Efficacy of intravenous high-dose methotrexate in preventing relapse to the central nervous system in R-CHOP(-like)-treated, high-risk, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients and its effect on mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CNS relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) carries a dismal prognosis with most clinical guidelines recommending CNS prophylaxis to patients deemed at high risk for CNS relapse. However, results from observational studies investigating the effect of CNS prophylaxis have yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate: 1) whether addition of prophylactic intravenous HD-MTX reduces the risk of CNS relapse in high-risk DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP or similar and 2) whether HD-MTX prophylaxis confers an overall survival benefit, irrespective of CNS relapse. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE on DLBCL patients at high risk of CNS relapse treated with R-CHOP or similar receiving HD-MTX as intervention and a comparator arm receiving no prophylaxis and/or IT prophylaxis. Risk of Bias was estimated using the ROBINS-I tool and the quality of the evidence by the GRADE approach. Finally, a meta-analysis based on the systematic review was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 1812 studies were screened. No RCT's were identified. Seven observational studies comprising 1661 patients met inclusion criteria. We found a statistically non-significant relative risk of 0.54 [0.27-1.07, 95% CI] of CNS relapse for patients receiving HD-MTX vs. controls. The meta-analysis investigating mortality demonstrated a relative risk of death of 0.70 [0.44-1.11, 95% CI] for HD-MTX treated vs. controls. The overall risk of bias was adjudged as "serious" and the quality of the evidence was rated as low. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that HD-MTX does not prevent, or at best, only slightly reduces the risk of CNS relapse and confers no survival benefit.

TRPM4 expression is associated with activated B cell subtype and poor survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

AIMS: Transient receptor potential channel melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is an ion channel that regulates influx of calcium cations (Ca2+ ). Recent studies suggest that TRPM4 is an oncoprotein, and its up-regulated transcript level has been reported in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We aimed to investigate TRPM4 protein expression pattern in non-malignant tissues and DLBCL cases, and its association with clinico-demographic parameters and survival in DLBCL. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analysis of publicly available DLBCL microarray data sets showed that TRPM4 transcripts were up-regulated in DLBCL compared to normal germinal centre B (GCB) cells, were expressed more highly in the activated B cell-like DLBCL (ABC-DLBCL) subtype and higher TRPM4 transcripts conferred worse overall survival (OS) in R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone)-treated DLBCL cases (P < 0.05). Our immunohistochemical analysis showed that TRPM4 was expressed in various human tissues but not in normal B cells within lymphoid tissues (reactive tonsil, lymph node and appendix). TRPM4 protein was present in 26% (n = 49 of 189) of our cohort of R-CHOP-treated DLBCL cases and this was associated significantly with more aggressive clinical parameters, including higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores or stage (P < 0.01 for each of the parameters) and the ABC-DLBCL subtype (P = 0.016). TRPM4 positivity conferred significantly worse OS (P = 0.004) and progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.005). Worse OS remained associated significantly with TRPM4 positivity in multivariate analysis, including higher International Prognostic Index (IPI) or the non-GCB DLBCL phenotype (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TRPM4 protein expression is up-regulated in DLBCL cases compared to non-malignant B cells with preferential expression in ABC-DLBCL cases, and it confers significantly poorer DLBCL patient outcomes.

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based prognostic models in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with R-CHOP.

We present a multiplex analysis for genes known to have prognostic value in an attempt to design a clinically useful classification model in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure transcript levels of 28 relevant genes in 194 de novo DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone). Including International Prognostic Index (IPI) as a variable in a penalized Cox regression, we investigated the association with disease progression for single genes or gene combinations in four models. The best model was validated in data from an online available R-CHOP treated cohort. With progression-free survival (PFS) as primary endpoint, the best performing IPI independent model incorporated the LMO2 and HLADQA1 as well as gene interactions for GCSAMxMIB1, GCSAMxCTGF and FOXP1xPDE4B. This model assigned 33% of patients (n = 60) to poor outcome with an estimated 3-year PFS of 40% vs. 87% for low risk (n = 61) and intermediate (n = 60) risk groups (P < 0·001). However, a simpler, IPI independent model incorporated LMO2 and BCL2 and assigned 33% of the patients with a 3-year PFS of 35% vs. 82% for low risk group (P < 0·001). We have documented the impact of a few single genes added to IPI for assignment in new drug trials.

Real world data on primary treatment for mantle cell lymphoma: a Nordic Lymphoma Group observational study.

There is consensus that young patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) should receive intensive immunochemotherapy regimens, but optimal treatment of elderly patients as well for as patients with limited or indolent disease is not defined. Our aim was to evaluate and compare outcome in relation to prognostic factors and first-line treatment in patients with MCL in a population-based data set. Data were collected from the Swedish and Danish Lymphoma Registries from the period of 2000 to 2011. A total of 1389 patients were diagnosed with MCL. During this period, age-standardized incidence MCL increased, most prominently among males. Furthermore, male gender was associated with inferior overall survival (OS) in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.36; P = .002). Forty-three (3.6%) patients with stage I-II disease received radiotherapy with curative intent, showing a 3-year OS of 93%. Twenty-nine (2.4%) patients followed a watch-and-wait approach and showed a 3-year OS of 79.8%. Among patients receiving systemic treatment, rituximab (n = 766; HR = 0.66; P = .001) and autologous stem cell transplant (n = 273; HR = 0.55; P = .004) were independently associated with improved OS in multivariate analysis. Hence, by a population-based approach, we were able to provide novel data on prognostic factors and primary treatment of MCL, applicable to routine clinical practice.

A population-based study of prognosis in advanced stage follicular lymphoma managed by watch and wait.

Watch and wait (WAW) is a common approach for asymptomatic, advanced stage follicular lymphoma (FL), but single-agent rituximab is an alternative for these patients. In this nationwide study we describe the outcome of patients selected for WAW. A cohort of 286 out of 849 (34%) stage III-IVA FL patients seen between 2000 and 2011, were managed expectantly and included. The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 35% [95% confidence interval (CI) 29-42]. The 10-year overall survival (OS) was 65% (95%CI 54-78), and the cumulative risk of dying from lymphoma within 10 years of diagnosis was 13% (95%CI 7-20). Elevated lactate dehydrogenase and > four nodal regions involved were associated with a higher risk of lymphoma treatment and death from lymphoma. The WAW patients and a matched background population had similar OS during the first 50 months after diagnosis (P = 0·7), but WAW patients had increased risk of death after 50 months (P < 0·001). The estimated loss of residual life after 10 years was 6·8 months. The 10-year cumulative risk of histological transformation was 22% (95%CI 15-29) and the 3-year OS after transformation was 71% (95%CI 58-87%). In conclusion, advanced stage FL managed by WAW had a favourable outcome and abandoning this strategy could lead to overtreatment in some patients.

Low HIP1R mRNA and protein expression are associated with worse survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with R-CHOP.

Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related (HIP1R) is an endocytic protein involved in receptor trafficking, including regulating cell surface expression of receptor tyrosine kinases. We have previously shown that low HIP1R protein expression was associated with poorer survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients from Denmark treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone). In this multicenter study, we extend these findings and validate the prognostic and subtyping utility of HIP1R expression at both transcript and protein level. Using data mining on three independent transcriptomic datasets of DLBCL, HIP1R transcript was preferentially expressed in germinal center B-cell (GCB)-like DLBCL subtype (P<0.01 in all three datasets), and lower expression was correlated with worse overall survival (OS; P<0.01) and progression-free survival (PFS; P<0.05) in a microarray-profiled DLBCL dataset. At the protein level examined by immunohistochemistry, HIP1R expression at 30% cut-off was associated with GCB-DLBCL molecular subtype (P=0.0004; n=42), and predictive of OS (P=0.0006) and PFS (P=0.0230) in de novo DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP (n=73). Cases with high FOXP1 and low HIP1R expression frequency (FOXP1(hi)/HIP1R(lo) phenotype) exhibited poorer OS (P=0.0038) and PFS (P=0.0134). Multivariate analysis showed that HIP1R<30% or FOXP1(hi)/HIP1R(lo) subgroup of patients exhibited inferior OS and PFS (P<0.05) independently of the International Prognostic Index. We conclude that HIP1R expression is strongly indicative of survival when utilized on its own or in combination with FOXP1, and the molecule is potentially applicable for subtyping of DLBCL cases.

Analgesic effect of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block after total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of bilateral ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block with ropivacaine compared with placebo as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial following the CONSORT criteria. SETTING: Hvidovre University Hospital. PATIENTS: Forty-six women scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy. INTERVENTION: Women received either ropivacaine 0.75%, 20 mL (n = 24) or 0.9% saline, 20 mL (n = 24) in the transversus abdominis plane on each side. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was the 24-h postoperative morphine consumption. Secondary outcomes were pain scores at rest and during coughing, postoperative nausea and vomiting at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h, and time to first mobilization. RESULTS: There was no difference in the mean 24-h postoperative morphine consumption between the two groups (p = 0.733). The ropivacaine group had significantly lower median pain scores at 1 h (p = 0.008) and 2 h (p = 0.027) postoperatively at rest and at 8 h (p = 0.028) during coughing. There was no significant difference in other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION: There was no reduction in 24-h morphine consumption when using an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy. As part of a multimodal regimen the transversus abdominis plane block showed some effect on pain scores at rest only in the early postoperative period.

Nutrition and Lifestyle-Related Factors as Predictors of Muscle Atrophy in Hematological Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Cancer and side effects from cytostatic treatment commonly affect nutritional status manifested as a decrease in muscle mass. We aimed to investigate the impact of nutrition and lifestyle-related factors on muscle mass in patients with hematological cancer. METHODS: Dietary intake, food preferences, quality of life (QoL), and physical activity level (PAL) were monitored during 1-2 cytostatic treatment series. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). RESULTS: 61 patients were included. Weight loss and loss of muscle mass were detected in 64% and 59% of the patients, respectively. Muscle mass was significantly positively correlated to increasing PAL (p = 0.003), while negatively correlated to increasing age (p = 0.03), physical QoL (p = 0.007), functional QoL (p = 0.05), self-perceived health (p = 0.004), and self-perceived QoL (p = 0.007). Weight was significantly positively correlated to increased intake of soft drinks (p = 0.02) as well as the favoring of bitter grain and cereal products (p = 0.03), while negatively correlated to increasing age (p = 0.03) and increasing meat intake (p = 0.009) Conclusions: Several nutritional and lifestyle-related factors affected change in body composition. The clinical significance of these changes should be investigated in controlled, interventional studies.

Chemoimmunotherapy with ofatumumab in combination with CHOP in previously untreated follicular lymphoma.

An international, Phase II trial was conducted to assess two doses of ofatumumab, a human CD20 monoclonal antibody, combined with cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m(2) ), doxorubicin (50 mg/m(2) ), prednisone (100 mg days 3-7) and vincristine (1·4 mg/m(2) ) (O-CHOP), as frontline treatment for follicular lymphoma (FL). 59 patients with previously untreated FL were randomized to ofatumumab 500 mg (n = 29) or 1000 mg (n = 30) day 1, with CHOP on day 3 every 3 weeks for six cycles. Median duration of FL was 0·1 years for both dose groups; 34% and 38% of patients had high-risk Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) scores in the 500- and 1000-mg dose groups, respectively. Overall response rate was 90% for the 500-mg group and 100% for the 1000-mg group. 62% of patients achieved complete response (CR)/unconfirmed CR (CRu). 76% of patients with FLIPI score 3-5 attained CR/CRu. Longer follow-up time is needed for analysis of survival end points. The most common Common Terminology Criteria grade 3-4 investigator-reported adverse events were leucopenia (29%) and neutropenia (22%). No deaths have been reported. O-CHOP was safe and efficacious in patients with previously untreated FL, including high-risk FLIPI groups. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00494780).

Bone Involvement as a Primary Rare Manifestation of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia: A Case Report and Prevalence in a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

Bone involvement is a rare extranodal manifestation in patients with malignant lymphoproliferative diseases and has also been noted as a rare event in patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM). However, the actual prevalence has not been previously reported. We describe an unusual case of a patient with WM who presented with lower back pain and focal bone lesions at initial diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple vertebral fractures. Positron emission tomography (PET) detected only nodal changes without pathological skeletal-related metabolic activity. Lymph node and bone marrow biopsies combined with an immunoglobulin M (IgM) M component revealed the diagnosis of WM. A next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis using a targeted lymphoma panel of 59 recurrently mutated genes in lymphoid neoplasms showed mutations in the MYD88 and CD79B genes. After treatment with rituximab and bendamustine, the patient achieved a partial remission and pain relief. After 3 years of stable disease, a spontaneous subcapital fracture at the base of the femoral neck and new vertebral compression fractures occurred. Whole-body low-dose computed tomography (WB-LDCT) and bone density (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)) scan revealed marked osteopenia. After insertion of a hip prosthesis, examination of the removed hip showed infiltration of clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells. Our case confirms that one must be aware that bone involvement in patients with WM can occur as a rare manifestation. Interestingly, the MYD88/CD79B-mutated (MCD) genotype in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is characterized by extranodal involvement and may also be involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal-related disease in the present case. As a follow-up to this unusual case, we have carried out an analysis based on the Danish Lymphoma Registry (LYFO) covering the entire national population in the period 2000 - 2020. The registry study included a cohort of 2,459 patients with WM and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Our data revealed that primary bone involvement at diagnosis occurs in 1.75% of adults with WM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the prevalence of skeletal-related disease in a large nationwide cohort and defines bone involvement as an exceedingly rare event in WM.

Sustained Progression-Free Survival Benefit of Rituximab Maintenance in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma: Long-Term Results of the PRIMA Study.

PURPOSE: The PRIMA study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00140582) established that 2 years of rituximab maintenance after first-line immunochemotherapy significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with follicular lymphoma compared with observation. Here, we report the final PFS and overall survival (OS) results from the PRIMA study after 9 years of follow-up and provide a final overview of safety. METHODS: Patients (> 18 years of age) with previously untreated high-tumor-burden follicular lymphoma were nonrandomly assigned to receive one of three immunochemotherapy induction regimens. Responding patients were randomly assigned (stratified by induction regimen, response to induction treatment, treatment center, and geographic region) 1:1 to receive 2 years of rituximab maintenance (375 mg/m2, once every 8 weeks), starting 8 weeks after the last induction treatment, or observation (no additional treatment). All patients in the extended follow-up provided their written informed consent (data cutoff: December 31, 2016). RESULTS: In total, 1,018 patients completed induction treatment and were randomly assigned to rituximab maintenance (n = 505) or observation (n = 513). Consent for the extended follow-up was provided by 607 patients (59.6%) of 1,018 (rituximab maintenance, n = 309; observation, n = 298). After data cutoff, median PFS was 10.5 years in the rituximab maintenance arm compared with 4.1 years in the observation arm (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.73; P < .001). No OS difference was seen in patients randomly assigned to rituximab maintenance or observation (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.40; P = .7948); 10-year OS estimates were approximately 80% in both study arms. No new safety signals were observed. CONCLUSION: Rituximab maintenance after induction immunochemotherapy provides a significant long-term PFS, but not OS, benefit over observation.

Predicting recovery from acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: development and validation of a prediction model.

OBJECTIVE: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) who recover kidney function within 28 days experience less severe chronic kidney impairment and have increased long term survival. The aims of this study were to develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify these patients. DESIGN: Observational study with development and validation of a risk prediction model. SETTING: Nine academic ICUs in Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: Development cohort of critically ill patients with AKI at ICU admission from the Procalcitonin and Survival Study cohort (n = 568), validation cohort of adult patients with AKI admitted to two university hospitals in Denmark in 2012-13 (n = 766). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recovery of kidney function was defined as living for 5 consecutive days with no renal replacement therapy and with creatinine plasma levels below 1.5-fold the levels determined before ICU admission. RESULTS: A total of 266 patients (46.8%) recovered prior kidney function in the development cohort, and 453 patients (59.1%) in the validation cohort. The prediction model included elevation in creatinine, urinary output, sex and age. In the validation cohort, 69 patients (9.0%) had a predicted chance of recovery < 25%, and their observed rate of recovery was 21.5%. This observed rate of recovery was 81.7% among the 325 patients who had a predicted chance > 75%. The area under the receiver operations curves for predicting recovery in the validation cohort was 73.1%. CONCLUSION: We constructed and validated a simple model that can predict the chance of recovery from AKI in critically ill patients.

Reduced cerebral perfusion on sudden immersion in ice water: a possible cause of drowning.

INTRODUCTION: Near-drowning incidents and drowning deaths after accidental immersion in open waters have been linked to cold shock response. It consists of inspiratory gasps, hyperventilation, tachycardia, and hypertension in the first 2-3 min of cold-water immersion. This study explored the immediate changes in cerebral blood flow velocity (Vmean) during cold-water immersion since cold shock induced hyperventilation may diminish Vmean and lead to syncope and drowning. METHODS: There were 13 male volunteers who were lowered into a 0 degrees C immersion tank for 30 s. Vmean in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was measured together with ventilatory parameters and heart rate before, during, and after immersion. RESULTS: Within seconds after immersion in ice water, heart rate increased from 74 +/- 16 to 107 +/- 18 bpm (mean +/- SD; p < 0.05). Immersion was associated with a marked elevation in respiratory rate (from 16 +/- 3 to 38 +/- 14 breaths x min(-1)) and tidal volume (883 +/- 360 to 2292 +/- 689 ml). The end-tidal carbon dioxide tension decreased from 38 +/- 4 to 26 +/- 5 mmHg and MCA Vmean dropped by 43 +/- 8%. Signs of imminent syncope (drowsiness, blurred vision, loss of responsiveness) were shown by two subjects (MCA Vmean dropped 62% and 68%, respectively). DISCUSSION: Following ice-water immersion, hyperventilation induced a marked reduction in MCA Vmean to a level which has been associated with disorientation and loss of consciousness.

DNMT1 is predictive of survival and associated with Ki-67 expression in R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.

DNMT1 is a target of approved anti-cancer drugs including decitabine. However, the prognostic value of DNMT1 protein expression in R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) remains unexplored. Here we showed that DNMT1 was expressed in the majority of DLBCL cases (n = 209/230, 90.9%) with higher expression in germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB)-DLBCL subtype. Low and negative DNMT1 expression (20% cut-off, n = 33/230, 14.3%) was predictive of worse overall survival (OS; p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS; p < 0.001). Nonetheless, of the 209 DNMT1 positive patients, 33% and 42% did not achieve 5-year OS and PFS, respectively, indicating that DNMT1 positive patients showed considerably heterogeneous outcomes. Moreover, DNMT1 was frequently expressed in mitotic cells and significantly correlated with Ki-67 or BCL6 expression (r = 0.60 or 0.44, respectively; p < 0.001). We demonstrate that DNMT1 is predictive of DLBCL patients' survival, and suggest that DNMT1 could be a DLBCL therapeutic target due to its significant association with Ki-67.

Position emission tomography with or without computed tomography in the primary staging of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In order to receive the most appropriate therapy, patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) must be accurately stratified into different prognostic staging groups. Computed tomography (CT) plays a pivotal role in the conventional staging. The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of positron emission tomography using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET) and combined FDG-PET/CT for the staging of HL patients, and the impact on the choice of treatment. DESIGN AND METHODS: Ninety-nine consecutive, prospectively included patients had FDG-PET and CT in their staging work-up. Sixty-one of the 99 patients had combined FDG-PET/CT. A standard of reference for each nodal region and organ was determined using all available information including scan results, histology and a minimum of one year's clinical follow-up data. The lack of a satisfactory diagnostic gold standard limits the reliability of accuracy calculations. RESULTS: FDG-PET would have upstaged 19% of patients and downstaged 5% of patients, leading to a different treatment in 9% of patients. For FDG-PET/CT, the corresponding figures are 17%, 5%, and 7%. In nodal regions, the sensitivity of FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT seemed higher than that of CT (92% and 92% vs. 83%). FDG-PET identified more false positive nodal sites than did CT and FDG-PET/CT (1.6% vs 0.7% and 0.5%). FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT were highly sensitive for evaluating organs (86% and 73%) while CT detected 37% of involved organs. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT have a substantial potential impact on staging and choice of treatment and the methods tend to upstage rather than downstage patients. FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT seem to have a higher diagnostic accuracy than CT in the staging of HL. However, care should be taken so patients with an excellent prognosis and at risk of over-treatment do not receive more intensive treatment because of these staging methods.

FOXP2-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas exhibit a poor response to R-CHOP therapy and distinct biological signatures.

FOXP2 shares partially overlapping normal tissue expression and functionality with FOXP1; an established diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) oncogene and marker of poor prognosis. FOXP2 is expressed in the plasma cell malignancy multiple myeloma but has not been studied in DLBCL, where a poor prognosis activated B-cell (ABC)-like subtype display partially blocked plasma cell differentiation. FOXP2 protein expression was detected in ABC-DLBCL cell lines, and in primary DLBCL samples tumoral FOXP2 protein expression was detected in both germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and non-GCB DLBCL. In biopsies from DLBCL patients treated with immunochemotherapy (R-CHOP), ≥ 20% nuclear tumoral FOXP2-positivity (n = 24/158) correlated with significantly inferior overall survival (OS: P = 0.0017) and progression-free survival (PFS: P = 0.0096). This remained significant in multivariate analysis against either the international prognostic index score or the non-GCB DLBCL phenotype (P < 0.05 for both OS and PFS). Expression of BLIMP1, a marker of plasmacytic differentiation that is commonly inactivated in ABC-DLBCL, did not correlate with patient outcome or FOXP2 expression in this series. Increased frequency of FOXP2 expression significantly correlated with FOXP1-positivity (P = 0.0187), and FOXP1 co-immunoprecipitated FOXP2 from ABC-DLBCL cells indicating that these proteins can co-localize in a multi-protein complex. FOXP2-positive DLBCL had reduced expression of HIP1R (P = 0.0348), which is directly repressed by FOXP1, and exhibited distinct patterns of gene expression. Specifically in ABC-DLBCL these were associated with lower expression of immune response and T-cell receptor signaling pathways. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential functional cooperativity between FOXP1 and FOXP2 in repressing immune responses during the pathogenesis of high-risk DLBCL.

A clinically based prognostic index for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a cut-off at 70 years of age significantly improves prognostic stratification: population-based analysis from the Danish Lymphoma Registry.

The introduction of rituximab and generally improved health among elderly patients have increased the survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The International Prognostic Index (IPI) from 1992 is based on pre-rituximab data from clinical trials including several lymphoma subtypes. We applied IPI factors to a population-based rituximab-treated cohort of 1990 patients diagnosed 2000-2010 and explored new factors and the optimal prognostic age cut-off for DLBCL. Multivariate-analyses (MVA) confirmed the prognostic value of all IPI factors except the presence of > 1 extranodal lesion. The optimal age cut-off was 70 years. In a MVA of albumin, lymphocyte count, sex, immunoglobulin G, bulky disease, hemoglobin and B-symptoms, only albumin was prognostic. We propose: (1) a modified DLBCL prognostic index (DLBCL-PI) including: age (70 years), performance status (PS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), stage and albumin level, and (2) a separate age-adjusted DLBCL-PI for patients ≤ 70 years including PS, LDH, albumin level and > 1 extranodal lesion, however excluding stage.

(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography after one cycle of chemotherapy in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results of a Nordic/US intergroup study.

We evaluated the predictive value of interim positon emission tomography (I-PET) after one course of chemoimmunotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). One hundred and twelve patients with DLBCL were enrolled. All patients had PET/computed tomography (CT) scans performed after one course of chemotherapy (PET-1). I-PET scans were categorized according to International Harmonization Project criteria (IHP), Deauville 5-point scale (D 5PS) with scores 1-3 considered negative (D 5PS > 3) and D 5PS with scores 1-4 considered negative (D 5PS = 5). Ratios of tumor maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) to liver SUVmax were also analyzed. We found no difference in progression-free survival (PFS) between PET-negative and PET-positive patients according to IHP and D 5PS > 3. The 2-year PFS using D 5PS = 5 was 50.9% in the PET-positive group and 84.8% in the PET-negative group (p = 0.002). A tumor/liver SUVmax cut-off of 3.1 to distinguish D 5PS scores of 4 and 5 provided the best prognostic value. PET after one course of chemotherapy was not able to safely discriminate PET-positive and PET-negative patients in different prognostic groups.

Diagnostic significance of platelet count and other blood analyses in patients with lung cancer.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of an elevated platelet count and other routine laboratory tests for predicting malignancy in patients with radiologically suspected lung cancer. Platelet count, haemoglobin, total leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were analysed in 126 prospectively admitted patients with suspected lung cancer. The patients were divided by pathologic diagnosis into those with benign disorders (n=65) and with malignancies (n=61). Patients with lung cancer were staged (TNM) and the tumours were classified according to histological types (WHO). Thrombocytosis (platelet count >400x10(9)/l) was present in 8% (5/65) of patients with benign disease and in 57% (35/61) of patients with malignant disease (p<0.00001). The prevalence of thrombocytosis in patients with primary lung cancer was 53% (27/51). Elevated platelet count was more common in advanced disease (stage III and IV). No difference was observed between histological types. The sensitivity of thrombocytosis for predicting malignancy was 0.57 and the specificity 0.92. When elevated platelet counts, LDH and ESR were combined, a sensitivity of 0.71 and a specificity of 1.00 was achieved. The positive and negative predictive values were 1.00 and 0.89, respectively. Elevated platelet count is frequently observed in patients with lung cancer. When test results of platelet count and other routine blood analyses are combined, a high sensitivity and specificity for predicting malignancy can be achieved. These tests are clinically useful in the evaluation of patients with radiologically suspected lung cancer.