A systematic review of sexual health and subjective well-being in older age groups.

Objectives: This systematic review aimed at assessing the associations between sexual health and subjective well-being in older age groups (i.e. people aged between 40 and ≥90 years). Methods: A systematic search was conducted of the Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) databases for studies published until September 2021. Search strings included a combination of terms such as "sexual health" or "sexuality" and "well-being" and terms related to the measures that assess the constructs of interest. This systematic review followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Results were grouped into four categories that assess the interplay between sexual health and subjective well-being: cognitive and attitudinal factors, sexual behavior, sexual function and sexual satisfaction. The subjective well-being domains that were analyzed were life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and psychological well-being. Results: A total of 15 quantitative studies were reviewed, of which 14 were articles and 1 was a doctoral dissertation. Findings suggest that living a fulfilling sexual life is an essential part of subjective well-being. Conclusions: This review suggests that programs aiming to promote well-being in older age groups should also encourage a fulfilling sexual life.

Lessons about the reliability of congenital syphilis and vertical HIV transmission data learned from case reviews in Uruguay: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In Uruguay it is mandatory to review all cases of positive HIV or reactive syphilis tests in pregnancy and peripartum. We compared the rates of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis and HIV detected by case reviews to those obtained from the usual surveillance system and described the characteristic of vertical transmission cases. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed with secondary data obtained from official government sources, for all the country cases of maternal to child transmission of HIV and syphilis from 2012 to 2017, with descriptive analyses. For congenital syphilis analyses, the following pregnancy characteristics were investigated: number of antenatal checks, gestational age at pregnancy diagnosis, gestational age at syphilis test and diagnosis, adequate treatment, and treatment of partners. Sociodemographic characteristics included type of health care (public/private), maternal age, distribution of ethnic minorities, maximum educational attainment, presence of partner, planned pregnancy, drug and alcohol use, domestic violence, previous maternal diagnosis of syphilis, and previous children with congenital syphilis. RESULTS: Coverage of syphilis case reviews increased from 82% in 2014 to 97.4% in 2017. For HIV, this coverage reached 100% in 2017 and elimination of mother to child transmission was achieved. A marked decline in congenital syphilis was noted in the public health care sector, especially in the capital Montevideo, whereas the private sector has remained below the elimination target. Variables related with congenital syphilis in exposed children were late pregnancy diagnosis, < 5 antenatal checks, delayed diagnosis of gestational syphilis, lower rate of correct treatment for gestational syphilis, untreated partner, low maternal schooling, unplanned pregnancy, history of syphilis, and having other children with syphilis. CONCLUSION: The use of case reviews provided knowledge regarding the accurate number of mother-to-child transmission cases and the evolution of elimination of mother to child transmission in the country. The results suggest that rates must be adjusted, providing an opportunity to improve the reliability of surveillance data, and point the need to address specific gaps in order to improve the quality of care during pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period.

The role of gender inequality and health expenditure on the coverage of demand for family planning satisfied by modern contraceptives: a multilevel analysis of cross-sectional studies in 14 LAC countries.

Background: Despite international efforts to improve reproductive health indicators, little attention is paid to the contributions of contextual factors to modern contraceptive coverage, especially in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. This study aimed to identify the association between country-level Gender Inequality and Health Expenditure with demand for family planning satisfied by modern contraceptive methods (DFPSm) in Latin American sexually active women. Methods: Our analyses included data from the most recent (post-2010) Demographic and Health Survey or Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey from 14 LAC countries. Descriptive analyses and multilevel logistic regressions were performed. Six individual-level factors were included. The effect of the country-level factors Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Current Health Expenditure on DFPSm was investigated. Findings: DFPSm ranged from 41.8% (95% CI: 40.2-43.5) in Haiti to 85.6% (95% CI: 84.9-86.3) in Colombia, with an overall median coverage of 77.8%. A direct association between the odds of DFPSm and woman's education, wealth index, and the number of children was identified. Women from countries in the highest GII tertile were less likely (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13-0.76) to have DFPSm than those living in countries in the lowest tertile. Interpretation: Understanding the contribution of country-level factors to modern contraception may allow macro-level actions focused on the population's reproductive needs. In this sense, country-level gender inequalities play an important role, as well as individual factors such as wealth and education. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (ABRASCO).

Standardizing abortion research outcomes (STAR): Results from an international consensus development study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a minimum data set, known as a core outcome set, for future abortion randomized controlled trials. STUDY DESIGN: We extracted outcomes from quantitative and qualitative systematic reviews of abortion studies to assess using a modified Delphi method. Via email, we invited researchers, clinicians, patients, and healthcare organization representatives with expertise in abortion to rate the importance of the outcomes on a 9-point Likert scale. After 2 rounds, we used descriptive analyses to determine which outcomes met the predefined consensus criteria. We finalized the core outcome set during a series of consensus development meetings. RESULTS: We entered 42 outcomes, organized in 15 domains, into the Delphi survey. Two-hundred eighteen of 251 invitees (87%) provided responses (203 complete responses) for round 1 and 118 of 218 (42%) completed round2. Sixteen experts participated in the development meetings. The final outcome set includes 15 outcomes: 10 outcomes apply to all abortion trials (successful abortion, ongoing pregnancy, death, hemorrhage, uterine infection, hospitalization, surgical intervention, pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, and patients' experience of abortion); 2 outcomes apply to only surgical abortion trials (uterine perforation and cervical injury), one applies only to medical abortion trials (uterine rupture); and 2 apply to trials evaluating abortions with anesthesia (over-sedation/respiratory depression and local anesthetic systemic toxicity). CONCLUSION: Using robust consensus science methods we have developed a core outcome set for future abortion research. IMPLICATIONS: Standardized outcomes in abortion research could decrease heterogeneity among trials and improve the quality of systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. Researchers should select, collect, and report these core outcomes in future abortion trials. Journal editors should advocate for core outcome set reporting.

Contraceptive use in Latin America and the Caribbean with a focus on long-acting reversible contraceptives: prevalence and inequalities in 23 countries.

BACKGROUND: The rise in contraceptive use has largely been driven by short-acting methods of contraception, despite the high effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptives. Several countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have made important progress increasing the use of modern contraceptives, but important inequalities remain. We assessed the prevalence and demand for modern contraceptive use in Latin America and the Caribbean with data from national health surveys. METHODS: Our data sources included demographic and health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys, and reproductive health surveys carried out since 2004 in 23 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Analyses were based on sexually active women aged 15-49 years irrespective of marital status, except in Argentina and Brazil, where analyses were restricted to women who were married or in a union. We calculated contraceptive prevalence and demand for family planning satisfied. Contraceptive prevalence was defined as the percentage of sexually active women aged 15-49 years who (or whose partners) were using a contraceptive method at the time of the survey. Demand for family planning satisfied was defined as the proportion of women in need of contraception who were using a contraceptive method at the time of the survey. We separated survey data for modern contraceptive use by type of contraception used (long-acting, short-acting, or permanent). We also stratified survey data by wealth, area of residence, education, ethnicity, age, and a combination of wealth and area of residence. Wealth-related absolute and relative inequalities were estimated both for contraceptive prevalence and demand for family planning satisfied. FINDINGS: We report on surveys from 23 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, analysing a sample of 212 573 women. The lowest modern contraceptive prevalence was observed in Haiti (31·3%) and Bolivia (34·6%); inequalities were wide in Bolivia, but almost non-existent in Haiti. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Paraguay had over 70% of modern contraceptive prevalence with low absolute inequalities. Use of long-acting reversible contraceptives was below 10% in 17 of the 23 countries. Only Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Trinidad and Tobago had more than 10% of women adopting long-acting contraceptive methods. Mexico was the only country in which long-acting contraceptive methods were more frequently used than short-acting methods. Young women aged 15-17 years, indigenous women, those in lower wealth quintiles, those living in rural areas, and those without education showed particularly low use of long-acting reversible contraceptives. INTERPRETATION: Long-acting reversible contraceptives are seldom used in Latin America and the Caribbean. Because of their high effectiveness, convenience, and ease of continuation, availability of long-acting reversible contraceptives should be expanded and their use promoted, including among young and nulliparous women. In addition to suitable family planning services, information and counselling should be provided to women on a personal basis. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, Pan American Health Organization.

A systematic review of sexual health and subjective well-being in older age groups / Salud sexual y bienestar subjetivo en grupos de mayor edad: revisión sistemática / Revisão sistemática da saúde sexual e do bem-estar subjetivo em faixas etárias mais velhas

ABSTRACT Objectives. This systematic review aimed at assessing the associations between sexual health and subjective well-being in older age groups (i.e. people aged between 40 and ≥90 years). Methods. A systematic search was conducted of the Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) databases for studies published until September 2021. Search strings included a combination of terms such as "sexual health" or "sexuality" and "well-being" and terms related to the measures that assess the constructs of interest. This systematic review followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Results were grouped into four categories that assess the interplay between sexual health and subjective well-being: cognitive and attitudinal factors, sexual behavior, sexual function and sexual satisfaction. The subjective well-being domains that were analyzed were life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and psychological well-being. Results. A total of 15 quantitative studies were reviewed, of which 14 were articles and 1 was a doctoral dissertation. Findings suggest that living a fulfilling sexual life is an essential part of subjective well-being. Conclusions. This review suggests that programs aiming to promote well-being in older age groups should also encourage a fulfilling sexual life.

RESUMEN Objetivos. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es evaluar las asociaciones entre salud sexual y bienestar subjetivo en grupos de mayor edad (es decir, personas entre 40 y 90 años o más). Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO y LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud) de estudios publicados hasta septiembre del 2021. Las cadenas de búsqueda incluyeron una combinación de términos como "salud sexual" o "sexualidad" y "bienestar" y términos relacionados con las medidas que evalúan los constructos de interés. Esta revisión sistemática siguió las directrices PRISMA (sigla en inglés de elementos de referencia para publicar revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis). Los resultados se agruparon en cuatro categorías que evalúan la interacción entre la salud sexual y el bienestar subjetivo: factores cognitivos y actitudinales, comportamiento sexual, función sexual y satisfacción sexual. Los dominios de bienestar subjetivo analizados fueron la satisfacción vital, el afecto positivo y negativo y el bienestar psicológico. Resultados. Se revisaron 15 estudios cuantitativos en total: 14 artículos y 1 tesis doctoral. Los resultados indican que experimentar una vida sexual satisfactoria es una parte esencial del bienestar subjetivo. Conclusiones. Esta revisión sugiere que los programas destinados a promover el bienestar en los grupos de mayor edad también deben fomentar una vida sexual satisfactoria.

RESUMO Objetivos. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo avaliar as associações entre saúde sexual e bem-estar subjetivo em faixas etárias mais velhas (ou seja, pessoas com idade entre 40 e 90 anos ou mais). Métodos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa sistemática nas bases de dados Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO e LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) para estudos publicados até setembro de 2021. Os termos de busca incluíram uma combinação de termos como "saúde sexual" ou sexualidade" e "bem-estar", e termos relacionados às medidas que avaliam os construtos de interesse. A revisão sistemática seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Os resultados foram agrupados em quatro categorias de avaliação da interação entre saúde sexual e bem-estar subjetivo: fatores cognitivos e atitudinais, comportamento sexual, função sexual e satisfação sexual. Os domínios de bem-estar subjetivo analisados foram satisfação com a vida, afeto positivo e negativo, e bem-estar psicológico. Resultados. Foram revisados 15 estudos quantitativos, sendo 14 artigos e uma tese de doutorado. Os resultados sugerem que viver uma vida sexual plena é uma parte essencial do bem-estar subjetivo. Conclusões. Esta revisão sugere que os programas destinados a promover bem-estar nas faixas etárias mais velhas também devem incentivar uma vida sexual plena.

A systematic review of sexual health and subjective well-being in older age groups

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. This systematic review aimed at assessing the associations between sexual health and subjective well-being in older age groups (i.e. people aged between 40 and ≥90 years). Methods. A systematic search was conducted of the Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) databases for studies published until September 2021. Search strings included a combination of terms such as “sexual health” or “sexuality” and “well-being” and terms related to the measures that assess the constructs of interest. This systematic review followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Results were grouped into four categories that assess the interplay between sexual health and subjective well-being: cognitive and attitudinal factors, sexual behavior, sexual function and sexual satisfaction. The subjective well-being domains that were analyzed were life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and psychological well-being. Results. A total of 15 quantitative studies were reviewed, of which 14 were articles and 1 was a doctoral dis- sertation. Findings suggest that living a fulfilling sexual life is an essential part of subjective well-being. Conclusions. This review suggests that programs aiming to promote well-being in older age groups should also encourage a fulfilling sexual life.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es evaluar las asociaciones entre salud sexual y bienestar subjetivo en grupos de mayor edad (es decir, personas entre 40 y 90 años o más). Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO y LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud) de estudios publicados hasta septiembre del 2021. Las cadenas de búsqueda incluyeron una combinación de términos como “salud sexual” o “sexualidad” y “bienestar” y términos relacionados con las medidas que evalúan los constructos de interés. Esta revisión sistemática siguió las directrices PRISMA (sigla en inglés de elementos de referencia para publicar revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis). Los resultados se agruparon en cuatro categorías que evalúan la interacción entre la salud sexual y el bienestar subjetivo: factores cognitivos y acti- tudinales, comportamiento sexual, función sexual y satisfacción sexual. Los dominios de bienestar subjetivo analizados fueron la satisfacción vital, el afecto positivo y negativo y el bienestar psicológico. Resultados. Se revisaron 15 estudios cuantitativos en total: 14 artículos y 1 tesis doctoral. Los resultados indican que experimentar una vida sexual satisfactoria es una parte esencial del bienestar subjetivo. Conclusiones. Esta revisión sugiere que los programas destinados a promover el bienestar en los grupos de mayor edad también deben fomentar una vida sexual satisfactoria.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo avaliar as associações entre saúde sexual e bem-estar subjetivo em faixas etárias mais velhas (ou seja, pessoas com idade entre 40 e 90 anos ou mais). Métodos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa sistemática nas bases de dados Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO e LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) para estudos publica- dos até setembro de 2021. Os termos de busca incluíram uma combinação de termos como “saúde sexual” ou sexualidade” e ”bem-estar”, e termos relacionados às medidas que avaliam os construtos de interesse. A revisão sistemática seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Os resultados foram agrupados em quatro categorias de avaliação da interação entre saúde sexual e bem-estar subjetivo: fatores cognitivos e atitudinais, comportamento sexual, função sexual e satis- fação sexual. Os domínios de bem-estar subjetivo analisados foram satisfação com a vida, afeto positivo e negativo, e bem-estar psicológico. Resultados. Foram revisados 15 estudos quantitativos, sendo 14 artigos e uma tese de doutorado. Os resul- tados sugerem que viver uma vida sexual plena é uma parte essencial do bem-estar subjetivo. Conclusões. Esta revisão sugere que os programas destinados a promover bem-estar nas faixas etárias mais velhas também devem incentivar uma vida sexual plena.

COVID-19 and inequities in the Americas: lessons learned and implications for essential health services

[ABSTRACT]. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated social, economic, and health-related disparities, which disproportionately affect persons living in conditions of vulnerability. Such populations include ethnic groups who face discrimination and experience barriers to accessing comprehensive health care. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed these health disparities, and disruptions of essential health services have further widened the gaps in access to health care. Noncommunicable diseases are more prevalent among groups most impacted by poor social determinants of health and have been associated with an increased likelihood of severe COVID-19 disease and higher mortality. Disruptions in the provision of essential health services for noncommunicable diseases, mental health, communicable diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, and maternal and child health services (including sexual and reproductive health), are projected to also increase poor health outcomes. Other challenges have been an increased frequency of interpersonal violence and food insecurity. Countries in the Americas have responded to the disruptions caused by the pandemic by means of health service delivery through telemedicine and other digital solutions and stepping up social service support interventions. As vaccinations for COVID-19 create the opportunity to overcome the pandemic, countries must strengthen primary health care and essential health services with a view to ensuring equity, if the region is to achieve universal health coverage in fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals.

[RESUMEN]. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha acentuado las desigualdades sociales, económicas y relacionadas con la salud, que afectan desproporcionadamente a las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad. Esta población incluye grupos étnicos que se enfrentan a la discriminación y obstáculos para el acceso a la atención integral de salud. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha expuesto estas desigualdades de salud, y las interrupciones de los servicios esenciales de salud han ampliado aún más las brechas en el acceso a la atención de salud. Las enfermedades no transmisibles son más prevalentes en los grupos que han sufrido un mayor impacto de los determinantes sociales de la salud deficientes y se han asociado con una mayor probabilidad de presentar un cuadro grave de COVID-19 y una mayor mortalidad. Asimismo, se proyecta que las interrupciones en la prestación de servicios esenciales de salud para las enfermedades no transmisibles, la salud mental, las enfermedades transmisibles como la infección por el VIH, la tuberculosis y la malaria, y los servicios de salud maternoinfantil (como la salud sexual y reproductiva) incrementen los resultados deficientes en materia de salud. Otros retos son una mayor frecuencia de la violencia interpersonal y la inseguridad alimentaria. Los países de la Región de las Américas han respondido a las interrupciones causadas por la pandemia con la prestación de servicios de salud mediante la telemedicina y otras soluciones digitales, y la aceleración de las intervenciones de apoyo de los servicios sociales. A medida que la vacunación contra la COVID-19 crea la oportunidad de superar la pandemia, los países deben fortalecer su atención primaria de salud y sus servicios de salud esenciales a fin de garantizar la equidad, para que la Región logre la cobertura universal de salud en cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.

[RESUMO]. A pandemia de COVID-19 exacerbou as disparidades sociais, econômicas e as relacionadas à saúde, que afetam de maneira desproporcional as pessoas que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade. Essas populações incluem grupos étnicos que enfrentam discriminação e barreiras para o acesso à atenção integral à saúde. A pandemia de COVID-19 expôs essas disparidades, e as interrupções nos serviços essenciais de saúde ampliaram ainda mais as lacunas no acesso aos cuidados de saúde. As doenças não transmissíveis são mais prevalentes entre os grupos mais afetados por determinantes sociais da saúde deficientes e estão associadas a um aumento na probabilidade de doença grave pela COVID-19 e mortalidade mais elevada. Prevê-se que as interrupções na prestação de serviços essenciais de saúde para doenças não transmissíveis, saúde mental, doenças transmissíveis como HIV, tuberculose e malária, bem como dos serviços de saúde materno-infantil (incluindo saúde sexual e reprodutiva) também aumentem os desfechos adversos de saúde. Outros desafios são o aumento da frequência da violência interpessoal e insegurança alimentar. Os países das Américas responderam às interrupções causadas pela pandemia com a prestação de serviços de saúde por meio da telemedicina e outras soluções digitais, e a aceleração de intervenções de apoio dos serviços sociais. À medida em que a vacinação contra a COVID-19 oferece a oportunidade de superar a pandemia, os países devem fortalecer a atenção primária à saúde e os serviços essenciais de saúde com o objetivo de garantir a equidade, para que a região atinja a cobertura universal de saúde em cumprimento aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável.

COVID-19 and newborn health: systematic review / COVID-19 y la salud del recién nacido: revisión sistemática / COVID-19 e saúde do recém-nascido: revisão sistemática

Objective. To describe perinatal and neonatal outcomes in newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Methods. A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed Central, LILACS, and Google Scholar using the keywords 'covid ' AND 'newborn' OR 'child' OR 'infant,' on 18 March 2020, and again on 17 April 2020. One researcher conducted the search and extracted data on demographics, maternal outcomes, diagnostic tests, imaging, and neonatal outcomes. Results. Of 256 publications identified, 20 met inclusion criteria and comprised neonatal outcome data for 222 newborns whose mothers were suspected or confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive perinatally (17 studies) or of newborns referred to hospital with infection/pneumonia (3 studies). Most (12 studies) were case-series reports; all were from China, except three (Australia, Iran, and Spain). Of the 222 newborns, 13 were reported as positive for SARS-CoV-2; most of the studies reported no or mild symptoms and no adverse perinatal outcomes. Two papers among those from newborns who tested positive reported moderate or severe clinical characteristics. Five studies using data on umbilical cord blood, placenta, and/or amniotic fluid reported no positive results. Nine studies reported radiographic imaging, including 5 with images of pneumonia, increased lung marking, thickened texture, or high-density nodular shadow. Minor, non-specific changes in biochemical variables were reported. Studies that tested breast milk reported negative SARS-CoV-2 results. Conclusions. Given the paucity of studies at this time, vertical transmission cannot be confirmed or denied. Current literature does not support abstaining from breastfeeding nor separating mothers and newborns. Further evidence and data collection networks, particularly in the Americas, are needed for establishing definitive guidelines and recommendations.(AU)

Objetivo. Describir los resultados perinatales y neonatales de los recién nacidos expuestos al SARS-CoV-2. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática con búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed Central, LILACS, y Google Scholar usando las palabras clave 'covid' Y 'newborn' O 'child' O 'infant', el 18 de marzo de 2020, y de nuevo el 17 de abril de 2020. Un investigador llevó a cabo la búsqueda y extrajo datos sobre demografía, resultados maternos, pruebas de diagnóstico, imágenes y resultados neonatales. Resultados. De las 256 publicaciones identificadas, 20 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y comprendían datos de resultados neonatales de 222 recién nacidos cuyas madres eran casos sospechosos o positivos confirmados de SARS-CoV-2 en el período perinatal (17 estudios) o bien recién nacidos internados en el hospital con infección/neumonía (3 estudios). La mayoría (12 estudios) eran informes de series de casos; todos procedían de China, excepto tres (de Australia, España e Irán). De los 222 recién nacidos, 13 tenían resultados positivos para SARS-CoV-2; en la mayoría de los estudios se informó que los recién nacidos eran asintomáticos o tenían síntomas leves y que no se habían producido resultados perinatales adversos. Entre los estudios con recién nacidos positivos, en dos se informaron características clínicas moderadas o graves. En cinco estudios se analizó la sangre del cordón umbilical, la placenta o el líquido amniótico y no se informaron resultados positivos. En nueve estudios se reportaron imágenes radiográficas, entre ellos cinco con imágenes de neumonía, aumento de la trama pulmonar, textura engrosada u opacidades nodulares de alta densidad. Se informaron alteraciones menores e inespecíficas de los parámetros bioquímicos. En los estudios en que se analizó la leche materna se informaron resultados negativos para el SARS-CoV-2.(AU)

Objetivo. Descrever os resultados perinatais e neonatais dos recém-nascidos expostos à SARS-CoV-2. Métodos. Uma revisão sistemática com pesquisa bibliográfica em PubMed Central, LILACS e Google Scholar foi realizada utilizando as palavras-chave 'covid' E ('newborn' OU 'child' OU 'infant') em 18 de março de 2020, e novamente em 17 de abril de 2020 por um pesquisador. Foram analisados dados sobre demografia, resultados maternos, testes de diagnóstico, técnicas de imagem e resultados neonatais. Resultados. Das 256 publicações identificadas, 20 preenchiam os critérios de inclusão e incluíam dados de resultados neonatais de 222 recém-nascidos cujas mães eram suspeitas ou positivas para a SARSCoV-2 no período perinatal (17 estudos) ou recém-nascidos internados no hospital com infecção/pneumonia (3 estudos). A maioria (12 estudos) eram relatos de séries de casos; todos, exceto três (Austrália, Irão e Espanha), eram provenientes da China. Dos 222 recém-nascidos, 13 eram positivos para SARS-CoV-2; a maioria dos estudos relatou que os recém-nascidos eram assintomáticos ou tinham sintomas leves e que não foram observados resultados perinatais adversos. Entre os estudos com recém-nascidos positivos, dois descreviam características clínicas moderadas ou graves. O sangue do cordão umbilical, a placenta ou o líquido amniótico foram analisados em cinco estudos, não tendo sido relatados resultados positivos. Imagens radiográficas foram descritas em nove estudos, incluindo cinco com imagens de pneumonia, aumento da trama pulmonar, espessamento da textura ou opacidades nodulares de alta densidade. Foram relatadas alterações menores e não específicas dos parâmetros bioquímicos. Estudos que analisaram leite materno mostraram resultados negativos para SARS-CoV-2. Conclusões. Dada a escassez de estudos, neste momento a transmissão vertical não pode ser confirmada ou excluída. A literatura atual não apoia a abstenção da amamentação ou a separação dos recém-nascidos das suas mães. São necessárias mais provas e mais dados, especialmente na Região das Américas, para estabelecer orientações e recomendações definitivas.(AU)

Expanding medical abortion: can medical abortion be effectively provided without the routine use of ultrasound?

Medical abortion studies have traditionally relied on ultrasound to confirm gestational age, intrauterine location and abortion completion. However, the routine dependence on ultrasound can limit access to safe services for women living in low resource settings that are often most in need of safe abortion care. This review discusses the literature surrounding the safe provision of medical abortion without the routine use of ultrasonography and concludes that clinicians can use the reported last menstrual period (LMP) and physical examination to reasonably estimate gestational age. Completed pregnancy expulsion can be confirmed primarily through history and physical examination with some studies indicating that urine pregnancy tests may also play a limited role. Central to the discussion of whether medical abortion can be provided in most low resource settings without the routine use of ultrasonography is the fact that the mifepristone-misoprostol regimen is a highly effective procedure for pregnancy termination through 63 days' gestation.