Frailty assessment, hip fracture and long-term clinical outcomes in older adults.

BACKGROUND: The primary aim of the study was determining the validation of the modified 19-item Frailty Index (mFI-19), based on the standard procedure for creating a frailty index scoring in the accumulation deficit theory of Rockwood and comparing it with the gold standard comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in old age patients with hip fracture. As a secondary aim, we compared prognostic accuracies of mFI-19 and CGA in predicting long-term mortality after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 364 older patients with hip fractures, each a candidate for surgery, were consecutively enrolled. All were subjected to CGA and mFI-19 at baseline and time to death (years from hip surgery) were collected prospectively. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 86.5 (SD: 5.65) years. The most common clinical phenotype (77%) was frail. Both CGA and mFI-19 performed similarly in predicting long-term mortality (Harrell's C-index: 0.66 and 0.68, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The mFI-19 was validated, compared to the gold standard CGA, based on a systematic process for creating a frailty index in relation to the accumulation deficit. This is one of few prospective studies addressing long-term mortality in older adults with hip fractures, invoking a methodologically robust frailty screening assessment.

Three-year National report from the Gruppo Italiano di Ortogeriatria (GIOG) in the management of hip-fractured patients.

BACKGROUND: Hip fractures (HF) are a major issue worldwide. We aimed at evaluating the practices in delivering care to patients with HF among several Italian Orthogeriatric centers. METHODS: The study took place from February 2016 to July 2018. Seven performance indicators (pre-surgical cognitive assessment, surgery performed ≤ 48 h from fracture, removal of urinary catheter/absence of delirium/start of physiotherapy on the first post-operative day, prescription of bone protection at discharge, and discharge toward rehabilitation) were collected. RESULTS: The 14 participating hospitals totally recruited 3.017 patients. Patients were old (median age 86 years; Inter Quartile Range [IQR] 80-90), mostly females (77%). Nearly 55% of them were already impaired in mobility and about 10% were nursing home residents. Median time-to-surgery was 41 h (IQR 23-62). Models of care greatly varied among centers, only 49.3% of patients being co-managed by geriatricians and orthopedics. There was high variability across centers in four indicators ("pre-surgical cognitive assessment", "bone protection prescription", "use of urinary catheter" and "start of physiotherapy"), moderate in two indicators ("surgery performed ≤ 48 h from fracture" and "discharge toward rehabilitation" and low in one ("absence of delirium on day following surgery"). Comparison with international studies suggests very different ways of providing care to HF Italian patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest high inter-center variability in the key-performance indicators, and different approaches in providing care to our HF patients in comparison to other countries. A National debate on the topic is required in Italy to harmonize practices of orthogeriatric care.

Ultra-old patients and long-term survival after hip fracture: a real-world assessment.

It's still undetermined whether ultra-old persons, aged >90 years, are able to tolerate hip fracture surgical stress while maintaining their functional reserve, and even fewer studies have investigated the role of frailty on the risk of mortality, disability, or morbidity in the ultra-old. This is a prospective study performed at the Orthogeriatrics Ward of the IRCCS Policlinico San Martino (Genoa, Italy) that consecutively enrolled 205 older adult patients with hip fractures due to low-energy trauma. Namely, 85 patients were categorized as ultra-old, and 120 patients (64-89 years) were the younger control group. Demographic data, perioperative data, and rehabilitation data were collected. Here we estimated the overall survival and related predictive variables in hospitalized ultra-old hip fracture patients based on a methodologically robust frailty stratification (Rockwood 40-item tool). The median OS for the ultra-old was 18.7 months, which also showed a doubled 1-year mortality risk. Our findings assessed that frailty in the presence of malnutrition, delayed verticalization, and post-operative respiratory complications was associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of long-term mortality, irrespective of advanced chronological age in the ultra-old. Although the higher mortality rate in these patients may be related to a priori lower life expectancy, chronological age alone is an insufficient prognostic determinant for unfavorable outcomes. Our multicomponent prognostic score can be used in combination to stratify frailty in the ultra-old for timely screening and to deliver goals of care discussions prior to surgery, potentially targeting new orthogeriatric pathways for the improvement of appropriateness and treatment intensity.

Osteosarcopenia in Very Old Age Adults After Hip Fracture: A Real-World Therapeutic Standpoint.

Loss of bone and muscle mass and strength (i. e., osteosarcopenia) is a highly prevalent clinical condition in older adults, associated with an increased risk of fragility fractures and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Although sarcopenia is a potential risk factor for osteoporosis and subsequent fracture, and the management of this hazardous duet is the key to preventing osteoporotic fracture, evidence pertaining to the treatment of sarcopenia for the purpose of preventing fragile fractures remains insufficient. Given this scenario we aimed at prospectively compare the long-term effectiveness of bisphosphonates vs. denosumab, on bone and muscle, in a cohort of old age hip fractured patients by virtue of a timely osteo-metabolic and sarcopenic assessment. Ninety-eight patients consecutively enrolled at the IRCCS Hospital San martino, Genoa, Italy, received at baseline comprehensive geriatric assessment and Bone Densitometry (DXA) with the quantitative and quantitative bone analysis and evaluation of relative skeletal muscle index (RSMI) and longitudinally after 1 year form hip surgery. The results showed a slightly and non-significant osteo-metabolic improvement in the Alendronate group compared to the Denosumab group, and a positive trend of RSMI measurements in the Denosumab group. Although preliminary in nature, this is the first report to longitudinally analyze osteosarcopenia in a real-world cohort of very old age patients after hip fracture and moved a step forward in the understanding of the best osteo-metabolic therapy for long- term treatment, exploring as well the potential dual role of denousumab as antiresorptive and muscle strength specific drug for osteosarcopenia in this vulnerable population.

Factors associated with an immediate weight-bearing and early ambulation program for older adults after hip fracture repair.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate baseline characteristics and in-hospital factors associated with nonadherence with an immediate weight-bearing and early ambulation (IWB-EA) program after hip fracture (HF) surgery. DESIGN: Prospective inception cohort study. SETTING: Ortho-geriatric unit in an acute care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Older adults (N=469) admitted with an osteoporotic HF who underwent surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Immediate weight-bearing and assisted ambulation training on the first postoperative day (all patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Proportion of subjects who adhered to the IWB-EA protocol within 48 hours of surgery. RESULTS: A total of 366 patients (78%) bore weight and ambulated within 48 hours (weight-bearing [WB] group) while the others did not adhere to the protocol (nonweight-bearing [NWB] group). Subjects in the NWB group were significantly older, were more cognitively and functionally impaired, and presented a higher comorbidity at baseline. A higher proportion of subjects in the NWB group (42.7%) than the WB group (23.5%; P<.001) underwent surgery on a preholiday day. In multivariate analysis, having surgery on Friday or a preholiday day (the day before a public holiday) remained the most influent variable related to nonadherence to the IWB-EA protocol (odds ratio=2.5; 95% confidence interval=1.6-4.0; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes that IWB-EA is feasible in a high proportion of patients after surgical stabilization of HF. Neither cognitive impairment nor high comorbidity influenced significantly the adherence to the protocol, indicating that IWB-EA may be offered to an unselected population of the elderly with HF. The day of surgery (eg, preholiday or not) was the only variable influencing the participation to the IWB-EA protocol, suggesting the importance of maintaining the same standard of daytime care every day of the week.

The In-Hospital Length of Stay after Hip Fracture in Octogenarians: Do Delirium and Dementia Shape a New Care Process?

BACKGROUND: Hip fracture is a major health problem and a patient's biological age, comorbidity, and cognitive vulnerability have an impact on its related outcomes. Length of stay (LOS) for these highly vulnerable patients is rather long and the possible causes have not been clearly identified yet. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the main clinical factors associated with protracted LOS, focusing on delirium with or without dementia in older age hip fractured patients. METHODS: 218 subjects (mean age 86.70±6.18 years), admitted to the Orthogeriatric Unit of the Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Italy), were recruited. All patients received physical and comprehensive geriatric assessment. Days to surgery, days from surgery to rehabilitation, and LOS were recorded. In-hospital and three months' mortality were reported. RESULTS: Prevalent delirium at hospital admission was of 3.1%. 35% of patients developed incident delirium. 56.4% were affected by dementia of Alzheimer-type. In addition, 52% of patients developed delirium superimposed to dementia. Mean LOS was 13.5±4.99 days. Namely, delirium, time to surgery, and complication rate disproportionally affected LOS. The analysis with 3 months mortality, based on cognitive vulnerability profiles, showed how delirium mainly affect short-term mortality in patients with dementia. CONCLUSION: Our exploratory study originally pointed out the high incidence of delirium superimposed to dementia in orthogeriatric wards and how delirium turns to be a moderator of LOS. The results meet the need for additional research by virtue of a deeper understanding of the impact of delirium and dementia on orthogeriatric clinical management and outcomes.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to hypovitaminosis D affects bone mineral density response to alendronate in elderly women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) due to hypovitaminosis D affects bone mineral density (BMD) response to alendronate (ALN) in elderly women with osteoporosis. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. SETTING: Two osteoporosis centers in northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling women aged 60 and older with a BMD T-score below -2.5 and secondary HPTH with vitamin D insufficiency. INTERVENTION: One hundred twenty subjects were randomly assigned to receive ALN 70 mg once a week alone or ALN 70 mg once a week plus calcitriol (1,25D3) 0.5 microg daily. MEASUREMENTS: BMD measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck, and total hip and serum levels of intact PTH at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS: After 1 year, BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip significantly increased from baseline in both groups (P<.001). Patients allocated to ALN plus 1,25D3 demonstrated a significantly higher increase in lumbar spine BMD than those receiving ALN alone (mean percentage+/-standard deviation 6.8+/-4.6 vs 3.7+/-3.2, P<.001). Serum levels of PTH did not change significantly at 1 year in the ALN group (mean percentage, -3.7+/-27.1, P=.13) but decreased significantly in the ALN plus 1,25D3 group (-32.1+/-22.1, P<.001). At 12 months, subjects with normalized PTH independent of therapy allocation had a greater increase in lumbar spine BMD than those with persistent HPTH (6.5+/-4.6% vs 3.7+/-3.4%, P<.001). Lumbar spine BMD changes showed a significant negative correlation with PTH at 1 year (correlation coefficient (rho) =-0.399, P<.001) and a positive correlation with PTH changes (i.e., baseline value - 1 year value; rho=0.295, P=.005). CONCLUSION: Persistence of secondary HPTH reduces BMD response to ALN in older women with osteoporosis.

Heterogeneity in serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D response to cholecalciferol in elderly women with secondary hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) of two dosing regimens of cholecalciferol in women with secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPTH) and hypovitaminosis D and to investigate variables affecting 25(OH)D response to cholecalciferol. DESIGN: Randomized-controlled trial with 6-month follow-up. SETTING: Two osteoporosis centers in northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty community-dwelling women aged 65 and older with sHPTH and hypovitaminosis D, creatinine clearance greater than 65 mL/min and without diseases or drugs known to influence bone and vitamin D metabolism. INTERVENTION: Cholecalciferol 300,000 IU every 3 months, once at baseline and once at 3 months (intermittent D(3) group) or cholecalciferol 1,000 IU/day (daily D(3) group). MEASUREMENTS: Serum PTH, 25(OH)D, calcium, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, ß-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, phosphate, 24-hour urinary calcium excretion. RESULTS: The two groups had similar baseline characteristics. All participants had vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D<20 ng/mL)], and 36 subjects (60%) had severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL), with no difference between the groups (severe deficiency: intermittent D(3) group, n=18; daily D(3) group, n=18). After 3 and 6 months, both groups had a significant increase in 25(OH)D and a reduction in PTH. Mean absolute increase ± standard deviation of 25(OH)D at 6 months was higher in the intermittent D(3) group (22.7±11.8 ng/mL) than in the daily D(3) group (13.7±6.7 ng/mL, P<.001), with a higher proportion of participants in the intermittent D(3) group reaching desirable serum concentration of 25(OH)D≥30 ng/mL (55% in the intermittent D(3) group vs 20% in the daily D(3) group, P<.001). Mean percentage decrease of PTH in the two groups was comparable, and at 6 months, a similar proportion of participants reached normal PTH values. 25(OH)D response to cholecalciferol showed a wide variability. In a logistic regression analysis, body mass index and type of treatment appeared to be significantly associated with normalization of 25(OH)D values. CONCLUSION: Cholecalciferol 300,000 IU every 3 months was more effective than 1,000 IU daily in correcting vitamin D deficiency, although the two groups achieved similar effects on PTH at 6 months. Only 55% of the higher-dose intermittent group reached desirable concentrations of 25(OH)D, suggesting that yet-higher doses will be required for adequate vitamin D repletion.

Persistence with calcium and vitamin D in elderly patients after hip fracture.

All hip fracture (HF) subjects are candidates for calcium and vitamin D (CaD) supplementation. Up to 50% of HF older adults present with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) resulting from hypovitaminosis D on hospital admission. To investigate the patterns and predictors of persistence with CaD supplementation in the elderly after HF, we considered all patients aged 70 years or older who were discharged alive after surgical repair of HF in the period of 1 year from an Orthopaedic Unit. Baseline characteristics of the subjects and osteoporosis treatment prescribed at discharge were retrieved from medical record review. A telephone interview at 6 months evaluated whether patients were currently taking CaD supplementation. Nonpersistence was defined when subjects ceased therapy within 6 months. Univariate and multivariate models were applied to determine the relationship between 6 months persistence with CaD and the variables collected: age, living situation, prescription of a bisphosphonate, baseline walking ability, number of drugs used, presence of dementia, number of active clinical issues at discharge (ACIs), discharge location, and being referred to a center for metabolic bone diseases (preplanned visit) at discharge. Of 428 subjects enrolled, 117 were excluded for different reasons (incomplete data, no therapy, death). A total of 311 subjects were discharged with a prescription of CaD (calcium 1,000 mg, cholecalciferol 800 UI, once daily) and were considered for the analysis. At 6 months, only 114 patients (36.7%) were currently taking CaD supplementation. In a univariate analysis, the following variables were significantly related with persistence: absence of dementia, prescription of a bisphosphonate, six or fewer drugs being used (drugs used

Predictors of hospital readmission in a cohort of 236 elderly discharged after surgical repair of hip fracture: one-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few studies have investigated predictors for hospital readmission after hip fracture repair. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study we evaluated factors associated with early (within 3 months) and late (between 3-12 months), single and multiple hospital readmission in 236 hip-fractured older adults admitted to an orthopedic unit. Baseline patient characteristics and hospital course (functional and cognitive status, comorbidity, type of fracture, time to surgery, in-hospital stay, complications) were recorded. Hospital readmission over 12 months and ICD-9 principal diagnosis were ascertained from administrative sources. Functional status at the end of the rehabilitation program was assessed by telephone interviews. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients (30.1%) were readmitted to hospital within twelve months of discharge and 22 (9.3%) had two or more readmission. The total number of readmissions was 105, 43 (41%) occurred in the first three months. The most common readmission causes were cardiac, infectious and cerebrovascular; surgical complication accounted for 5.7%. Patients with a single readmission, like those with multiple readmissions, were sicker (CIRS-CI subscore 4.0+/-1.8 vs 3.2+/-1.6, p=0.010) and more functionally impaired at the end of rehabilitation (2 months' Katz index 2.1+/-2 vs 2.9+/-2.3, p=0.007) than controls. In a multiple logistic regression model, comorbidity and functional status at the end of rehabilitation were the only factors associated with the risk of readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects at high risk of readmission can be reliably assessed, since few significant variables were associated with rehospitalization. Subgroups of patients with an elevated risk of rehospitalization after hip fracture may be the target for strategies to reduce the burden of excessive hospital use and improve overall outcomes.

Predictors of mortality after hip fracture: results from 1-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The study investigates one-year mortality risk associated with hip fracture in elderly people, and pre-fracture characteristics and events occurring during the acute phase which may represent significant predictors for acute and long-term mortality. METHODS: The study is a prospective cohort study of 252 patients aged 70 and older, consecutively admitted with hip fracture to the Division of Orthopedic Surgery of the Galliera Hospital of Genoa, Italy. At admission, each subject received a standardized diagnostic evaluation, including demographic variables, biochemical markers of nutritional status and basic medical, functional and cognitive assessment. Patients were followed by telephone interviews at three months, six months and one year after fracture. The relationship between mortality and the risk factors recorded was assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: 248 patients were eligible. Cumulative mortality was 4.8% during hospital stay, and 12.5% at 3, 18.9% at 6 and 24% at 12 months. The risk factors significantly associated with mortality were: sex, Acute Physiology Score (APS), comorbidity, functional and cognitive status, and albumin levels. In multivariate models, albumin below 3 g/dL remained the only significant predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR 6,8, 95% CI 1.56-29,7, p<0.001); functional status and comorbidity were significant risk factors of mortality after 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the important role of serum albumin in assessing in-hospital health status and defining its role as a strong predictor of early and late mortality after hospital discharge. They also emphasize the effects of comorbidity and functional impairment on long-term mortality after hip fracture. Identifying these predictive factors may be helpful in improving case management during hospital stay and more accurate discharge planning.

An analysis of the feasibility of home rehabilitation among elderly people with proximal femoral fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and predictors of success of home-based rehabilitation (HBR) in older adults after hip fracture. DESIGN: Prospective inception cohort study with 12 months of follow-up. SETTING: Acute and subacute care with follow-up in a community setting in Italy. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling older adults (N=199) aged 70 years or older, discharged from an acute orthopedic unit after repair of a nontraumatic proximal femoral fracture. INTERVENTIONS: Patients' choice of pursuing HBR or institutional-based rehabilitation (IBR). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of subjects discharged home for rehabilitation. Rates of institutionalization assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months postdischarge. Mean changes of the Barthel Index from baseline and proportion of subjects who regained their prefracture levels of function at the time of follow-up in the 2 intervention groups (HBR, IBR). RESULTS: Ninety-nine (49.7%) patients chose HBR, and the rest (50.3%) were discharged to a rehabilitation facility. With regard to the baseline characteristics, the 2 patient groups (HBR, IBR) differed with respect to living arrangement (P< or =.001), prefracture functional status in basic (Barthel Index, P=.033; Katz Index, P=.041) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) (P=.041), and occurrence of delirium (P=.022). During the follow-up, the number of subjects institutionalized at 3, 6, and 12 months was 52, 26, and 22, respectively. In the multiple logistic regression model, the only significant variable affecting the choice of IBR at discharge was the absence of relatives at home (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.33-13.46; P< or =.001), whereas a prefracture functional impairment in more than 3 IADLs (at 12 mo: OR=3.99; 95% CI, 1.57-10.18; P=.004), the absence of relatives at home (at 12 mo: OR=8.81; 95% CI, 2.47-31.46; P=.001), and delay to surgery longer than 3 days (at 12 mo: OR=5.51; 95% CI, 1.28-23.81; P=.022) resulted in significant risk factors for long-term institutionalization. Compared with subjects who received traditional rehabilitation, those discharged home showed--after controlling for prefracture Barthel Index score, IADLs, cognitive status and age--a slightly lower functional decline and a higher rate of recovery during the follow-up (mean change in Barthel Index score +/- standard deviation at 12 mo: HBR, -11.2+/-24.7 vs IBR, -23.7+/-28.5; P=.015). CONCLUSIONS: In an unselected population of hip-fractured older adults previously living in the community, HBR seems to be a feasible alternative to IBR in those subjects living with relatives.