Differences in molecular sensitization profiles between a Spanish and Latin American mite allergic patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To analyze the sensitization pattern to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and to associate the diagnostic findings and clinical severity in 218 allergic patients from two different continents. METHODS: Mite allergic patients were recruited by the Allergology departments from Latin America (n=88: Colombia, Costa Rica and Guatemala) and Spain (N=130). All patients had allergic rhinitis with or without asthma and positive skin prick test results to D. pteronyssinus. Specific IgE levels to D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 23 were quantified by ImmunoCAP system (ThermoFisher Scientific). Allergenic profile was also determined by western blot. Comparative Statistical analysis was performed by GraphPad software. RESULTS: Patients recognized most frequently Der p 2 (79%) followed by Der p 1 (73%), and Der p 23 (69%) allergens. The percentage of asthmatic patients increases with the number of sensitizations however none statistically significant differences were found. Interestingly, asthmatic patients presented the highest median levels of total IgE and specific IgE levels of D. pteronyssinus and molecular allergens, mainly Der p 2. Analysing the two different populations, Spanish patients were predominantly sensitized to Der p 2 (88.46%) and Der p 1 (83.84%), whereas Latin American population were more sensitized to Der p 23. CONCLUSION: Our data support the relevance of Der p 2 in mite allergy as the major allergen, with the high number of patients sensitized to it and its importance in the development of asthma. Sensitization to Der p 23 was more important in Latin America.

Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs in Latin America: The RACGRAD Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs (SCARs) are associated with high morbidity and mortality and with sequelae. Objective: To characterize patients with SCARs in 8 health care institutions in Latin America. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter study of patients diagnosed with SCARs in Latin America between January 2009 and December 2018. The analysis was carried out using a database in BD Clinic. RESULTS: We collected 70 patients, of whom 42 (60%) were women. Mean age was 38.7 years. Forty-two patients (60%) had DRESS-DIHS, 12 (17.1%) TEN, 5 (7.1%) SJS, 6 (8.5%) AGEP, 4 (5.7%) other reactions not classified as SCARs, and 1 (1.4%) overlapping SJS-TEN. The main causative drugs were aromatic anticonvulsants in 31 cases (44.3%), ß-lactam antibiotics in 11 cases (15.7%), and non-ß-lactam antibiotics in 6 cases (8.6%). In all of the cases, the suspected drug was withdrawn at the first sign of a SCAR. Sixty-six patients (94.2%) received anti-inflammatory treatment, mostly systemic corticosteroids. Complications occurred in 53 cases (75.7%), and 3 patients died (4.3%). Thirteen patients (18.6%) had sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first multicenter report on SCARs in Latin America. DRESS-DIHS was the most frequently reported clinical entity, and anticonvulsants were the main triggers. Most of the patients received systemic corticosteroids. Complications were frequent, and 3 patients died.

[Evaluation of testicular growth after varicocele treatment in early childhood and adolescence based on the technique used (Palomo, Ivanissevich and embolization)]. / Valoración del crecimiento testicular tras el tratamiento del varicocele en la infancia y adolescencia en función de la técnica empleada (Palomo, Ivanissevich y embolización).

OBJECTIVES: To analyze, depending on the technique employed, recurrence, symptomatic improvement and testicular growth following treatment of testicular varicocele. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive retrospective study of 69 pediatric and adolescent males diagnosed with varicocele treated in our center by open technique according Ivanissevich technique (IT), Palomo (PT) and percutaneous embolization (PE) between 2000-2014. Variables analyzed were age, symptoms, differential testicular volume (RV), employed technique, recurrence, symptomatic improvement and RV after treatment. Association between qualitative variables was evaluated (chi-square test or Fisher's exact test). RESULTS: 69 patients with a median age of 14 years (7-19) were studied. PE was performed in 37 patients (53,6%), PT in 23 (33,3%) and IT in 9 (13%). Recurrence occurred in 16 patients (23,2%), 80% of them had been treated with PE. Eleven patients had pain (15.9%), there was improvement in 100% of patients treated with PE, but none of those treated by PT or IT improved. At diagnosis, 37 patients (53.6%) had decreased testicular volume (left testicular hypotrophy), in 28 cases the RV was >20%. After treatment, the RV was normalized in 11 cases (39,2%). CONCLUSIONS: The choice of therapeutic technique in pediatric varicocele should be based on patient characteristics, symptoms, experience center for embolization and previous recurrence. Regardless of the chosen technique, 39,2% of testicular hypotrophy with VD >20% present at diagnosis normalized after treatment.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar en función de la técnica empleada para tratamiento de varicocele, la recurrencia, alivio sintomático y crecimiento testicular en pacientes pediátricos y adolescentes. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de 69 pacientes pediátricos y adolescentes diagnosticados de varicocele tratados en nuestro centro mediante abordaje abierto según técnica de Ivanissevich (TI), Palomo (TP) y embolización percutánea (EP) entre 2000-2014. Las variables fueron edad, síntomas, volumen testicular diferencial (VD), técnica empleada, recurrencia, mejoría sintomática y VD tras el tratamiento. Se evaluó la asociación entre variables cualitativas (test de Chi cuadrado o prueba exacta de Fisher). RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 69 pacientes con mediana de edad de 14 años (7-19). Se realizó EP a 37 pacientes (53,6%), TP a 23 (33,3%) y TI a 9 (13%). Presentaron recurrencia 16 (23,2%), de ellos el 80% habían sido tratados mediante EP. Once pacientes tenían dolor al diagnóstico (15,9%), tras el tratamiento 100% de los tratados mediante EP presentaron alivio, mientras que en ninguno de los tratados mediante TI o TP mejoró el dolor. Al diagnóstico 37 pacientes (53,6%) presentaron hipotrofia testicular izquierda, en 28 casos el VD fue >20%. Tras el tratamiento, el VD se normalizó en 11 casos (39,2%). CONCLUSIONES: La elección de la técnica terapéutica de varicocele en pacientes pediátricos y adolescentes debería depender de las características del paciente, presencia de síntomas, experiencia del centro y recurrencia previa. Independientemente de la técnica elegida el 39,2% de hipotrofias testiculares con DV >20% al diagnóstico alcanzaron la normalización del volumen testicular tras el tratamiento.

Comparative study of mechanical vs. manual circumcision in the pediatric population: An alternative to the conventional technique? / Estudio comparativo entre circuncisión mecánica y manual en población pediátrica: ¿una alternativa a la técnica convencional?

OBJECTIVE: Circumcision is one of the most common surgical procedures in pediatric surgery. Even though manual suture (MANS) is regarded as the gold standard technique, easy-to-use mechanical suture (MECS) devices have been recently developed, with better postoperative results in the adult population. The objective of our study was to compare the operating time and incidence of postoperative complications between both techniques in our environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients undergoing circumcision in our institution from October 2021 to December 2022 was carried out. Operating time and complications observed in the first 14 postoperative days (edema, hematoma, dehiscence) were analyzed according to the technique used (MANS vs. MECS) and patient age (< 12 and ≥ 12 years old). RESULTS: 173 patients (147 MANS, 26 MECS) were included. Mean operating time was significantly lower in MECS patients, both in patients < 12 years old (16 min vs. 10 min, p= 0.002) and in patients ≥ 12 years old (23 min vs. 12 min, p< 0.001). Regarding complications, MECS patients ≥ 12 years old had a lower rate of suture dehiscence (23.5% vs. 0%, p< 0.001), with no significant differences in the younger group. CONCLUSIONS: MECS circumcision is a simple and effective technique involving shorter operating times than MANS circumcision, regardless of age. It has a lower rate of complications in older children (≥ 12 years), which means it stands as a valid alternative to the conventional technique.

OBJETIVOS: La circuncisión es una de las intervenciones quirúrgicas más realizadas en cirugía pediátrica. Aunque la técnica con sutura manual (SMAN) se considera el gold standard, recientemente se han desarrollado dispositivos de sutura mecánica (SMEC) de fácil manejo y con mejores resultados postoperatorios en la población adulta. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es comparar el tiempo quirúrgico y la incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias entre ambas técnicas en nuestro ámbito. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes circuncidados en nuestro centro entre octubre 2021 y diciembre 2022. Se analizó el tiempo quirúrgico y las complicaciones observadas en los primeros 14 días postoperatorios (edema, hematoma, dehiscencia), en función de la técnica empleada (SMAN vs SMEC) y la edad de los pacientes (< 12 y ≥ 12 años). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 173 pacientes (147 SMAN, 26 SMEC). El tiempo quirúrgico medio fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con SMEC, tanto en < 12 años (16 min vs. 10 min, p= 0,002) como en ≥ 12 años (23 min vs 12 min, p< 0,001). En cuanto a las complicaciones, los pacientes con SMEC del grupo ≥ 12 años presentaron menor tasa de dehiscencia de sutura (23,5% vs 0%, p< 0,001), sin observarse diferencias significativas en el grupo de menor edad. CONCLUSIONES: La circuncisión con SMEC es una técnica sencilla y eficaz, que precisa un tiempo quirúrgico más reducido que la sutura manual, independientemente de la edad. Presenta menor tasa de complicaciones en los niños de mayor edad (≥ 12 años), por lo que se plantea como una alternativa válida a la técnica clásica.

Negative predictive value of skin tests to neuromuscular blocking agents.

Allergy to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) is the most important caue of perioperative anaphylaxis in France. The diagnosis relies on a careful clinical history, the search of serum IgE antibodies, and the realization of skin tests. Although the skin tests are the most important tool and their sensitivity is widely recognized, the lack of information about their negative predictive value represents an important issue in the management of patients who require a new procedure with NMBA injection. We present a series of 49 patients with confirmed allergy to NMBAs, six of whom required a subsequent surgery with neuromuscular blockade. Negative skin tests allowed the selection of an alternative NMBA, which was well tolerated in all 6 cases. We found an excellent negative predictive value of skin tests in our series but larger studies are required to properly address this question.

Implementing a pediatric robotic surgery program: future perspectives. / Implementación de un programa de cirugía robótica pediátrica. Perspectivas futuras.

INTRODUCTION: The minimally invasive approach using robotic technology is fully incorporated in the treatment of adult pathologies. The first international pediatric studies with a robotic approach date from 2002, and in Spain, from 2009. We present the implementation of a Pediatric Robotic Surgery program in our setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A proposal for the application of robotic technology in pediatrics was developed, and after the acquisition of a Da Vinci Xi system at our center, a program was initiated under the guidance of a pediatric surgeon experienced in this approach. RESULTS: 732 patients with a median age of 12 years (7 months-17 years) have been operated on since January 2019. 56% of the procedures were abdominal. 3 thoracic approaches and 11 urologic procedures were carried out. 1 conversion to open surgery was performed during a fundoplication. The median combined duration of abdominal and thoracic approaches was 155 minutes (70-380 minutes). There were no anesthetic or hemodynamic complications. The postoperative period in the cases in which the procedure was completed was uneventful, and patients were discharged after a median of 2 days (1-16 days). CONCLUSION: The main advantage of robotic procedures is the symmetrical movement in line with the surgeon's hands, which makes the learning curve shorter. In our experience, the robotic approach has allowed for greater precision in the surgical technique, favoring the patient's recovery.

INTRODUCCION: El abordaje mínimamente invasivo empleando tecnología robótica está plenamente incorporado a la patología del adulto. Las primeras series pediátricas internacionales con abordaje robótico datan del año 2002 y en España del 2009. Presentamos la implementación de un programa de Cirugía Robótica Pediátrica en nuestro centro. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se elaboró una propuesta de aplicación de la tecnología robótica en el área pediátrica y tras la adquisición de una plataforma Da Vinci Xi en nuestro centro, se procedió al inicio del programa bajo la tutorización de un cirujano pediátrico experimentado en este abordaje. RESULTADOS: Se han intervenido 32 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 12 años (7 meses-17 años) desde enero de 2019. El 56% de los procedimientos fueron abdominales. Se realizaron tres abordajes torácicos y 11 procedimientos urológicos. Se realizó una conversión a cirugía abierta durante una fundoplicatura. La mediana de la duración en conjunto de los abordajes abdominales y torácicos fue de 155 minutos (70-380 minutos). No hubo complicaciones anestésicas ni hemodinámicas. El postoperatorio en los casos en los que se concluyó el procedimiento no presentó incidencias y el alta se realizó con una mediana de 2 días (1-16 días). CONCLUSION: La principal ventaja de los procedimientos robóticos es el movimiento simétrico en línea con las manos del cirujano, lo que hace que la curva de aprendizaje sea más corta. En nuestra experiencia, el abordaje robótico nos ha permitido una mayor precisión en la técnica quirúrgica favoreciendo la recuperación del paciente.

Neonatal appendicitis: how many sides does this coin have? / Apendicitis neonatal, ¿cuántas caras tiene esta moneda?

Neonatal appendicitis is a very rare entity associated with immune, vascular, hypoxic, and obstructive factors. We present two cases of neonatal appendicitis with different characteristics. The first case is a 15-day-old newborn with congenital hypothyroidism who had abdominal distension and sepsis data. An appendicular plastron was found. Hirschsprung's disease was ruled out through biopsies. The second case is a 27-week-old preterm newborn with history of necrotizing enterocolitis who presented an incarcerated inguinal hernia consistent with Amyand's hernia. The prognosis of neonatal appendicitis varies according to how fast diagnosis is achieved, since it is associated with high mortality rates in the first hours. Although appendicitis is the condition best known to the pediatric surgeon, it represents a diagnostic challenge in newborns as a result of its extreme rarity and how likely it is to present comorbidities.

La apendicitis neonatal es una entidad infrecuente que asocia factores inmunes, vasculares, hipóxicos y obstructivos. Presentamos dos casos de apendicitis neonatal con diferentes características. El primer caso es un neonato de 15 días de vida con hipotiroidismo congénito. Presentaba distensión abdominal y datos de sepsis. Se halló un plastrón apendicular y se descartó enfermedad de Hirschsprung mediante biopsias. El segundo caso es un prematuro de 27 semanas, con antecedente de enterocolitis necrotizante, que a los 53 días de vida presentó una hernia inguinal incarcerada compatible con hernia de Amyand. El pronóstico de la apendicitis neonatal va unido a la celeridad del diagnóstico, ya que supone una importante mortalidad en las primeras horas. Aunque la apendicitis es el cuadro más conocido por el cirujano pediátrico, a edad neonatal es un reto diagnóstico por su extrema rareza y probable comorbilidad.

Estudio comparativo entre circuncisión mecánica y manual en población pediátrica: ¿una alternativa a la técnica convencional? / Comparative study of mechanical vs. manual circumcision in the pediatric population: An alternative to the conventional technique?

Objetivos: La circuncisión es una de las intervenciones quirúrgicas más realizadas en cirugía pediátrica. Aunque la técnica con suturamanual (SMAN) se considera el gold standard, recientemente se handesarrollado dispositivos de sutura mecánica (SMEC) de fácil manejo ycon mejores resultados postoperatorios en la población adulta. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es comparar el tiempo quirúrgico y la incidencia decomplicaciones postoperatorias entre ambas técnicas en nuestro ámbito.Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes circuncidados en nuestro centro entre octubre 2021 y diciembre 2022. Se analizóel tiempo quirúrgico y las complicaciones observadas en los primeros14 días postoperatorios (edema, hematoma, dehiscencia), en funciónde la técnica empleada (SMAN vs SMEC) y la edad de los pacientes(< 12 y ≥ 12 años). Resultados: Se incluyeron 173 pacientes (147 SMAN, 26 SMEC).El tiempo quirúrgico medio fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con SMEC, tanto en < 12 años (16 min vs. 10 min, p= 0,002) comoen ≥ 12 años (23 min vs 12 min, p< 0,001). En cuanto a las complicaciones, los pacientes con SMEC del grupo ≥ 12 años presentaron menortasa de dehiscencia de sutura (23,5% vs 0%, p< 0,001), sin observarsediferencias significativas en el grupo de menor edad. Conclusiones: La circuncisión con SMEC es una técnica sencillay eficaz, que precisa un tiempo quirúrgico más reducido que la suturamanual, independientemente de la edad. Presenta menor tasa de complicaciones en los niños de mayor edad (≥ 12 años), por lo que se planteacomo una alternativa válida a la técnica clásica.(AU)

Objective: Circumcision is one of the most common surgical procedures in pediatric surgery. Even though manual suture (MANS) isregarded as the gold standard technique, easy-to-use mechanical suture(MECS) devices have been recently developed, with better postoperative results in the adult population. The objective of our study was tocompare the operating time and incidence of postoperative complicationsbetween both techniques in our environment.Materials and methods: A retrospective study of patients undergoing circumcision in our institution from October 2021 to December 2022was carried out. Operating time and complications observed in the first14 postoperative days (edema, hematoma, dehiscence) were analyzedaccording to the technique used (MANS vs. MECS) and patient age(< 12 and ≥12 years old).Results: 173 patients (147 MANS, 26 MECS) were included.Mean operating time was significantly lower in MECS patients, bothin patients < 12 years old (16 min vs. 10 min, p= 0.002) and in patients≥12 years old (23 min vs. 12 min, p< 0.001). Regarding complications,MECS patients ≥12 years old had a lower rate of suture dehiscence(23.5% vs. 0%, p< 0.001), with no significant differences in the youngergroup. Conclusions: MECS circumcision is a simple and effective technique involving shorter operating times than MANS circumcision, regardless of age. It has a lower rate of complications in older children (≥12years), which means it stands as a valid alternative to the conventionaltechnique.(AU)

Apendicitis neonatal, ¿cuántas caras tiene esta moneda? / Neonatal appendicitis: how many sides does this coin have?

La apendicitis neonatal es una entidad infrecuente que asocia fac-tores inmunes, vasculares, hipóxicos y obstructivos. Presentamos doscasos de apendicitis neonatal con diferentes características.El primer caso es un neonato de 15 días de vida con hipotiroidismocongénito. Presentaba distensión abdominal y datos de sepsis. Se hallóun plastrón apendicular y se descartó enfermedad de Hirschsprung me-diante biopsias. El segundo caso es un prematuro de 27 semanas, conantecedente de enterocolitis necrotizante, que a los 53 días de vida pre-sentó una hernia inguinal incarcerada compatible con hernia de Amyand.El pronóstico de la apendicitis neonatal va unido a la celeridad deldiagnóstico, ya que supone una importante mortalidad en las primerashoras. Aunque la apendicitis es el cuadro más conocido por el cirujanopediátrico, a edad neonatal es un reto diagnóstico por su extrema rarezay probable comorbilidad.(AU)

Neonatal appendicitis is a very rare entity associated with immune,vascular, hypoxic, and obstructive factors. We present two cases of neo-natal appendicitis with different characteristics.The first case is a 15-day-old newborn with congenital hypothy-roidism who had abdominal distension and sepsis data. An appendicularplastron was found. Hirschsprung’s disease was ruled out through biop-sies. The second case is a 27-week-old preterm newborn with history ofnecrotizing enterocolitis who presented an incarcerated inguinal herniaconsistent with Amyand’s hernia.The prognosis of neonatal appendicitis varies according to how fastdiagnosis is achieved, since it is associated with high mortality rates inthe first hours. Although appendicitis is the condition best known to thepediatric surgeon, it represents a diagnostic challenge in newborns as aresult of its extreme rarity and how likely it is to present comorbidities.(AU)

Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs in Latin America: The RACGRAD Study

Background: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs (SCARs) are associated with high morbidity and mortality and with sequelae. Objective: To characterize patients with SCARs in 8 health care institutions in Latin America. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter study of patients diagnosed with SCARs in Latin America between January 2009 and December 2018. The analysis was carried out using a database in BD Clinic. Results: We collected 70 patients, of whom 42 (60%) were women. Mean age was 38.7 years. Forty-two patients (60%) had DRESS-DIHS, 12 (17.1%) TEN, 5 (7.1%) SJS, 6 (8.5%) AGEP, 4 (5.7%) other reactions not classified as SCARs, and 1 (1.4%) overlapping SJS-TEN. The main causative drugs were aromatic anticonvulsants in 31 cases (44.3%), ß-lactam antibiotics in 11 cases (15.7%), and non–ß-lactam antibiotics in 6 cases (8.6%). In all of the cases, the suspected drug was withdrawn at the first sign of a SCAR. Sixty-six patients (94.2%) received anti-inflammatory treatment, mostly systemic corticosteroids. Complications occurred in 53 cases (75.7%), and 3 patients died (4.3%). Thirteen patients (18.6%) had sequelae. Conclusions: This is the first multicenter report on SCARs in Latin America. DRESS-DIHS was the most frequently reported clinical entity, and anticonvulsants were the main triggers. Most of the patients received systemic corticosteroids. Complications were frequent, and 3 patients died (AU)

[Chest wall distraction in thoracogenic scoliosis]. / Distracción intercostal en escoliosis toracógena.

INTRODUCTION: Combined congenital scoliosis and rib fusion associated with other chest deformities during infancy can lead to a progressive hypoplastic thorax that could be unable to support normal lung growth and respiratory function. Campbell introduced an expansion thoracoplasty technique in which fused ribs are separated and a vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib is used as a chest wall distraction device to enlarge the affected hemithorax. This technique benefits the underlying lung by improving the thoracic volume and the respiratory function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four patients (3 boys and 1 girl) with severe unilateral thoracic deformity with combined scoliosis and rib fusion plus a restrictive respiratory insufficiency are presented herein; 1 of them needed continuous CPAP preoperatively. All had progressive scoliosis and failure to thrive. Preoperative evaluation included three-dimensional CT reconstruction. A thoracic expansion placing an intercostal vertical expandable prosthetic titanium device as a chest wall distractor was performed. Afterwards, distraction control was made every four months. RESULTS: Our 4 patients had a satisfactory outcome. Scoliosis was corrected and there were improvements of volume and function of the thorax. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of an intercostal distractor device improves the thoracic insufficiency syndrome, lengthening and expanding the thoracic cage at the same time. These effects benefit respiratory function and correct scoliosis, allowing an adecuate lung function.

Follow-up of pathological gamblers after treatment.

Pathological gamblers entering a comprehensive treatment program were thoroughly assessed before treatment and 6 months after completion of treatment. The reports of gamblers and collateral informants were highly consistent. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 57 of the 66 patients entering treatment. Total abstinence was reported by 56% (N = 32) of the patients located for follow-up, and significant improvement on a wide range of measures was documented. The authors feel that the results demonstrate that pathological gambling is a treatable mental disorder.

Affective disorders among pathological gamblers seeking treatment.

Clinical impressions and psychological testing suggest that pathological gamblers demonstrate a high incidence of affective disorders. To assess the frequency of such disorders, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia was administered to 50 patients admitted successively to the gambling treatment program of a VA hospital. Seventy-six percent of the subjects were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder and 38% as having hypomanic disorder according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The patients with major depressive disorder and one patient with schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, were significantly more likely to miss work often due to gambling. A large number of patients displayed suicidal tendencies.

Critical stages for growth in the development of cortical neurons.

In order to study the role of efferent connectivity in the development of CNS neurons, the growth of pyramidal tract neurons within the hamster sensorimotor cortex was studied during normal development and after early postnatal lesions of the pyramidal tract. We first determined, by a combination of Nissl and retrograde HRP techniques, that within the lumbar representation of cortical layer 5B in adult animals two cell populations exist: a large-celled population (40% of the total) projecting to the spinal cord and a small-celled population (60% of the total) projecting intracortically and to targets rostral to the medulla. We could not determine whether large layer 5B cells in the infant sensorimotor cortex also represent the corticospinal population. Nevertheless, measurements of the growth in cross-sectional area of the large cells from 7 days postnatal to adulthood showed that these cells continue to grow until 51 days of age. The most rapid rate of growth occurs between 7 and 14 days, during which time the cross-sectional area of the cell bodies triples, coincident with the arrival of corticospinal axons in the lumbar cord and the beginning of target innervation (Reh and Kalil, '81). The growth of the large neurons in layer 5B was then charted after the pyramidal tract was cut ipsilaterally in the medulla at various postnatal ages. Early lesions of the tract (4-8 days postnatal) interrupt lumbar projection fibers before they establish synapses in the cord. Nevertheless, cortical cell bodies in the lumbar representation continue to grow normally after axotomy until 11 days after birth. At this time, large cells are arrested in development and their cell size remains in the 11-day stage (50% of normal adult large cell size) indefinitely. In contrast, adult lesions of the tract cause a 60% shrinkage of large cells, which in the adult represent corticospinal neurons. No evidence for cortical cell death was found after pyramidal tract lesions at any age. The results of axotomy reveal a turning point in the development of layer 5B cortical neurons. Before the age of 11 days the large cells have an independent program of cell growth that proceeds despite axotomy. After this time, the large cortical neurons appear to require intact axons for further growth and, in the absence of normal connectivity, are arrested in development.

Preoperative FDG-PET temporal lobe hypometabolism and verbal memory after temporal lobectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of preoperative fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET asymmetry in temporal lobe metabolism and memory outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). METHODS: In a university-based epilepsy surgery center, 60 ATL patients (27 left, 33 right) were divided into two groups: no/mild (n = 21) or moderate/ severe (n = 39) asymmetry in temporal lobe hypometabolism as determined by FDG-PET. All patients were nonretarded, at least 18 years of age, left-hemisphere speech dominant, without MRI abnormalities other than hippocampal atrophy, and with unilateral temporal lobe origin of intractable complex partial seizures. Neuropsychological measures of intelligence and verbal and visual memory function were assessed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Left ATL patients with no/mild asymmetry in FDG-PET temporal lobe metabolism exhibited significantly greater verbal memory decline compared with left ATL patients with moderate/severe hypometabolism. There was no significant relationship between PET asymmetry and pre- to postsurgical IQ change. No significant relationship was observed between extent of PET hypometabolism and memory outcome for right ATL patients. CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET asymmetry can be added to the preoperative clinical markers that appear useful in predicting verbal memory decline after left ATL.

A prospective study of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. I. Preliminary report.

Preliminary results of a non-blinded prospective study of the effect of clozapine on symptomatology and social function in 51 treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients are reported. The mean duration of treatment at the time of this report was 10.3 +/- 8.1 months, median 7.6 months. Overall, 3/51 patients (60.8%) showed at least a 20% decrease in total BPRS, a criterion of improvement in the study of Kane et al. (1988). Four of 51 (7.8%) had at least a 50% decrease in total BPRS. Improvements in both positive and negative symptoms were noted. Marked improvements in social function were noted within the first 6 months of treatment. Improvement was first noted at all time points, with only 45.2% of improvers being identified after 6 weeks of treatment. These results suggest a 6-12-month trial may be desirable before deciding to discontinue clozapine because of insufficient response. Higher total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score and higher ratings on the Paranoid Disturbance subscales of the BPRS were factors which discriminated clozapine responders from non-responders.

The effects of colchicine in mammalian brain from rodents to rhesus monkeys.

The injection of colchicine into rats and monkeys produced two different types of brain damage. At selected doses, intradentate colchicine preferentially destroyed DGC in rats, whereas damage was less selective and more severe in monkeys. Experiments were performed with different tubulin-binding drugs to investigate the structure-function relationship of tubulin binding and DGC death. The tubulin-binding characteristics of these and other drugs reported in the literature did not correlate with their ability to damage DGC. The role of seizure-induced cell death was investigated by recording the EEG in monkeys and in rats treated with phenobarbital. The data suggest that seizures are an infrequent epiphenomenon of colchicine's action. We proposed that colchicine is not a selective neurotoxin and that it causes brain damage by inducing a non-specific inflammatory response. This response is both dose- and species-dependent. We concluded by discussing the medical implications of the present and proposed uses of colchicine.

Intravenous video arteriography of the intracranial vasculature: early experience.

A computerized fluoroscopic apparatus developed by members of the University of Wisconsin Medical Physics Section was used for 12 months to perform intravenous video arteriography. In previous papers, the apparatus was described and its use was illustrated for performing time subtraction intravenous video arteriography of the extracranial carotid arteries, the arteries of the abdomen and extremities, as well as angiocardiography. In this report, the use and current limitations of this technique for evaluation of the intracranial vasculature are described and illustrated.