Needle-free anesthetic polymeric device for dental anesthesia in children: A randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate efficacy of an anesthetic mucoadhesive film with a polymeric device (PD) in promoting anesthesia compared to conventional local infiltration (LA) in children. METHODS: 50 children aged 6-10 years (both genders) needing similar procedures on homologous teeth on the maxilla were included. The parents and children were asked about perception of dental treatment. The child's heart rate per minute (bpm) and blood pressure were evaluated before and after each anesthetic technique (AT) procedure. Anesthesia efficacy was measured by reporting pain using Wong-Baker Faces Scale. Children's behavior and AT preferences were also evaluated. Paired T-test, chi-square and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Fear of anesthesia was reported by 50% of caregivers and by 66% of children. No difference was observed in systolic (P= 0.282) and diastolic (P= 0.251) blood pressure, comparing both AT. Difference was observed regarding the child's behavior when the PD was used (P= 0.0028). Evaluating the face scale, 74% of the children selected the "no pain" (face 0) (P< 0.0001) for PD, and 26% for LA. PD was preferred by 86% of children. Only 20% of the PD anesthesia needed to be complemented by LA. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The polymeric device presented promising results since most children did not report pain and dental procedures could be performed without local infiltration.

Local anesthetic improves individuals affected with herpes simplex type 1 labialis.

Infections caused by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), commonly called herpes simplex labialis (HSL), are a public health problem, reaching around 40% of the world's population. Thus, the search for effective therapeutic alternatives in the control of the limitations caused by this virus during the stages of evolution of the disease, is necessary, since they have a direct impact on the quality of life of the patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the in situ film precursor semisolid composition in the treatment of herpes simplex lesions in human HSV-1. Ninety-eight (n = 98) patients with HSV-1 were used for this study. The initial exclusion criteria left 81 patients to be considered in the present study. Three applications were performed, the first at time zero (T0) and the other two at 8 and 16 hours, after initial application (T8 and T16). Photographs were taken in the first appointment and 24 and 72 hours after the last application. After the three periods, each patient received a total amount of 90 mg of anesthetic and the prognosis of the patients was followed for 6 months and 1 year after the application. Frequency analysis showed that 40.3% of patients had remission of symptoms 24 hours after the last application. For the present study, the film presented a positive therapeutic potential and an esthetic benefit that is absent in the current products (ointments and gels). The invent presents dosage convenience (only three applications in a 24-hour period) and a low production cost, with a much shorter healing time than that reported using topical antiretrovirals.

Topical pilocarpine for xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a pilocarpine spray as a treatment for xerostomia in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS: This was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover clinical trial of patients complaining of dry mouth after RT for HNC. Forty patients were randomly assigned to either placebo or pilocarpine (1.54%) spray and instructed to use three times a day for 3 months. After 1-month washout period, patients were crossed over to receive placebo or pilocarpine. The assessments were salivary flow (Stimulated Whole Saliva Flow - SWSF), xerostomia (Xerostomia Inventory - XI), and quality of life (QoL/Oral Health Impact Profile - OHIP-14), assessed at baseline, 1 hr (only SWSF), and at 1, 2, and 3 months of treatment. RESULTS: Posttreatment SWFS was not statistically different between pilocarpine and placebo regardless of the treatment sequence (paired T test; p > .05), except for the SWFS rates at 2 months after therapy. When comparing pilocarpine with placebo in the time points, there was no significant difference (p > .05) for QoL or XI. Significant differences in improvement in QoL and xerostomia experience appeared along time for pilocarpine group. CONCLUSION: The topical application of pilocarpine spray tested was similar to placebo on SWSF assessments in patients treated with RT for HNC.

A New Approach to Ex Vivo Permeation Studies in In-Situ Film-Forming Systems.

The skin is the largest human organ and an important topical route. Even with some challenges, it is an important ally in medication administration, mainly because it is painless and easy-to-apply. Semisolid formulations are the most used dosage forms for drug administration via this delivery route and can be optimized when transformed into a film, favoring on-site maintenance, and promoting drug permeation. However, in situ film-forming systems are difficult to assess and characterize using Franz-type diffusion cells once this apparatus is ideal to formulations without transition phases. The present study proposed a different method to characterize these formulations and provide complementary data on drug and penetration enhancer behaviors, as close as possible to real application conditions. This characterization method allowed us to analyze drug concentration on three necessary occasions: remaining in the polymer film, stratum corneum using adhesive tape, and skin to check where drugs will have a desirable effect. As a proof-of-concept, the proposed ex vivo permeation method was used to evaluate a film-forming system containing lidocaine and prilocaine. We could also evaluate transition phases of drug compositions and quantify drugs at key times after application. Hence, the developed method may be used to provide complementary data to the Franz diffusion cell method, in terms of drug and penetration enhancer behaviors incorporated into film-forming delivery systems.

WITHDRAWN: Hand and ultrasonic instrumentation for orthograde root canal treatment of permanent teeth.

BACKGROUND: Endodontic treatment of root canals or root canal treatment is a frequently performed dental procedure and is carried out on teeth in which irreversible pulpitis has led to necrosis (death) of the dental pulp (nerve). Removal of the necrotic tissue remnants and cleaning and shaping of the root canal are important phases of root canal treatment. Treatment options include the use of hand and rotary instruments and methods using ultrasonic or sonic equipment. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this review were to determine the relative clinical effectiveness of hand instrumentation versus ultrasonic instrumentation alone or in conjunction with hand instrumentation for orthograde root canal treatment of permanent teeth. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS. We searched the reference lists of relevant articles in an attempt to locate additional published and unpublished trials. No language restriction was applied. The last electronic search was conducted in December 2007. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials involving people over 18 years of age with single and multiple permanent teeth with a completely formed apex and with no evidence of internal resorption requiring root canal treatment were included. Patients undertaking re-treatment of a tooth were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Screening of eligible studies was conducted in duplicate and independently. Results were to be expressed as fixed-effect or random-effects models using mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was to be investigated including both clinical and methodological factors. MAIN RESULTS: No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review illustrates the current lack of published or ongoing randomised controlled trials and the unavailability of high level evidence, based on clinically relevant outcomes, for the effectiveness of ultrasonic instrumentation used alone or as an adjunct to hand instrumentation for orthograde root canal treatment.Future randomised controlled trials might focus more closely on evaluating the effectiveness of combinations of these interventions with an emphasis on not only clinically relevant but also patient-centred outcomes.

Genome analysis and clinical implications of the bacterial communities in early biofilm formation on dental implants restored with titanium or zirconia abutments.

This cross-sectional study aimed to identify and quantify up to 42 target species colonizing the early biofilm of dental implants restored with titanium or zirconia abutments. A total of 720 samples from 20 healthy individuals were investigated. Biofilm samples were collected from the peri-implant sulci, inner parts of implants, abutment surfaces and prosthetic crowns over a functioning period of 30 days. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used for microbial detection and quantitation. Clinical characteristics (probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level and marginal bone loss) were also investigated during the monitoring period. Genome counts were low at the implant loading time point for both the abutment materials, and increased over time. Both the titanium and the zirconia groups presented similar microbial counts and diversity over time, and the microbiota was very similar to that colonizing the remaining teeth. Clinical findings were consistent with a healthy condition with no significant difference regarding marginal bone loss between the two materials.

Oral bacterial colonization on dental implants restored with titanium or zirconia abutments: 6-month follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation aimed to characterize in a 6-month follow-up the microbial profile of implants restored with either titanium or zirconia abutments at the genus or higher taxonomic levels. METHODS: Twenty healthy individuals indicative for implant-retained single restorations were investigated. Half of participants were restored with titanium and half with zirconia abutments. Biofilm was collected from the implant-related sites after 1, 3, and 6 months of loading. The 16S rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced with Roche/454 platform. RESULTS: A total of 596 species were identified in 360 samples and grouped in 18 phyla and 104 genera. Titanium- or zirconia-related sites as well as teeth showed similar total numbers of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) colonizing surfaces over time. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the most prevalent phyla with significant differences between different surfaces and time point. Unclassified genera were found in lower levels (1.71% up to 9.57%) on titanium and zirconia samples when compared with teeth, with no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Titanium- and zirconia-related surfaces are promptly colonized by a bacterial community similar to those found in the remaining adjacent teeth. Results suggest a selective adhesion of different bacterial genotypes for either titanium or zirconia surfaces. Data also indicate a significant interaction between the relative effects taxa, time point, and sampling site. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study disclosed a wider spectrum of microorganisms colonizing either titanium- or zirconia-related microbiomes in very early stage of implant colonization, revealing differences and suggesting a probably specific mechanism for selective bacterial adhesion.

Experimental conical-head abutment screws on the microbial leakage through the implant-abutment interface: an in vitro analysis using target-specific DNA probes.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vitro study was to identify and quantify up to 38 microbial species from human saliva penetrating through the implant-abutment interface in two different implant connections, external hexagon and tri-channel internal connection, both with conventional flat-head or experimental conical-head abutment screws. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight two-part implants with external hexagon (EH; n = 24) or tri-channel internal (TI; n = 24) connections were investigated. Abutments were attached to implants with conventional flat-head or experimental conical-head screws. After saliva incubation, Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used to identify and quantify up to 38 bacterial colonizing the internal parts of the implants. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni's post-tests for multiple comparisons was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-four of thirty-eight species, including putative periodontal pathogens, were found colonizing the inner surfaces of both EH and TI implants. Peptostreptococcus anaerobios (P = 0.003), Prevotella melaninogenica (P < 0.0001), and Candida dubliniensis (P < 0.0001) presented significant differences between different groups. Means of total microbial count (×104 , ±SD) for each group were recorded as follows: G1 (0.27 ± 2.04), G2 (0 ± 0), G3 (1.81 ± 7.50), and G4 (0.35 ± 1.81). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the geometry of implant connections and abutment screws have impacted the microbial leakage through the implant-abutment interface. Implants attached with experimental conical-head abutment screws showed lower counts of microorganisms when compared with conventional flat-head screws.

Different sealing materials preventing the microbial leakage into the screw-retained implant restorations: an in vitro analysis by DNA checkerboard hybridization.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this controlled in vitro study was to identify and quantify up to 38 microbial species penetrating through the screw-retained implant prostheses with different sealing materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty morse cone implants were restored with single-unit screw-retained prostheses. All the components were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12) according to the proposed materials: (1) polytetrafluoroethylene tape+composite resin; (2) polytetrafluoroethylene tape+gutta-percha; (3) polytetrafluoroethylene tape+light-polymerized provisional composite; (4) cotton pellet+gutta-percha; and (5) cotton pellet+light-polymerized provisional composite. Human saliva was used as contaminant media, and DNA checkerboard hybridization was used to identify and quantify microbial species. RESULTS: Microbial leakage was observed in all groups: M. salivarium, S. pasteuri, P. nigrescens, and P. melaninogenica were the species presenting the highest values of genome count, prevalence, and proportion within the groups. The total microbial mean counts (×105 , ±SD) were as follows: Group 1 (2.81 ± 0.38), Group 2 (3.41 ± 0.38), Group 3 (6.02 ± 1.48), Group 4 (6.40 ± 1.42), and Group 5 (17.45 ± 1.67). Group 5 showed the higher microbial counts (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to high counts of pathogenic/nonpathogenic species were detected in the inner parts of implants from all groups. The lowest values of microbial counts were recorded for polytetrafluoroethylene tape associated with composite resin or gutta-percha; cotton pellet associated with light-polymerized provisional composite presented the highest microbial counts.

Microbial complexes levels in conventional and self-ligating brackets.

OBJECTIVES: The aims were to evaluate the levels of bacterial species in saliva and in situ and to assess whether the design of brackets influences the risk of developing periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (13.3 mean age) were bonded with self-ligating brackets and a conventional bracket. Saliva was collected before bonding and 30 and 60 days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed 30 and 60 days after bonding. The analysis was determined by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The data was evaluated by the non-parametric test. RESULTS: A significant increase in the levels of bacterial species in the saliva occurred in 15 of the 22 analyzed species. The self-ligating brackets presented the highest incidence percentages for the orange and red complexes 60 days after bonding. In situ analyses showed different patterns according to the bracket design. The levels of Campylobacter rectus showed significant differences (p = 0.011) 60 days after bonding among the three brackets; the highest values were observed in the In-Ovation®R bracket. CONCLUSIONS: The bracket design seems to influence the levels of bacterial species involved in periodontal disease. Considering the wide variety of bacterial species, additional studies are needed to aid in the establishment of effective protocols to prevent the development of periodontal disease during orthodontic treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A dynamic alteration in the oral microbiota may lead to inflammatory reactions in the supporting soft and hard tissues. The different types of brackets interfere with bacterial adherence. Bracket design should be considered in orthodontic treatment.

A simple and high-resolution HPLC-PDA method for simultaneous quantification of local anesthetics in in vitro buccal permeation enhancement studies.

A simple, isocratic, high-resolution and prompt HPLC-PDA method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of prilocaine (PCL) and lidocaine (LCL) hydrochlorides in in vitro buccal iontophoresis-driven permeation studies. A reversed-phase C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 3µm, 110Å) was used for the chromatographic separation. The mobile phase contained acetonitrile: 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (1:1, v/v), plus 0.05% (v/v) diethylamine. The isocratic flow rate was set at 1 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. PCL and LCL eluted in 8.9 min and 13 min, respectively, and the system suitability parameters varied within an acceptable range. The method was selective, sensitive, precise, accurate and robust, producing a linear plot at the concentration range of 0.25 to 10 µg/mL. The application of this method was demonstrated by a significant enhancement of the permeation of PCL and LCL with the application of iontophoresis (1 mA/cm(2) per 1 h) through isolated porcine esophageal epithelium. The amount of the drug retained in the epithelium also increased with the application of an electrical current. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Corrigendum to "Herbal Mouthwash Containing Extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia as Agent for the Control of Biofilm: Clinical Evaluation in Humans".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2015/712683.].

Microbial diversity of the supra- and subgingival biofilm of healthy individuals after brushing with chlorhexidine- or silver-coated toothbrush bristles.

Nanoparticulate silver has recently been reported as an effective antimicrobial agent. The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the potential changes on the oral microbiota of healthy individuals after controlled brushing with chlorhexidine- or silver-coated toothbrush bristles. Twenty-four healthy participants were enrolled in this investigation and randomly submitted to 3 interventions. All the participants received, in a crossover format, the following toothbrushing interventions: (i) chlorhexidine-coated bristles, (ii) silver-coated bristles, and (iii) conventional toothbrush (Control). All the interventions had a duration of 30 days. The DNA checkerboard hybridization method was used to identify and quantify up to 43 microbial species colonizing the supra- and subgingival biofilm. The supragingival samples presented higher genome counts than the subgingival samples (p < 0.0001). The total genome counts from the Control group showed the highest values, followed by the silver and chlorhexidine groups (p < 0.0001). After 4 weeks of brushing, the silver-coated and chlorhexidine-coated bristles were capable of reducing or maintaining lower levels of the bacterial counts of the putative periodontal pathogens Tanerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Other major periodontal pathogens, such as Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella nigrescens, and Parvimonas micra, were also detected at lower levels. The toothbrush bristles impregnated with silver nanoparticles reduced the total and individual genome count in the supra- and subgingival biofilm after 4 weeks of brushing. Chlorhexidine was not effective in reducing the total genome counts in both supra- or subgingival biofilm after 4 weeks of brushing. Chlorhexidine reduced the individual genome counts in the supragingival biofilm for most of the target species, including putative periodontal pathogens.

Analgesia evaluation of 2 NSAID drugs as adjuvant in management of chronic temporomandibular disorders.

The aim of this triple-blind full-randomized clinical trial was to quantify analgesia in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints after occlusal splint therapy associated with the adjuvant administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) isolated or associated with other therapeutic agents. Pain relief was also recorded. Eighteen volunteers who had been suffering from chronic pain in masticatory muscles due to temporomandibular disorders were selected after anamnesis and assessment using RDC/TMD translated to Portuguese. The 3 proposed treatments were NSAID (sodium diclofenac), panacea (sodium diclofenac + carisoprodol + acetaminophen + caffeine), and a placebo. The total treatment duration was 10 days, preceded and succeeded by patients' pain assessment. A washout interval of 11 days was established between each therapy. All participants received all treatments in different moments, in a full randomized crossover methodology. The assessment of drug therapies was performed using visual analogue scale for pain on palpation followed by 11-point numerical scale to quantify pain during treatment. Statistical analysis has shown that, after 10 days of treatment, all therapies were effective for pain relief. NSAID therapy promoted analgesia on the third day, while placebo only promoted analgesia in the eighth day. It has been concluded that sodium diclofenac used as splint adjuvant therapy, promotes significant analgesia in a shorter time.

Herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia as agent for the control of biofilm: clinical evaluation in humans.

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), popularly known as "alecrim-do-campo," is largely distributed in South America, is shown to exhibit protective actions against gastric ulcers, has anti-inflammatory properties, and is hepatoprotective. Several essential oils obtained from Baccharis species possess biological activities, such as antimicrobial and antivirus activities. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of B. dracunculifolia in the reduction of dental biofilm, comparing this natural product with other mouthwashes already known in the dental market. In measuring the time after use of mouthwash (t = 1), there was no difference between products (P = 0.602); that is, subjects in the study had a similar PI after the first use. After one week (t = 2), there was no difference between the four products evaluated (P = 0.674), so, all research individuals completed the study with a similar reduction in dental biofilm between themselves but it was different from initial state (Friedman test). It is possible to conclude that B. dracunculifolia had the same efficiency of the materials used to oral hygiene in reduction of dental plaque and, consequently, prevention of dental caries. Thus, we can consider B. dracunculifolia as a good candidate for new material to be implemented in dental care.

Marginal fit and microbial leakage along the implant-abutment interface of fixed partial prostheses: An in vitro analysis using Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Bidirectional leakage through the implant-abutment interface still constitutes a major concern in implant-supported restorations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal fit, before and after loading simulation, of 3-unit fixed partial prostheses supported by external hexagon or Morse cone implants and to identify and quantify up to 43 microbial species penetrating through the implant-abutment interface after loading. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight dental implants with external hexagon (EH; n=24) or Morse cone (MC; n=24) connections were investigated. Experimental specimens were made from 2 implants restored with a 3-unit fixed partial prosthesis and divided into 2 groups (n=12) according to platform connection EH or MC. Vertical misfit at the implant-abutment interface was measured before and after loading (150 Ncm during 500,000 cycles at 1.8 Hz). checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used to identify and quantify up to 38 bacterial and 5 Candida species colonizing the internal parts of the implants after loading. Generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis (α=.05). RESULTS: The mean values (mm, ±SD) of vertical misfit for EH were 0.0131 ±0.002 before loading and 0.0138 ±0.002 after loading and for MC were 0.0132 ±0.003 before loading and 0.0137 ±0.001 after loading. Twenty-one bacterial species, including periodontal pathogens and C. albicans, were found colonizing the inner surfaces of EH implants after loading. None of the target species were detected in the internal parts of MC implants. CONCLUSIONS: EH implants showed higher microbial counts than MC implants, in which microbial colonization was not found after loading. Detected species included nonpathogens and microorganisms related to periodontal/periimplant diseases. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of loading simulation on the marginal misfit of 3-unit fixed partial prostheses supported by EH or MC implants, because no significant differences could be found either before or after loading.

Bacterial adhesion on the titanium and zirconia abutment surfaces.

OBJECTIVE: Microorganisms harboring the oral cavity, mainly those related to periodontal diseases, are the most potential etiologic factor of failure in long-term implant treatment. The material used for abutment components may influence the adhesion and colonization of microbial species. The aim of this in vivo investigation was to evaluate the biofilm formation on machined (MPT) or cast titanium (CPT) and zirconia abutments (Zc). METHODS: Six healthy subjects were enrolled in this randomized crossover clinical investigation. The study was conducted in three phases according to abutment surface evaluated. Each subject used an individual oral splint containing four disks of the same tested substrate, two located in the anterior and two in the posterior region, totalizing 12 specimens for subject. Participants were asked to use the removable intraoral splint during 24 h. DNA checkerboard hybridization method was used to identify and quantify 38 bacterial species colonizing formed biofilm on the abutment substrates. RESULTS: Pathogens and non-pathogens species were found colonizing the three substrates surfaces. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Neisseria mucosa, Porphyromonas aeruginosa, Peptostreptococcus anaerobios, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Tanerella forsythia were the only species with no significant differences over the tested materials (P > 0.05). All the other target species presented significant differences sought by Friedman test (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in the total bacterial count between the three groups. CPT presented the higher mean counts, followed by MPT and Zc. CPT group also showed a higher mean incidence of species than MPT and Zc. The anterior or posterior region of disks placement did not show significant differences in relation to bacterial adhesion.

Effectiveness of three antimicrobial mouthrinses on the disinfection of toothbrushes stored in closed containers: a randomized clinical investigation by DNA Checkerboard and Culture.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the efficacy of three antimicrobial solutions on the disinfection of toothbrushes after storage in closed containers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen healthy subjects were enrolled in this randomized cross-over clinical investigation. The study was conducted in four phases, in which mouthrinses (chlorhexidine gluconate-based or cetilpiridinium-based) and sterile tap water (control group) were used to individually store used toothbrushes in closed containers during 7 days of toothbrushing. Five toothbrushes were used as negative control for bacterial colonisation before contact with oral cavity. Conventional culture and DNA Checkerboard hybridization were used to detect bacterial contamination on the toothbrushes. Subsequently, the number of bacterial species on the bristles was estimated by the DNA Checkerboard method. RESULTS: One toothbrush presented bacterial contamination in the negative control test. Both culture and DNA Checkerboard showed positive signals of bacterial contamination in the toothbrushes with no differences in the frequency of detection. The control group showed higher total bacterial counts when compared with the mouthrinse groups. Porphyromonas gingivalis had the highest bacterial count followed by Parvimonas micra. CONCLUSION: Culture and DNA Checkerboard showed positive signals of bacterial contamination. Mouthrinses that contains 0.12% of chlorhexidine gluconate were more effective in reducing bacterial colonisation on the toothbrushes.

The Interaction between Oral Bacteria and 3D Titanium Porous Surfaces Produced by Selective Laser Melting-A Narrative Review.

The interaction between oral bacteria and dental implant surfaces is a critical factor in the success and longevity of dental implants. With advancements in additive manufacturing technologies, selective laser melting (SLM) has emerged as a prominent method for producing titanium implants with highly controlled microstructures and porosities. These 3D printed titanium surfaces offer significant benefits, such as enhanced osseointegration and improved mechanical properties. However, the same surface features that promote bone cell attachment and proliferation may also provide favorable conditions for bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Understanding the dynamics of these interactions is essential for developing implant surfaces that can effectively resist bacterial colonization while promoting tissue integration. This narrative review explores the complex interplay between oral bacteria and SLM-produced titanium porous surfaces, examining current research findings and potential strategies for optimizing implant design to mitigate the risks of infection and ensure successful clinical outcomes.

Assessing α-Bisabolol as a Transmucosal Permeation Enhancer of Buccal Local Anesthetics.

Needle-free buccal anesthesia improves dental treatment outcomes for both patients and dentists. In this study, we report on an assessment of the enhancement effects of α-bisabolol on the in vitro transmucosal permeation of prilocaine hydrochloride (PCl) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LCl) from needleless buccal films. We also evaluated the mechanical properties of the film, which consisted of Methocel™ K100 LV as the film-forming polymer (3% m·m-1), PEG 400 as a cosolvent (15% m·m-1 based on drug loading), α-bisabolol (15 and 30% m·m-1 based on drug loading), and the drugs combined at a 1:1 ratio (15 mg·unit-1). The porcine esophageal epithelium was used as a membrane barrier, and artificial saliva was the release medium. After a 1 h experiment at 25 ± 2 °C, α-bisabolol significantly decreased, rather than enhanced, the permeation fluxes (five-fold), permeability coefficients (seven-fold), and retentions (two-fold) of both PCl and LCl through the epithelium, regardless of the concentration. Moreover, the resistance and flexibility of the films markedly decreased compared to those without α-bisabolol. Therefore, under the experimental conditions, using α-bisabolol as a buccal permeation enhancer for the hydrophilic local anesthetics PCl and LCl from buccal films is not feasible.