization are presented, suggesting that these methodologies could be implemented in tomato breeding programs to obtain doubled haploids.
RESUMEN
Durante la formación de la semilla el contenido de humedad se reduce y la germinabilidad aumenta, comportamiento denominado como adquisición de tolerancia al secado. Las particularidades del comportamiento de las semillas de Physalis ixocarpa se desconoce, por lo que se estudió la evolución de la calidad fisiológica (germinación y vigor) y la concentración de azúcares durante el desarrollo de la semilla de P. ixocarpa, variedad Chapingo, y su relación con tres tipos de secado de semillas. Una vez extraídas del fruto se secaron con aire a 25ºC, con aire del ambiente y un testigo en donde se sembraron inmediatamente. Las semillas se cosecharon en seis estados de desarrollo (28, 35, 42, 49, 56 y 63 días después de floración, DDF). En todos los estados de desarrollo, ambos secados con aire elevaron la germinación para superar al testigo hasta en 42% (P £ 0,05). La velocidad de emergencia, variable que evalúa vigor, aumentó de 7 plántulas por día a los 28 DDF hasta 18 plántulas por día a los 42 DDF, pero sin diferencias entre secados, lo que evidencia que éstos no afectaron el vigor de la semilla sino la germinabilidad. En todos los tratamientos los contenidos de sacarosa y rafinosa aumentaron durante el desarrollo de la semilla, mientras que los monosacáridos (glucosa, fructosa y sorbitol) no presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos de secado.
During seed development the humidity content decreases while germinability increases, a process known as acquisition of tolerance to desiccation. However, this process is not well known in seeds of Physalis ixocarpa. The effect of three drying methods in the physiological quality (germination and vigor) and sugar content of seeds of P. ixocarpa cv Chapingo was evaluated at different development stages. Seeds were extracted at six fruit development stages (28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 days after flowering, DDF) and exposed to three types of drying: forced air at 25ºC or at room temperature, and a control consisting in planting the seeds inmediately. In all development stages, both drying treatments elevated germination up to 42% (P £ 0.05) over the control. The emergency rate (seed vigor) increased on average from 7 seedlings per day at 28 DDF to 18 seedlings per day at 42 DDF, independent of the drying method, which means that these drying methods affected germinability instead of seed vigor. In all the treatments, saccharose and rafinose contents increased during seed development, whereas monosaccharides contents (glucose, fructuose and sorbitol) were not related to the drying treatments.
Durante a formação da semente o conteúdo de umidade se reduz e a germinação aumenta, comportamento que denominou-se aquisição de tolerância à seca. Desconhece-se o comportamento fisiológico das sementes de Physalis ixocarpa durante sen desenvolvimento. Nesta investigação estudou-se a evolução da qualidade fisiológica (gerrninação e vigor) e a concentração de açúcares durante o desenvolvimento (28, 35, 42, 49, 56, e 63 dias depois da floração, DDF); uma vez extraidas do fruto, as sementes foram sometidas a três tipos de seca com ar a 25°C, com ar do ambiente e uma testemunha sem seca. Em todos os estados de desenvolvimento, ambas secas elevaram a germinação para superar a testemunha até em 42% (P£0,05). A velocidade de emergência aumenta durante a maduração das sementes dum ponto médio de 7 plântulas·dia aos 42 DDF, mas sem diferenças entre tratamentos de seca, o que evidencia que estes não afetaram o vigor da semente senão germinabilidade. Em todos os tratamentos os conteúdos de sacarose e rafinose aumentaram durante o desenvolvimento da semente, enquanto os monosacáridos (glicose, frutose e sorbitol) não presentaram diferenças significativas entre tratamentos de seca.