Coordination Compound (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium)2[CuBr4] as Catalyst for the Curing Process of Epoxy Vinyl Ester Binders.

This article presents a study on the synthesis and catalytic properties of copper complex (TPhTz)2[CuBr4] (here TPhTz is 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium). The obtained complex was characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The catalytic properties of the complex were evaluated in the curing of an epoxy vinyl ester system and their effectiveness was compared with that of cobalt octoate (its synonyms are known as Co(Oct)2, cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, cobalt isocaprylate, etc.). The catalyst was added at an amount of 2 w.%. The results showed that a 8 w.% solution of the complex provides catalytic properties with an activation energy of 54.7 kJ/mol, which is 25.2 kJ/mol higher than a standard curing system with Co(Oct)2. Thus, the solution of (TPhTz)2[CuBr4] in THF/DMSO accelerates the initiator decay process at room temperature, but for a longer time. The authors suggest that the curing mechanism may be accelerated by the appearance of (TPhTz)2[CuIBr3] and free bromine in the system. A strength test of fiberglass-reinforced plastic revealed that the addition of this complex did not lead to a decrease in flexural strength and hardness. Thus, use of the complex allowed for the production of polymer composite products using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding where an extended injection time was needed.

Fault Identification in Electric Servo Actuators of Robot Manipulators Described by Nonstationary Nonlinear Dynamic Models Using Sliding Mode Observers.

The problem of fault identification in electric servo actuators of robot manipulators described by nonstationary nonlinear dynamic models under disturbances is considered. To solve the problem, sliding mode observers are used. The suggested approach is based on the reduced order model of the original system having different sensitivity to faults and disturbances. This model is realized in canonical form that enables relaxing the limitation imposed on the original system. Theoretical results are illustrated by practical example.

Recycling of Epoxy/Fiberglass Composite Using Supercritical Ethanol with (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium)2[CuCl4] Complex.

The widespread use of polymer composite materials (PCM) leads to an increase in non-recyclable waste. This paper discusses the feasibility of recycling fiberglass with an epoxy matrix by solvolysis in ethanol under supercritical conditions. The solvolysis process completes successfully within four hours in an environment of a pure solvent containing 10% water at a temperature of 280 °C when the solvent passes into the supercritical state. The treatment time increases up to 10 h at a process temperature of 250 °C. When using a coordination compound of copper(II) chloride with organic chloride salt having 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium as the counterion, having the composition of (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium)2[CuCl4], the treatment time is reduced. The addition of the complex of 5% by weight makes it possible to completely remove the epoxy matrix at a temperature of 250 °C for two hours. The products separated from the solvolysis liquid were studied by infrared spectroscopy. The resulting fibers were examined by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The residual strength of the recovered fibers is 98%. Thus, the resulting fibers can be reused in the composite industry. Including both for the production of decorative products and for the production of structural products made of polymer composite materials.