Stillbirth risk by fetal size among 126.5 million births in 15 countries from 2000 to 2020: A fetuses-at-risk approach.

OBJECTIVE: To compare stillbirth rates and risks for small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies at 24-44 completed weeks of gestation using a birth-based and fetuses-at-risk approachs. DESIGN: Population-based, multi-country study. SETTING: National data systems in 15 high- and middle-income countries. POPULATION: Live births and stillbirths. METHODS: A total of 151 country-years of data, including 126 543 070 births across 15 countries from 2000 to 2020, were compiled. Births were categorised into SGA, AGA and LGA using INTERGROWTH-21st standards. Gestation-specific stillbirth rates, with total births as the denominator, and gestation-specific stillbirth risks, with fetuses still in utero as the denominator, were calculated from 24 to 44 weeks of gestation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gestation-specific stillbirth rates and risks according to size at birth. RESULTS: The overall stillbirth rate was 4.22 per 1000 total births (95% CI 4.22-4.23) across all gestations. Applying the birth-based approach, the stillbirth rates were highest at 24 weeks of gestation, with 621.6 per 1000 total births (95% CI 620.9-622.2) for SGA pregnancies, 298.4 per 1000 total births (95% CI 298.1-298.7) for AGA pregnancies and 338.5 per 1000 total births (95% CI 337.9-339.0) for LGA pregnancies. Applying the fetuses-at-risk approach, the gestation-specific stillbirth risk was highest for SGA pregnancies (1.3-1.4 per 1000 fetuses at risk) prior to 29 weeks of gestation. The risk remained stable between 30 and 34 weeks of gestation, and then increased gradually from 35 weeks of gestation to the highest rate of 8.4 per 1000 fetuses at risk (95% CI 8.3-8.4) at ≥42 weeks of gestation. The stillbirth risk ratio (RR) was consistently high for SGA compared with AGA pregnancies, with the highest RR observed at ≥42 weeks of gestation (RR 9.2, 95% CI 15.2-13.2), and with the lowest RR observed at 24 weeks of gestation (RR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9-4.3). The stillbirth RR was also consistently high for SGA compared with AGA pregnancies across all countries, with national variability ranging from RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.43-0.97) in Mexico to RR 8.6 (95% CI 8.1-9.1) in Uruguay. No increased risk for LGA pregnancies was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Small for gestational age (SGA) was strongly associated with stillbirth risk in this study based on high-quality data from high- and middle-income countries. The highest RRs were seen in preterm gestations, with two-thirds of the stillbirths born as preterm births. To advance our understanding of stillbirth, further analyses should be conducted using high-quality data sets from low-income settings, particularly those with relatively high rates of SGA.

Stillbirths: Contribution of preterm birth and size-for-gestational age for 125.4 million total births from nationwide records in 13 countries, 2000-2020.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of preterm birth and size-for-gestational age in stillbirths using six 'newborn types'. DESIGN: Population-based multi-country analyses. SETTING: Births collected through routine data systems in 13 countries. SAMPLE: 125 419 255 total births from 22+0 to 44+6 weeks' gestation identified from 2000 to 2020. METHODS: We included 635 107 stillbirths from 22+0 weeks' gestation from 13 countries. We classified all births, including stillbirths, into six 'newborn types' based on gestational age information (preterm, PT, <37+0 weeks versus term, T, ≥37+0 weeks) and size-for-gestational age defined as small (SGA, <10th centile), appropriate (AGA, 10th-90th centiles) or large (LGA, >90th centile) for gestational age, according to the international newborn size for gestational age and sex INTERGROWTH-21st standards. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Distribution of stillbirths, stillbirth rates and rate ratios according to six newborn types. RESULTS: 635 107 (0.5%) of the 125 419 255 total births resulted in stillbirth after 22+0 weeks. Most stillbirths (74.3%) were preterm. Around 21.2% were SGA types (PT + SGA [16.2%], PT + AGA [48.3%], T + SGA [5.0%]) and 14.1% were LGA types (PT + LGA [9.9%], T + LGA [4.2%]). The median rate ratio (RR) for stillbirth was highest in PT + SGA babies (RR 81.1, interquartile range [IQR], 68.8-118.8) followed by PT + AGA (RR 25.0, IQR, 20.0-34.3), PT + LGA (RR 25.9, IQR, 13.8-28.7) and T + SGA (RR 5.6, IQR, 5.1-6.0) compared with T + AGA. Stillbirth rate ratios were similar for T + LGA versus T + AGA (RR 0.7, IQR, 0.7-1.1). At the population level, 25% of stillbirths were attributable to small-for-gestational-age. CONCLUSIONS: In these high-quality data from high/middle income countries, almost three-quarters of stillbirths were born preterm and a fifth small-for-gestational age, with the highest stillbirth rates associated with the coexistence of preterm and SGA. Further analyses are needed to better understand patterns of gestation-specific risk in these populations, as well as patterns in lower-income contexts, especially those with higher rates of intrapartum stillbirth and SGA.

Neonatal mortality risk of large-for-gestational-age and macrosomic live births in 15 countries, including 115.6 million nationwide linked records, 2000-2020.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the prevalence and neonatal mortality associated with large for gestational age (LGA) and macrosomia among 115.6 million live births in 15 countries, between 2000 and 2020. DESIGN: Population-based, multi-country study. SETTING: National healthcare systems. POPULATION: Liveborn infants. METHODS: We used individual-level data identified for the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We calculated the prevalence and relative risk (RR) of neonatal mortality among live births born at term + LGA (>90th centile, and also >95th and >97th centiles when the data were available) versus term + appropriate for gestational age (AGA, 10th-90th centiles) and macrosomic (≥4000, ≥4500 and ≥5000 g, regardless of gestational age) versus 2500-3999 g. INTERGROWTH 21st served as the reference population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and neonatal mortality risks. RESULTS: Large for gestational age was common (median prevalence 18.2%; interquartile range, IQR, 13.5%-22.0%), and overall was associated with a lower neonatal mortality risk compared with AGA (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.89). Around one in ten babies were ≥4000 g (median prevalence 9.6% (IQR 6.4%-13.3%), with 1.2% (IQR 0.7%-2.0%) ≥4500 g and with 0.2% (IQR 0.1%-0.2%) ≥5000 g). Overall, macrosomia of ≥4000 g was not associated with increased neonatal mortality risk (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.94); however, a higher risk was observed for birthweights of ≥4500 g (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10-2.11) and ≥5000 g (RR 4.54, 95% CI 2.58-7.99), compared with birthweights of 2500-3999 g, with the highest risk observed in the first 7 days of life. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, birthweight of ≥4500 g was the most useful marker for early mortality risk in big babies and could be used to guide clinical management decisions.

Neonatal mortality risk for vulnerable newborn types in 15 countries using 125.5 million nationwide birth outcome records, 2000-2020.

OBJECTIVE: To compare neonatal mortality associated with six novel vulnerable newborn types in 125.5 million live births across 15 countries, 2000-2020. DESIGN: Population-based, multi-country study. SETTING: National data systems in 15 middle- and high-income countries. METHODS: We used individual-level data sets identified for the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We examined the contribution to neonatal mortality of six newborn types combining gestational age (preterm [PT] versus term [T]) and size-for-gestational age (small [SGA], <10th centile, appropriate [AGA], 10th-90th centile or large [LGA], >90th centile) according to INTERGROWTH-21st newborn standards. Newborn babies with PT or SGA were defined as small and T + LGA was considered as large. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) and population attributable risks (PAR%) for the six newborn types. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality of six newborn types. RESULTS: Of 125.5 million live births analysed, risk ratios were highest among PT + SGA (median 67.2, interquartile range [IQR] 45.6-73.9), PT + AGA (median 34.3, IQR 23.9-37.5) and PT + LGA (median 28.3, IQR 18.4-32.3). At the population level, PT + AGA was the greatest contributor to newborn mortality (median PAR% 53.7, IQR 44.5-54.9). Mortality risk was highest among newborns born before 28 weeks (median RR 279.5, IQR 234.2-388.5) compared with babies born between 37 and 42 completed weeks or with a birthweight less than 1000 g (median RR 282.8, IQR 194.7-342.8) compared with those between 2500 g and 4000 g as a reference group. CONCLUSION: Preterm newborn types were the most vulnerable, and associated with the highest mortality, particularly with co-existence of preterm and SGA. As PT + AGA is more prevalent, it is responsible for the greatest burden of neonatal deaths at population level.

Vulnerable newborn types: Analysis of population-based registries for 165 million births in 23 countries, 2000-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of novel newborn types among 165 million live births in 23 countries from 2000 to 2021. DESIGN: Population-based, multi-country analysis. SETTING: National data systems in 23 middle- and high-income countries. POPULATION: Liveborn infants. METHODS: Country teams with high-quality data were invited to be part of the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We classified live births by six newborn types based on gestational age information (preterm <37 weeks versus term ≥37 weeks) and size for gestational age defined as small (SGA, <10th centile), appropriate (10th-90th centiles), or large (LGA, >90th centile) for gestational age, according to INTERGROWTH-21st standards. We considered small newborn types of any combination of preterm or SGA, and term + LGA was considered large. Time trends were analysed using 3-year moving averages for small and large types. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of six newborn types. RESULTS: We analysed 165 017 419 live births and the median prevalence of small types was 11.7% - highest in Malaysia (26%) and Qatar (15.7%). Overall, 18.1% of newborns were large (term + LGA) and was highest in Estonia 28.8% and Denmark 25.9%. Time trends of small and large infants were relatively stable in most countries. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of newborn types varies across the 23 middle- and high-income countries. Small newborn types were highest in west Asian countries and large types were highest in Europe. To better understand the global patterns of these novel newborn types, more information is needed, especially from low- and middle-income countries.

[Study of food characteristics of Uruguayan adolescents]. / Estudio sobre las características de la alimentación de los adolescentes uruguayos.

The aim of this study was to characterize the diet of Uruguayan adolescents and demographic aspects that influence it. The data come from the National Survey of Adolescents and Youth in 2008 which worked with 2,943 cases, representative sample of all adolescents in Uruguay. The characteristics of feeding studied were: consumption of fruits and vegetables, soft drinks, fast food, added salt to meals served at the table and meal times shared with a parent. These variables were also studied in aggregate to determine a pattern of eating behavior. It was found that 89% of adolescents did not meet the recommendation of 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, 50% consumed daily soft drinks, fast foods ingested 24% 2 or more times per week and 13% added salt at all preparations. We also found that 31% did not share mealtimes with parents daily. By adding the variables studied, we observed that 58% were inadequately fed, and is higher among older adolescents (p < 0.01), who had higher household income (p < 0.05) and those who were not residing in the capital (p < 0.05). It is concluded that feeding adolescents was characterized by inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables, frequent consumption of soft drinks, fast food and adding salt to served meals, which defined it as inadequate. This was mainly observed in older adolescents, better economic situation and residents within the country..

Undernutrition and suboptimal growth during the first year are associated with glycemia but not with insulin resistance in adulthood.

This study aimed to assess whether weight, length, and conditional growth during the first year are associated with glycemia and insulin resistance among young adults. A non-concurrent longitudinal design was used in the study. This is a population-based cohort study, composed of people aged from 22 to 28 years. We estimated z-scores from birth to the first year and the infants were classified as stunted, underweight, overweight, obese, wasted, and at risk of wasting, using cut-offs proposed by the World Health Organization (Child Growth Standards, 2006). Conditional weight and length gain variables were estimated. Glycemia, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and single point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) were evaluated in adulthood. Multiple linear regressions that includes the variables associated with glycemia and insulin resistance were used. In total, 1,070 subjects were evaluated and glycemia in adulthood was higher among subjects who were wasted or at risk of wasting at 12 months (ß coefficient = 2.77; 95%CI: 0.37; 5.21). In relation to normal weight, those subjects who were overweight at 12 months showed the lowest glycemia (ß coefficient = -2.39; 95%CI: -4.32; -0.36). Conditional weight gain in the first year was negatively associated with glycemia in adulthood (ß coefficient = -0.65; 95%CI: -1.23; -0.08). SPISE was higher among underweight subjects, and negatively associated with conditional relative weight gain and conditional linear growth in the first year. In conclusion, we found that undernutrition and suboptimal growth were associated with higher glycemia.

BIRTH WEIGHT, WEIGHT GAIN, AND OBESITY AMONG CHILDREN IN URUGUAY: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY SINCE BIRTH.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of birth weight and subsequent weight gain on children being overweight and obese in serial assessments of Uruguayan children living at urban areas. METHODS: We used secondary data of pediatric anthropometric measurements and health and socioeconomic characteristics of families that were included in a longitudinal and prospective nationally representative survey ("Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud"). The associations of conditional weight gain, being overweight and obesity were tested through correlation coefficients. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were performed to calculate the effect of birth weight on childhood obesity and were adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: For macrosomic babies, there was an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 70% compared with non-macrosomic babies, when we adjusted for sex, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and household income. The correlation between weight gain and the body mass index for age indicated that the greatest (positive) difference in Z score between measurements increased the obesity levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that ensuring optimal birth weight and monitoring and controlling posterior weight gain represent the first steps toward primary prevention of childhood obesity.

Undernutrition and suboptimal growth during the first year are associated with glycemia but not with insulin resistance in adulthood / Desnutrición y crecimiento insuficiente durante el primer año están asociados con la glucemia, pero no con la resistencia a la insulina en la etapa adulta / Subnutrição e crescimento baixo durante o primeiro ano de vida estão associados à glicemia, mas não à resistência insulínica na vida adulta

Abstract: This study aimed to assess whether weight, length, and conditional growth during the first year are associated with glycemia and insulin resistance among young adults. A non-concurrent longitudinal design was used in the study. This is a population-based cohort study, composed of people aged from 22 to 28 years. We estimated z-scores from birth to the first year and the infants were classified as stunted, underweight, overweight, obese, wasted, and at risk of wasting, using cut-offs proposed by the World Health Organization (Child Growth Standards, 2006). Conditional weight and length gain variables were estimated. Glycemia, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and single point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) were evaluated in adulthood. Multiple linear regressions that includes the variables associated with glycemia and insulin resistance were used. In total, 1,070 subjects were evaluated and glycemia in adulthood was higher among subjects who were wasted or at risk of wasting at 12 months (β coefficient = 2.77; 95%CI: 0.37; 5.21). In relation to normal weight, those subjects who were overweight at 12 months showed the lowest glycemia (β coefficient = -2.39; 95%CI: -4.32; -0.36). Conditional weight gain in the first year was negatively associated with glycemia in adulthood (β coefficient = -0.65; 95%CI: -1.23; -0.08). SPISE was higher among underweight subjects, and negatively associated with conditional relative weight gain and conditional linear growth in the first year. In conclusion, we found that undernutrition and suboptimal growth were associated with higher glycemia.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si el peso, longitud y crecimiento condicionado durante el primer año está asociado con la glucemia y resistencia a la insulina entre adultos jóvenes. En el estudio se usó un diseño longitudinal no concurrente. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte con base poblacional, compuesto por individuos con una edad comprendida entre los 22 y 28 años de edad. Estimamos un puntaje z desde el nacimiento hasta el primer año y los niños fueron clasificados como: talla baja, con bajo peso, con sobrepeso, obesos, emaciados y con riesgo de emaciación, usando los cortes propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (Child Growth Standards, 2006). Se estimaron como variables tanto el aumento de peso condicionado, como la longitud. La glucemia, insulina, el modelo de homeostasis para evaluar la resistencia a la insulina (HOMA, en inglés) y el estimador de sensibilidad a la insulina de un solo punto (SPISE, en inglés) fueron evaluados en la etapa adulta. Usamos regresiones múltiples lineales que incluyen las variables significativamente asociadas con la glucemia y resistencia a la insulina. Se evaluaron a 1.070 individuos, la glucemia en la etapa adulta fue mayor entre individuos que estaban emaciados o con riesgo de emaciación a los 12 meses (coeficiente β = 2,77; IC95%: 0,37; 5,21). En relación con el peso normal, estos individuos que sufrían sobrepeso a los 12 meses mostraron la más baja glucemia (coeficiente β = -2,39; IC95%: -4,32; -0,36). El aumento de peso condicionado durante el primer año estuvo negativamente asociado con la glucemia en la etapa adulta (β coeficiente = -0,65; IC95%: -1,23; -0,08). El SPISE fue más alto entre los individuos con bajo peso, y estuvo negativamente asociado con el aumento relativo de peso condicionado y el crecimiento lineal condicionado durante el primer año. En conclusión, descubrimos que la desnutrición y crecimiento insuficiente estuvieron asociados con una glucemia más alta.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o peso, estatura e crescimento condicional durante o primeiro ano de vida estão associados à glicemia e à resistência insulínica entre adultos jovens. O estudo usou um desenho longitudinal não concorrente. O estudo de coorte de base populacional analisou pessoas de idade entre 22 e 28 anos. Estimamos os escores-z desde o nascimento até o primeiro ano, e os lactentes foram classificados como: baixa estatura para idade, sobrepeso, obesidade, subnutrição e risco de subnutrição, usando os pontos de corte propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (Child Growth Standards, 2006). Foram estimadas as variáveis de peso condicional e ganho de estatura. Foram avaliadas na vida adulta a glicemia, insulina e avaliação do modelo de homeostase da resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR, em inglês) e estimador de sensibilidade à insulina de ponto único (SPISE, em inglês). Utilizamos regressão linear multivariada, incluindo as variáveis com associação significativa com a glicemia e a resistência insulínica. Foram avaliados 1.070 indivíduos, e a glicemia na idade adulta foi maior naqueles com subnutrição ou riso de subnutrição aos 12 meses de idade (coeficiente β = 2,77; IC95%: 0,37; 5,21). Em relação ao peso normal, indivíduos com sobrepeso aos 12 meses mostraram a menor glicemia (coeficiente β = -2,39; IC95%: -4,32; -0,36). O ganho ponderal condicional no primeiro ano de vida mostrou associação negativa com glicemia na vida adulta (coeficiente β = -0,65; IC95%: -1,23; -0,08). O SPISE foi mais alto entre indivíduos subnutridos e mostrou associação negativa com o ganho ponderal condicional e o crescimento linear condicional no primeiro ano. Como conclusão, o estudo mostrou que a subnutrição e o crescimento baixo estiveram associados a glicemia mais elevada.

Birth weight, weight gain, and obesity among children in uruguay: a prospective study since birth / Peso ao nascer, ganho ponderal e obesidade em crianças no uruguai: estudo prospectivo desde

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the effect of birth weight and subsequent weight gain on children being overweight and obese in serial assessments of Uruguayan children living at urban areas. Methods: We used secondary data of pediatric anthropometric measurements and health and socioeconomic characteristics of families that were included in a longitudinal and prospective nationally representative survey ("Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud"). The associations of conditional weight gain, being overweight and obesity were tested through correlation coefficients. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were performed to calculate the effect of birth weight on childhood obesity and were adjusted for covariates. Results: For macrosomic babies, there was an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 70% compared with non-macrosomic babies, when we adjusted for sex, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and household income. The correlation between weight gain and the body mass index for age indicated that the greatest (positive) difference in Z score between measurements increased the obesity levels. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ensuring optimal birth weight and monitoring and controlling posterior weight gain represent the first steps toward primary prevention of childhood obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do peso ao nascer e do ganho ponderal subsequente em crianças com sobrepeso e obesidade com base em avaliações consecutivas de crianças uruguaias vivendo em áreas urbanas. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados secundários de medidas antropométricas pediátricas, além de características de saúde e socioeconômicas de famílias incluídas em um inquérito prospectivo e longitudinal de representatividade nacional ("Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud"). As associações entre ganho ponderal condicional, sobrepeso e obesidade foram testadas por meio de coeficientes de correlação. Modelos de regressão logística binária multivariada foram construídos para calcular o efeito do peso ao nascer sobre a obesidade infantil e ajustados por covariáveis. Resultados: Bebês macrossômicos tiveram um aumento de 70% na prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em comparação a bebês não-macrossômicos, quando ajustado por sexo, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e renda familiar. A correlação entre ganho ponderal e índice de massa corporal para idade mostrou que a maior diferença (positiva) de escore z entre as medições aumentou os níveis de obesidade. Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que garantir o peso ideal ao nascer e monitorar e controlar o ganho ponderal subsequente são os primeiros passos para a prevenção primária da obesidade infantil.

Trend and factors associated with adverse birth weight in Uruguayan children between 2009 and 2015 / Tendencia y factores asociados al peso al nacer adverso en niños uruguayos entre los años 2009 y 2015

Abstract Objectives: to identify trendand factors associated with adverse birth weight. Methods: cross-sectional design. The analysis uses the 2009-2015 Uruguay Perinatal Computer Systemdata on 303,625 newborns. Results: the prevalence of macrosomia (> 3,999g) has increased from 7.0% to 8.4%. The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) (< 2,500g) decreased, standing at 6.6% in the last year. The factors that determines more possibilities of LBW were preeclampsia (OR = 4.80; CI95%= 4.57-5.05), inadequate controls (OR = 2.29; CI95%= 2.20-2.39), shorter duration of pregnancy (OR = 2.52; CI95%= 2.50-2.55), previous hypertension (OR = 2.11; CI95%= 1.96-2.27), hypertensive disease of pregnancy (OR = 1.82; CI95%= 1.74-1.90), low prematernal maternal weight (OR = 1.65; CI95%= 1.58-1.74). Macrosomia was associated with type 1 diabetes (OR = 2.21; CI95%= 1.86-2.61), Type 2 or Gestational (OR = 1.78; CI95%= 1.70-1.87), obesity maternal (OR = 2.33; CI95%= 2.24-2.43) and longer gestation duration (OR = 2.62; CI95%= 2.53-2.72). Conclusions: the LBW decreases while the macrosomia increases. The health and nutritional status of women at the beginning of pregnancy, pathologies of the last trimester, smoking, shorter duration of pregnancy and inadequate controls are associated with BPN. Overweight, obesity and metabolic diseases determine macrosomia.

Resumen Objetivos: identificar tendencia y factores asociados al peso al nacer adverso. Métodos: diseño transversal, se analizaron nacimientos entre 2009-2015. El análisis utilizó el Sistema Informático Perinatal de Uruguay, de 2009-2015, datos de 303.625 recién nacidos. Resultados: la prevalencia de macrosomía (>3.999g) aumentó de 7% a 8,4%. La prevalencia de bajo peso al nacer (BPN) (<2.500g) disminuyó situándose en 6,6% en el último año. Los factores que determinaron mayores posibilidades de BPN fueron preeclampsia (OR=4,80; IC95%= 4,57-5,05), inadecuados controles (OR = 2,29; IC95%= 2,20-2,39), menor duración de la gestación (OR = 2,52; IC95%= 2,50-2,55), hipertensión arterial previa (OR = 2,11; IC95%= 1,96-2,27), enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo (OR = 1,82; IC95%= 1,74-1,90), bajo peso materno pregestacional (OR = 1,65; IC95%= 1,58-1,74). Macrosomía se asoció con diabetes tipo 1 (OR = 2,21; IC95%= 1,86-2,61), tipo 2 o Gestacional (OR = 1,78; IC95%= 1,70-1,87), obesidad materna (OR = 2,33; IC95%= 2,242,43) y duración de gestación (OR = 2,62; IC95%= 2,53-2,72). Conclusiones: existe una tendencia a disminución del BPNy aumento de la macrosomía. La salud y estado nutricional de la mujer al inicio de la gestación, patologías del último trimestre, tabaquismo, menor duración de la gestación e inadecuados controles se asocian a BPN. El sobrepeso, la obesidad y enfermedades metabólicas determinan macrosomía.

Políticas públicas sobre nutrición en Uruguay y la autonomía de las personas / Public nutritional policies in Uruguay and peoples autonomy

Tomado como punto de partida el concepto de autonomía desarrollado por la bioética americana y tras realizar una revisión actualizada de las políticas públicas en nutrición en Uruguay, se presenta un análisis de los problemas que han tenido estas en relación a la noción objeto de estudio. La investigación fue basada en una revisión de puntos de referencia históricos en el campo de políticas que fueron concebidas por el Estado para combatir los problemas nutricionales. Se revisaron documentos del gobierno fueron publicados al efecto, tales como: programas, planes y guías. En el análisis se discuten los valores que tradicionalmente han sido identificados como derechos básicos de autonomía y aspectos que la rodean y, en cierto modo, son determinantes a la hora de las elecciones individuales y las posibilidades reales de los individuos de elegir con libertad. La finalidad del presente trabajo es hacer un recorrido de las políticas nutricionales del Estado uruguayo desde mediados del siglo xx hasta la actualidad, enfatizando en la injerencia de éstas en la construcción de la autonomía(AU)

Based on the concept of autonomy developed by American bioethics and after carrying out an updated review of the public nutritional policies in Uruguay, it is presented an analysis of the problems that these policies had in relation to this concept. The research was based in a review of the historical points of reference in the field of policies that were designed by the State to combat nutritional problems. Government documents which were published as programmes, plans and guides were reviewed. The analysis discusses the values that have traditionally been identified as basic rights of autonomy and aspects that surround it, and that in some way are determinants when individual choices and the real possibilities of individuals to choose freely appear. The purpose of this study is to show the nutritional policies of the Uruguayan State, from the mid twentieth century to the present, emphasizing their interference in the construction of autonomy(AU)

Políticas públicas sobre nutrición en Uruguay y la autonomía de las personas / Public nutritional policies in Uruguay and people's autonomy

Tomado como punto de partida el concepto de autonomía desarrollado por la bioética americana y tras realizar una revisión actualizada de las políticas públicas en nutrición en Uruguay, se presenta un análisis de los problemas que han tenido estas en relación a la noción objeto de estudio. La investigación fue basada en una revisión de puntos de referencia históricos en el campo de políticas que fueron concebidas por el Estado para combatir los problemas nutricionales. Se revisaron documentos del gobierno fueron publicados al efecto, tales como: programas, planes y guías. En el análisis se discuten los valores que tradicionalmente han sido identificados como derechos básicos de autonomía y aspectos que la rodean y, en cierto modo, son determinantes a la hora de las elecciones individuales y las posibilidades reales de los individuos de elegir con libertad. La finalidad del presente trabajo es hacer un recorrido de las políticas nutricionales del Estado uruguayo desde mediados del siglo xx hasta la actualidad, enfatizando en la injerencia de estas en la construcción de la autonomía(AU)

Based on the concept of autonomy developed by American bioethics and after carrying out an updated review of the public nutritional policies in Uruguay, it is presented an analysis of the problems that these policies had in relation to this concept. The research was based in a review of the historical points of reference in the field of policies that were designed by the State to combat nutritional problems. Government documents which were published as programmes, plans and guides were reviewed. The analysis discusses the values that have traditionally been identified as basic rights of autonomy and aspects that surround it, and that in some way are determinants when individual choices and the real possibilities of individuals to choose freely appear. The purpose of this study is to show the nutritional policies of the Uruguayan State, from the mid twentieth century to the present, emphasizing their interference in the construction of autonomy(AU)

Estudio sobre las características de la alimentación de los adolescentes uruguayos / Study of food characteristics of Uruguayan adolescents

El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la alimentación de los adolescentes uruguayos y los aspectos sociodemográficos que influyen en la misma. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Adolescencia y Juventud del año 2008 la cual trabajó con 2.943 casos, muestra representativa del total de adolescentes del Uruguay. Las características de la alimentación estudiadas fueron: consumo de frutas y verduras, bebidas azucaradas tipo cola, comidas rápidas, agregado de sal a las comidas servidas en la mesa y tiempos de comida compartidos con alguno de sus padres. Estas variables también se estudiaron de forma agregada para determinar un patrón de comportamiento alimentario. Se obtuvo que 89% de los adolescentes no alcanzó la recomendación de 5 porciones de frutas y verduras al día, 50% consumió diariamente bebidas azucaradas, 24% ingirió comidas rápidas 2 o más veces por semana y 13% agregó sal a todas las preparaciones. También se encontró que 31% no compartió diariamente tiempos de comida con sus padres. Al agregar las variables estudiadas, se observó que 58% se alimentó inadecuadamente, existiendo un mayor riesgo entre los adolescentes de mayor edad (p<0,01), quienes presentaban mayores ingresos familiares (p<0,05) y aquellos que residían en el interior del país (p<0,05). Se concluye que la alimentación de los adolescentes se caracterizó por la escasa ingesta de frutas y verduras, el frecuente consumo de bebidas azucaradas tipo cola, de comidas rápidas y agregado de sal a las comidas servidas, lo que la definió como inadecuada. Esto se observó principalmente entre adolescentes de mayor edad, mejor situación económica y residentes en el interior del país.

The aim of this study was to characterize the diet of Uruguayan adolescents and demographic aspects that influence it. The data come from the National Survey of Adolescents and Youth in 2008 which worked with 2,943 cases, representative sample of all adolescents in Uruguay. The characteristics of feeding studied were: consumption of fruits and vegetables, soft drinks, fast food, added salt to meals served at the table and meal times shared with a parent. These variables were also studied in aggregate to determine a pattern of eating behavior. It was found that 89% of adolescents did not meet the recommendation of 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, 50% consumed daily soft drinks, fast foods ingested 24% 2 or more times per week and 13% added salt at all preparations. We also found that 31% did not share mealtimes with parents daily. By adding the variables studied, we observed that 58% were inadequately fed, and is higher among older adolescents (p <0.01), who had higher household income (p <0.05) and those who were not residing in the capital (p <0.05). It is concluded that feeding adolescents was characterized by inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables, frequent consumption of soft drinks, fast food and adding salt to served meals, which defined it as inadequate. This was mainly observed in older adolescents, better economic situation and residents within the country.

Prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en la población de San Javier, Misiones / Prevalence of hypertension in the town of San Javier, Misiones

Hasta la actualidad, no existen en nuestro país estudios que utilizando criterios estrictos para el diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial (HTA) hayan determinado la prevalencia de esta patología en este grupo de población. Como parte de un proyecto de atención médica primaria realizado en el departamento de San Javier, provincia de Misiones, se efectuó un estudio de corte transversal retrospectivo con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de HTA, respetando los criterios que establece el consenso de HTA de 2013 de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (SAC) para su diagnóstico. Material y método: Se incluyó la totalidad de la población ˃ 18 años (n=12.468). Para ello fueron consultadas las historias clínicas (HC) de la totalidad de la población, las cuales fueron registradas por médicos, enfermeros y promotores de salud capacitados, utilizando esfingomanómetros calibrados. Se consideró HTA cuando el promedio de dos determinaciones de la PA en dos oportunidades distintas fue ≥ 140 mmHg de presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y/o ≥ 90 mmHg de presión arterial diastólica (PAD), según criterios de la SAC. Se realizó además electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones en búsqueda de lesión de órgano blanco. Resultados: La PAS promedio de la población general fue 130 mmHg, y la PAD fue 84 mmHg. La prevalencia global de HTA fue 31% (PAS de 148 ± 14 mmHg y una PAD de 99 ± 12 mmHg) con una edad promedio de 48,5 años. De los pacientes con diagnóstico de HTA, el 31% tuvo hipertensión arterial diastólica, el 14% tuvo hipertensión arterial sistólica, y el 55% (n=2143) presentaron ambos valores de HTA aumentados. La prevalencia de HTA en varones fue 29%, edad promedio 52 años, PAS 143 mmHg y PAD 101 mmHg. En mujeres 71%, edad promedio 45 años, PAS 151 mmHg y PAD 97 mmHg. El 46% de los hipertensos no conocía su condición de tal. De los pacientes con diagnóstico de HTA solo el 2,8% (n=108) presentó cambios en el electrocardiograma (ECG) compatibles con HVI...