Abdominal organ bioengineering: current status and future perspectives.

Organ transplantation represents one of the major milestones of modern medicine and surgical practice in terms of life-years prolonged and quality of life offered for chronic patients. Each year over 100,000 donor organ transplants are performed worldwide. In spite of the rapid advancement and expansion of this niche, it has become a victim of its own success as the donor supply is far oustripped by the demand for replacement organs. Furthermore, current methods only allow for successful transplantation in the setting of life-long, aggressive immunosuppression protocols which enhances the incidence of secondary neoplasm and other associated sequelae. Against this background, recent advances in the fields of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and cellular biology have coalesced into a promising new avenue of investigation involving the fabrication of de novo, transplantable organs using autologous cells. Donor organs are stripped of their native cellular material leaving only acellular, extracellular matrix constructs behind. These constructs can then be recellularized with a patient's own cells in order to form transplantable organs that do not require immunosuppression. Furthermore, in theory, these methods could provide a potentially inexhaustible source of organs to meet the growing need for viable transplants. In this review, we describe these methods as well as contemporary successes for various organ systems.

Autologous CD133+ cells augment the effect of portal embolization.

AIM: The standard to treat liver tumors is a resection. When the future liver remnant (FLRV) is below 30% (healthy livers) or 40% (cirrhotic livers or previous chemotherapy), surgery carries the risk of severe complications. Portal vein embolization (PVE) gained a worldwide diffusion as a tool to augment the FLRV. Cell therapies are recent players at the frontiers of medicine. This study presents a clinical experience to evaluate the synergistic effect of combined PVE and autologous CD133+ cells coadministration. METHODS: Sixteen patients have been enrolled in the study up today. Inclusion criteria were: primary or metastatic liver malignancy with a FLRV<30% or 40%. A baseline volumetric CT-scan was obtained. CD34+ were mobilized to the blood stream by G-CSF administration and collected by immunomagnetic separation. Simultaneously with PVE, cells were administered to the non occluded liver segments. Follow-up CT scans were taken at 30th post treatment day. RESULTS: The patients (N.=6) showed an increased volume gain (Mann-Whitney test P<0.001, two sided) compared to a set of cases whose treatment was PVE only (N.=10). DISCUSSION: The use of autologous stem cells as an augmenter of liver regeneration has a clinical potential to improve the resectability of liver tumors.

Amenorrhea in eating disorders: poor stability of symptom after a one-year treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether patients with Eating Disorders (ED) who restore menses differ from those who remain amenorrheic after treatment and to provide longitudinal data about this debated criterion of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). METHODS: 184 outpatients were recruited: 50 patients with AN Restrictive type, 75 amenorrheic Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) patients, 24 patients who recovered from AN with persistent amenorrhea, and 35 amenorrheic patients without ED. All participants were clinically assessed by psychiatrists and gynaecologists at the beginning of treatment and at the one-year follow-up. They also completed several psychometric tests: Eating Disorder Inventory-2, Temperament and Character Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: After treatment, a large portion of the sample resumed menses but very few recovered completely from the ED. No psychopathological variables could clearly predict the recovery of menses in the different groups. However, Body Mass Index and some biological variables were associated with restoration of menses in ED patients. CONCLUSION: Resumption of menses was not associated with a less severe eating symptomatology at the beginning of treatment nor with unequivocal psychopathological changes after treatment. It is important that clinicians consider not only the presence or absence of regular menses but also that they improve both ED screening and assessment in amenorrheic patients. Amenorrhea does not seem to represent a specific predictor of severity of illness or to show prognostic value.

Development and implementation of an assessment tool to evaluate technical skills in the insertion of implantable venous access devices, a Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Based on the Competency Assessment Tool, herein we developed an assessment instrument suitable to evaluate the implantation of central intravenous devices. BACKGROUND: Surgical assessment is based mainly on the subjective impressions of the teacher. Based on the "Competency Assessment Tool" (CAT) developed for the evaluation of technical surgical skills in minimally invasive colorectal resection, we designed an assessment tool suitable to evaluate the implantation of central venous access devices performed by junior surgical trainees. METHODS: Four major assessments during the different steps of the intervention were used in this evaluation. Each of these tasks was divided into four sub-domains according to surgical skill. In addition to the CAT score, the apprentices' skills were evaluated using a visual assessment that was quantified using an analogue scale (value from 1 to 10). The candidates were classified into junior and senior trainees depending on the number of procedures they had already performed and on their surgical experience. RESULTS: 71 procedures were evaluated during the study period. Seven senior trainees conducted 43 procedures and five junior trainees performed 28 interventions. The senior trainees had significantly higher CAT scores than junior candidates, and the scores fluctuated according to surgical experience, usually reaching their peak after 10 procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The CAT model is well suited for the assessment of surgical trainees during central venous access device implantation. It enables a close assessment of the learning process and the technical skills of trainees, which helps them improving in a safe, standardized manner.

Long-term follow-up after near-infrared fluorescence-guided resection of colorectal liver metastases: A retrospective multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several studies demonstrated that intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) identifies (sub)capsular colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) missed by other techniques. It is unclear if this results in any survival benefit. This study evaluates long-term follow-up after NIRF-guided resection of CRLM using ICG. METHODS: First, patients undergoing resection of CRLM with or without NIRF imaging were analyzed retrospectively. Perioperative details, liver-specific recurrence-free interval and overall survival were compared. Second, the prognosis of patients in whom additional metastases were identified solely by NIRF was studied. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients underwent resection with NIRF imaging and 87 without. In significantly more patients of the NIRF imaging cohort additional metastases were identified during surgery (25% vs. 13%, p = 0.04). Tumors identified solely by NIRF imaging were significantly smaller compared to additional metastases identified also by inspection, palpation or intraoperative ultrasound (3.2 ± 1.8 mm vs. 7.4 ± 2.6 mm, p < 0.001). Liver-specific recurrence-free survival at 4 years was 47% with NIRF imaging and 39% without (hazard ratio at multivariate analysis 0.73, 95% CI 0.42-1.28, p = 0.28). Overall survival at 4 years was 62% and 59%, respectively (p = 0.79). No liver recurrences occurred within 3 years follow-up in 52% of patients in whom additional metastases were resected based on only NIRF imaging. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that NIRF imaging identifies significantly more and smaller tumors during resection of CRLM, preventing recurrences in a subset of patients. Given its safety profile and low expense, routine use can be considered until tumor targeting fluorescent tracers are clinically available.

Effects of chronic administration of the fixed combination slow-release oxprenolol-chlorthalidone on left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. Echocardiographic study.

To evaluate the effects of the chronic administration of the fixed combination slow-release, oxprenolol 160 mg and chlorthalidone 20 mg on left ventricular hypertrophy, ten hypertensive out-patients, with left ventricular hypertrophy documented by left ventricular mass index (LVMI) greater than 130 g/m2, were studied. After a two-week placebo period, patients were given the study medication, once daily for six months. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured, 24 h after-dosing, at the end of placebo and thereafter every month. A m-mode echocardiographic examination was performed at the end of the placebo period, after 1 month of active treatment and at the end of the study. In comparison with placebo, the study medication induced a significant reduction (p less than 0.01) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 24 h after dosing, after 1 month of treatment (from 181.0 +/- 18.5/108.5 +/- 12.0 to 146.5 +/- 10.8/94.0 +/- 7.7 mmHg), and this reduction was maintained until the end of the study (142.0 +/- 14.0/90.0 +/- 8.2 mmHg). At the 6th month and in comparison with placebo, a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction of left ventricular mass (LVM) and of LVMI was observed (LVM: from 295.9 +/- 113.8 to 221.5 +/- 66.1 g; LVMI: from 158.1 +/- 39.0 to 126.2 +/- 35.8 g/m2. In conclusion, our results confirm the good antihypertensive efficacy of the fixed combination slow-release oxprenolol and chlorthalidone and show that the study medication is able to induce a regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, in hypertensive patients.

Limits of precordial electrocardiographic mapping in assessing anterior myocardial infarction size.

Purpose of our investigation was to ascertain whether the electrocardiographic mapping of the anterior thoracic wall can provide more precise information on the extent of an anterior myocardial infarction (MI) than the 12 conventional leads do. Thirty-seven patients were studied 1 to 72 months after an acute MI of the anterior wall. All patients underwent left heart catheterization which included selective coronary arteriography and left ventriculography, to evaluate the indication for surgery. Electromaps were obtained by means of 71 Ag-AgCl electrodes located at regular intervals on the thoracic wall (between the right midclavicular line and the left posterior axillary line). The following parameters were considered: total number of Q waves, R waves and ST elevations greater than or equal to 0.05 mV (NQ, NR, NST); the sum of Q, R and ST voltages (sigma Q, sigma R, sigma ST); the sum of Q-wave and R-wave areas (sigma aQ, sigma aR). The electrocardiographic data were correlated with the percentage of left ventricular dyssynergy (corresponding to the ratio between the length of the akinetic and/or dyskinetic portion of the left ventricular silhouette and the total enddiastolic perimeter) and with the ejection fraction obtained from the left ventricular angiograms in right anterior oblique projection. A significant but weak correlation was found only between sigma R, sigma aR and percentage of dyssynergy and between NST, sigma ST and ejection fraction. Thus the amplitude and duration values of positive activation potentials (sigma aR, sigma R) were better predictors of dyssynergy extent than the classical direct signs of necrosis (NQ, sigma Q). The poor correlation observed in our patients between ECG and angiographic data can mainly be due: a) to a lack of concordance between the dyssynergic area and the truly infarcted region; b) to the well-known limits of surface electrocardiography in defining the cardiac generator characteristics. In particular, as far as the adequacy of various ECG recording systems in determining infarct size is concerned, our study suggests that exploring a large thoracic area is not definitely more advantageous than using 12 - lead ECG, when only traditional analysis of electrocardiographic tracings is performed.