RESUMEN
Active surveillance of influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) involving 262 farms and 10 slaughterhouses in seven provinces in northern and southern Vietnam from 2010 to 2015 yielded 388 isolates from 32 farms; these viruses were classified into H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes. Whole-genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates represented 15 genotypes, according to the genetic constellation of the eight segments. All of the H1N1 viruses were entirely A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, whereas all of the H1N2 and H3N2 viruses were reassortants among 5 distinct ancestral viruses: H1 and H3 triple-reassortant (TR) IAV-S that originated from North American pre-2009 human seasonal H1, human seasonal H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Notably, 93% of the reassortant IAV-S retained M genes that were derived from A(H1N1)pdm09, suggesting some advantage in terms of their host adaptation. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis revealed that multiple introductions of A(H1N1)pdm09 and TR IAV-S into the Vietnamese pig population have driven the genetic diversity of currently circulating Vietnamese IAV-S. In addition, our results indicate that a reassortant IAV-S with human-like H3 and N2 genes and an A(H1N1)pdm09 origin M gene likely caused a human case in Ho Chi Minh City in 2010. Our current findings indicate that human-to-pig transmission as well as cocirculation of different IAV-S have contributed to diversifying the gene constellations of IAV-S in Vietnam. IMPORTANCE: This comprehensive genetic characterization of 388 influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) isolated through active surveillance of Vietnamese pig farms from 2010 through 2015 provides molecular epidemiological insight into the genetic diversification of IAV-S in Vietnam after the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Multiple reassortments among A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and enzootic IAV-S yielded 14 genotypes, 9 of which carried novel gene combinations. The reassortants that carried M genes derived from A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses became predominant, replacing those of the IAV-S that had been endemic in Vietnam since 2011. Notably, one of the novel reassortants likely caused a human case in Vietnam. Given that Vietnam is the second-largest pig-producing country in Asia, continued monitoring of IAV-S is highly important from the viewpoints of both the swine industry and human public health.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Filogenia , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Animales , Teorema de Bayes , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Cadenas de Markov , Método de Montecarlo , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/transmisión , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Virus Reordenados/genética , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Vietnam/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The antigenicity of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin is responsible for vaccine efficacy in protecting pigs against swine influenza virus (SIV) infection. However, the antigenicity of SIV strains currently circulating in Japan and Vietnam has not been well characterized. We examined the antigenicity of classical H1 SIVs, pandemic A(H1N1)2009 (A(H1N1)pdm09) viruses, and seasonal human-lineage SIVs isolated in Japan and Vietnam. A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was used to determine antigenic differences that differentiate the recent Japanese H1N2 and H3N2 SIVs from the H1N1 and H3N2 domestic vaccine strains. Minor antigenic variation between pig A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was evident by HI assay using 13 mAbs raised against homologous virus. A Vietnamese H1N2 SIV, whose H1 gene originated from a human strain in the mid-2000s, reacted poorly with post-infection ferret serum against human vaccine strains from 2000-2010. These results provide useful information for selection of optimal strains for SIV vaccine production.
Asunto(s)
Variación Antigénica , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Variación Antigénica/genética , Antígenos Virales/genética , Embrión de Pollo , Pollos , Perros , Hurones , Variación Genética , Cobayas , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Japón/epidemiología , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Ratones , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Filogenia , Ovinos , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Vietnam/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Surveillance of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in 31 pig farms in northern and southern parts of Vietnam was conducted. Six H3N2 influenza A viruses were isolated from a pig farm in southern Vietnam. They were novel genetic reassortants between a triple-reassortant SIV and a human seasonal H3N2 virus. Their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes were derived from a human virus circulating around 2004-2006 and the remaining genes from a triple-reassortant SIV that originated in North America. This is the first report describing the isolation of a novel triple-reassortant SIV in Vietnam.