Surface roughness and oxygen inhibited layer control in bulk-fill and conventional nanohybrid resin composites with and without polishing: in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that dental restorations with rough surfaces can have several disadvantages such as pigment retention or plaque accumulation, which can facilitate caries formation, color variation, loss of brightness, degradation of restoration, among others. The present study aimed to assess surface roughness in bulk fill and conventional nanohybrid resins with and without polishing, controlling the oxygen inhibited layer. METHODS: This in vitro and longitudinal experimental study consisted of 120 resin blocks of 6 mm diameter and 4 mm depth, divided into two groups: Bulk Fill (Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk-fill, Opus Bulk Fill APS, Filtek™ Bulk Fill) and conventional nanohybrid (Tetric® N-Ceram, Opallis EA2, Filtek™ Z250 XT). Each resin group was divided into two equal parts, placing glycerin only on one of them, in order to control the oxygen inhibited layer. Subsequently, the surface roughness was measured before and after the polishing procedure with Sof-Lex discs. The data were analyzed with the T-test for related measures, and for comparison between groups before and after polishing, the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test with the Bonferroni post hoc was used, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Before polishing, the resin composites with the lowest surface roughness were Opus Bulk Fill APS (0.383 ± 0.186 µm) and Opallis EA2 (0.430 ± 0. 177 µm) with and without oxygen inhibited layer control, respectively; while after polishing, those with the lowest surface roughness were Opus Bulk Fill APS (0.213 ± 0.214 µm) and Tetric N-Ceram (0.097 ± 0.099 µm), with and without oxygen inhibited layer control, respectively. Furthermore, before and after polishing, all resins significantly decreased their surface roughness (p < 0.05) except Opus Bulk Fill APS resin with oxygen inhibited layer control (p = 0.125). However, when comparing this decrease among all groups, no significant differences were observed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Opus Bulk Fill APS resin with oxygen inhibited layer control presented lower surface roughness both before and after polishing, being these values similar at both times. However, after polishing the other bulk fill and conventional nanohybrid resins with and without oxygen inhibited layer control, the surface roughness decreased significantly in all groups, being this decrease similar in all of them.

The era of nitric oxide in plant biology: Twenty years tying up loose ends.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential signal molecule to maintain cellular homeostasis in uni and pluricellular organisms. Conceptually, NO intervenes as much in sustaining basal metabolic processes, as in firing cellular responses to changes in internal and external conditions, and also in guiding the return to basal conditions. Behind these unusual capabilities of NO is the chemistry of this molecule, an unstable, reactive, free radical and short half-life gas. It is a lipophilic molecule that crosses all the barriers that biological membranes can impose. The extraordinary impact that the elucidation of physiological processes regulated by NO has had on plants, is comparable to the consequences of the discovery in 1986 that NO is present in animal tissues, and the following deep studies that demonstrated its biological activity regulating blood pressure. In this review, we have summarized and discuss the main discoveries that have emerged at Mar del Plata University over the past 20 years, and that have contributed to understand part of the biology of NO in plants. Besides, these findings are put in context with the progress made by other research groups, and in perspective, emphasizing that the history of NO in plants has just begun.

Abscisic acid enhances cold tolerance in honeybee larvae.

The natural composition of nutrients present in food is a key factor determining the immune function and stress responses in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). We previously demonstrated that a supplement of abscisic acid (ABA), a natural component of nectar, pollen, and honey, increases honeybee colony survival overwinter. Here we further explored the role of ABA in in vitro-reared larvae exposed to low temperatures. Four-day-old larvae (L4) exposed to 25°C for 3 days showed lower survival rates and delayed development compared to individuals growing at a standard temperature (34°C). Cold-stressed larvae maintained higher levels of ABA for longer than do larvae reared at 34°C, suggesting a biological significance for ABA. Larvae fed with an ABA-supplemented diet completely prevent the low survival rate due to cold stress and accelerate adult emergence. ABA modulates the expression of genes involved in metabolic adjustments and stress responses: Hexamerin 70b, Insulin Receptor Substrate, Vitellogenin, and Heat Shock Proteins 70. AmLANCL2, the honeybee ABA receptor, is also regulated by cold stress and ABA. These results support a role for ABA increasing the tolerance of honeybee larvae to low temperatures through priming effects.

The tiny giant of the sea, Ostreococcus's unique adaptations.

Ostreococcus spp. are unicellular organisms with one of the simplest cellular organizations. The sequencing of the genomes of different Ostreococcus species has reinforced this status since Ostreococcus tauri has one most compact nuclear genomes among eukaryotic organisms. Despite this, it has retained a number of genes, setting it apart from other organisms with similar small genomes. Ostreococcus spp. feature a substantial number of selenocysteine-containing proteins, which, due to their higher catalytic activity compared to their selenium-lacking counterparts, may require a reduced quantity of proteins. Notably, O. tauri encodes several ammonium transporter genes, that may provide it with a competitive edge for acquiring nitrogen (N). This characteristic makes it an intriguing model for studying the efficient use of N in eukaryotes. Under conditions of low N availability, O. tauri utilizes N from abundant proteins or amino acids, such as L-arginine, similar to higher plants. However, the presence of a nitric oxide synthase (L-arg substrate) sheds light on a new metabolic pathway for L-arg in algae. The metabolic adaptations of O. tauri to day and night cycles offer valuable insights into carbon and iron metabolic configuration. O. tauri has evolved novel strategies to optimize iron uptake, lacking the classic components of the iron absorption mechanism. Overall, the cellular and genetic characteristics of Ostreococcus contribute to its evolutionary success, making it an excellent model for studying the physiological and genetic aspects of how green algae have adapted to the marine environment. Furthermore, given its potential for lipid accumulation and its marine habitat, it may represent a promising avenue for third-generation biofuels.

Shear bond strength of three different metal bracket base designs on human premolars: An in vitro comparative study.

Background: Adequate bracket-enamel bonding is critical to prevent detachment during orthodontic treatment and minimize any potential delay in results. The aim was to compare the shear bond strength of three metal bracket base designs: laser-structured base, mesh base, and retention grooves base. Material and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, 54 human premolars were immersed for one week in 0.1% thymol solution, then placed in distilled water with weekly replacement until the start of the study. The premolars were cemented with brackets of varying base designs: A. Discovery® Smart (laser structured), B. Mini Master® Series (base with mesh), and C. Roth Max (base with retention grooves). All brackets were cemented using TransbondTM XT. A universal testing machine was used to evaluate the shear bond strength at a crosshead speed of 0.75 mm/min. Welch's one-factor ANOVA with robust variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare means, with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The average shear bond strength values were for the bracket with laser-structured base (14.78 ± 5.79 MPa), the bracket with mesh base (9.64 MPa ± 2.54 MPa) and the bracket with retention groove base (15.38 MPa ± 2.67 MPa). It was found that brackets with mesh bases had significantly lower shear bond strength than brackets with laser-structured bases (p=0.001) and brackets with retention grooves bases (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed between the latter two types of brackets (p = 0.893). Conclusions: The bracket base design influenced in vitro shear bond strength with significantly higher values observed for Roth Max and Discovery® Smart brackets compared to Mini Master® Series brackets. Key words:Shear strength, laser-structured bracket, bracket with mesh base, bracket with retention groove base.

Comparative Evaluation of Microtensile Bond Strength in Three Different Dentin Luting Agents: An In vitro Study.

Aim: Long-term clinical success on indirect restorations is largely determined by bonding efficiency of the luting agent, with adhesion to dentin being the main challenge. Therefore, aim of this study was to assess the microtensile bond strength when using flowable resin composite, preheated resin composite and dual self-adhesive resin cement as dentin luting agents. Materials and Methods: Occlusal thirds of molar teeth were cut and randomly divided into 3 groups to be cemented: RelyX™U200, Filtek™ Z250 XT- preheated to 70° and Filtek Flow™ Z350XT. They were then thermocycled 5000 times between 5+/-2°C and 55+/-2°C. Subsequently, 10 microbars per group were prepared. The 30 samples were placed in saline solution for 24 hours at room temperature prior to microtensile test. This was performed with a digital universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The bond strength values obtained were analyzed in Megapascals (MPa). Measures of central tendency such mean and measures of dispersion such standard deviation were used. In addition, the Kruskall Wallis non-parametric test with Bonferroni post hoc test was applied, considering a significance value of 5% (P < 0.05), with type I error. Results: The dentin microtensile bond strengths of preheated resin composite, flowable resin composite and dual self-adhesive cement were 6.08 ± 0.66 Mpa, 5.25 ± 2.60Mpa and 2.82 ± 1.26Mpa, respectively. In addition, the preheated resin composite exhibited significantly higher microtensile bond strength compared to the dual self-adhesive cement (P < 0.001). While the flowable resin composite showed no significant difference with the dual self-adhesive cement (P = 0.054) and the preheated resin composite (P = 0.329). Conclusions: The microtensile bond strength in dentin was significantly higher when using a preheated resin composite at 70°C as a luting agent compared to dual self-adhesive cement. However, the preheated resin composite showed similar microtensile bond strength compared to the flowable resin composite.

Effect of Polywave and Monowave Light Curing Units on the Microtensile Bond Strength and Failure Types of Different Bulk-Fill Resin Composites: An in vitro Study.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of polywave and monowave light-emitting diode curing units on the microtensile bond strength and failure types of three bulk-fill resin composites. Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was performed on 180 microbars obtained from human third molars and were distributed into 12 groups according to the type of bulk-fill resin composite and the light-curing unit. Third molars were restored using Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative, Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill, and Opus Bulk Fill resin composites was light-cured with Elipar Deep Cure L and Valo in three modes: standard, high power, and extra power. Subsequently, microtensile analysis was carried out with a universal testing machine and the type of failure with an optical stereomicroscope. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis H-test was used, with the Bonferroni post hoc test and Fisher's exact test, considering a significance of p<0.05. Results: There were significant differences in the microtensile bond strength between the Filtek One Bulk Fill restorative and Opus Bulk-Fill (p = 0.042) when light was cured with the polywave unit at standard power. On the other hand, the Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative and Opus Bulk Fill resins showed significant differences in microtensile bond strength when light was cured with the monowave unit compared with the polywave unit (p<0.05). Conclusion: The presence of alternative photoinitiator systems that are more reactive than camphorquinone produced higher microtensile bond strength in Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill and Opus Bulk Fill resins when light-cured with a high and standard polywave unit, respectively, compared to Filtek One Bulk Fill resins. Finally, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill and Opus Bulk Fill resins had the highest percentage of mixed failures, while Filtek One Bulk Fill resin had adhesive failures, which was related to its lower microtensile bond strength.

Glutathione and ascorbic acid protect Arabidopsis plants against detrimental effects of iron deficiency.

Iron is an essential micronutrient required for a wide variety of cellular functions in plant growth and development. Chlorosis is the first visible symptom in iron-deficient plants. Glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASC) are multifunctional metabolites playing important roles in redox balancing. In this work, it was shown that GSH and ASC treatment prevented chlorosis and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by iron deficiency in Arabidopsis leaves. In iron deficiency, GSH and ASC increased the activity of the heme protein ascorbate peroxidase at a similar level to that found in iron-sufficient seedlings. GSH was also able to preserve the levels of the iron-sulfur protein ferredoxin 2. GSH content decreased 25% in iron-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings, whereas the ASC levels were not affected. Taken together, these results showed that GSH and ASC supplementation protects Arabidopsis seedlings from iron deficiency, preserving cell redox homeostasis and improving internal iron availability.

In Vitro Color Stability Evaluation of Three Polished and Unpolished Nanohybrid Resin Composites Immersed in a 0.12% Chlorhexidine-Based Mouthwash at Different Times.

The use of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes on resin composites with rough surfaces can cause discoloration which compromises the esthetic of patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro color stability of Forma (Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan), Tetric N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Filtek Z350XT (3M, ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) resin composites, with and without polishing, after being immersed in a 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX)-based mouthwash at different times. The present in vitro experimental and longitudinal study used 96 nanohybrid resin composite blocks (Forma, Tetric N-Ceram and Filtek Z350XT) 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, evenly distributed. Each resin composite group was divided into two subgroups (n = 16) with and without polishing and then immersed in a 0.12% CHX-based mouthwash for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Color measurements were performed with a calibrated digital spectrophotometer. Nonparametric tests were used to compare independent (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis) and related (Friedman) measures. In addition, the Bonferroni post hoc correction was used considering a significance level of p < 0.05. All polished and unpolished resin composites presented color variation < 3.3 when immersed for up to 14 days in 0.12% CHX-based mouthwash. The polished resin composite with the lowest color variation (ΔE) values over time was Forma, and the one with the highest values was Tetric N-Ceram. When comparing the color variation (ΔE) over time, it was observed that the three resin composites, with and without polishing, presented a significant change (p < 0.001), although these changes in color variation (ΔE) were evident from 14 days between each color acquisition (p < 0.05). The unpolished Forma and Filtek Z350XT resin composites showed significantly more color variation than the same polished ones at all times when immersed in a 0.12% CHX-based mouthwash for 30 s daily. In addition, every 14 days, all three resin composites with and without polishing showed a significant color change, while, every 7 days, color stability was maintained. All the resin composites showed clinically acceptable color stability when exposed for up to 14 days to the above-mentioned mouthwash.

The Microhardness and Surface Roughness Assessment of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites Treated with and without the Application of an Oxygen-Inhibited Layer and a Polishing System: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to assess the microhardness and surface roughness of bulk-fill resin composites treated with and without the application of an oxygen-inhibited layer (OIL) and a polishing system. This in vitro experimental study consisted of 72 resin composite blocks divided into three groups: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, Opus Bulk Fill APS, and Filtek Bulk Fill. Each resin composite group was further divided into two subgroups: with and without OIL control. Subsequently, surface roughness and microhardness were measured before and after polishing. A t-test was used to compare independent and related measures. For the intergroup comparison of variation before and after polishing, the Kruskal−Wallis test with Bonferroni post hoc was used considering a significance level of p < 0.05. When comparing surface roughness, significant differences were observed between Opus Bulk Fill resin composite with and without OIL control (p = 0.003) before polishing. The same occurred when comparing Tetric N-Ceram resin composite with and without OIL control (p = 0.039) after polishing. In addition, the surface roughness of Filtek Bulk Fill, Opus Bulk Fill, and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill resin composites, with and without OIL control, decreased significantly after polishing (p < 0.001), while surface microhardness significantly increased (p < 0.05), with the exception of Opus Bulk Fill resin with OIL control (p = 0.413). In conclusion, OIL control and polishing significantly improved the surface roughness and surface microhardness of Filtek Bulk Fill and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill resin composites. However, in the case of Opus Bulk Fill resin composite, only its surface roughness was significantly improved.

Fast weight recovery, metabolic rate adjustment and gene-expression regulation define responses of cold-stressed honey bee brood.

In temperate climates, low ambient temperatures in late winter and in spring can result in cold stress conditions in brood areas of weakened honey bee colonies, leading to increased levels of developmental interruptions and death of the brood. Very little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms that regulate honey bee brood responses to acute cold-stress. Here, we hypothesized that central regulatory pathways mediated by insulin/insulin-like peptide signalling (IIS) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH) are linked to metabolic changes in cold-stressed honey bee brood. A. mellifera brood reared at suboptimal temperatures showed diminished growth rate and arrested development progress. Notably, cold-stressed brood rapidly recovers the growth in the first 24 h after returning at control rearing temperature, sustained by the induction of compensatory mechanisms. We determined fast changes in the expression of components of IIS and AKH pathways in cold-stressed brood supporting their participation in metabolic events, growth and stress responses. We also showed that metabolic rate keeps high in brood exposed to stress suggesting a role in energy supply for growth and cell repair. Additionally, transcript levels of the uncoupling protein MUP2 were elevated in cold-stressed brood, which could indicate that this protein acts in the heat generation through mitochondrial decoupling mechanisms and/or in the ROS attenuation. Physiological, metabolic and molecular mechanisms that shape the responses to cold-stress in honey bee brood are addressed and discussed.

Nitric oxide and frataxin: two players contributing to maintain cellular iron homeostasis.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling and physiologically active molecule in animals, plants and bacteria. The specificity of the molecular mechanism(s) involved in transducing the NO signal within and between cells and tissues is still poorly understood. NO has been shown to be an emerging and potent signal molecule in plant growth, development and stress physiology. The NO donor S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO) was shown to be a biologically active compound in plants and a candidate for NO storage and/or mobilization between plant tissues and cells. NO has been implicated as a central component in maintaining iron bioavailavility in plants. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS: Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all organisms. This review presents an overview of the functions of NO in iron metabolism in animals and discusses how NO production constitutes a key response in plant iron sensing and availability. In plants, NO drives downstream responses to both iron deficiency and iron overload. NO-mediated improvement of iron nutrition in plants growing under iron-deficient conditions represents a powerful tool to cope with soils displaying low iron availability. An interconversion between different redox forms based on the iron and NO status of the plant cells might be the core of a metabolic process driving plant iron homeostasis. Frataxin, a recently identified protein in plants, plays an important role in mitochondria biogenesis and in maintaining mitochondrial iron homeostasis. Evidence regarding the interaction between frataxin, NO and iron from analysis of frataxin knock-down Arabidopsis thaliana mutants is reviewed and discussed.

Dietary Supplementation of Honey Bee Larvae with Arginine and Abscisic Acid Enhances Nitric Oxide and Granulocyte Immune Responses after Trauma.

Many biotic and abiotic stressors impact bees' health, acting as immunosupressors and contribute to colony losses. Thus, the importance of studying the immune response of honey bees is central to develop new strategies aiming to enhance bees' fitness to confront the threats affecting them. If a pathogen breaches the physical and chemical barriers, honey bees can protect themselves from infection with cellular and humoral immune responses which represent a second line of defense. Through a series of correlative studies we have previously reported that abscisic acid (ABA) and nitric oxide (NO) share roles in the same immune defenses of Apis mellifera (A. mellifera). Here we show results supporting that the supplementation of bee larvae's diet reared in vitro with l-Arginine (precursor of NO) or ABA enhanced the immune activation of the granulocytes in response to wounding and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection.

Diseño de curso virtual respondiendo al currículo propio del Plan E de la carrera Medicina / Design of a virtual course responding to the Plan-E syllabus for medicine major

RESUMEN Introducción: con la globalización de la educación y el desarrollo tecnológico, las universidades han encontrado en la educación virtual nuevos espacios de aprendizaje. Objetivo: diseñar curso virtual que responda al currículo propio del Plan E de la carrera Medicina para potenciar las habilidades teóricas que conduzcan al fortalecimiento de la práctica laboral en asignaturas que responden, en segundo año, a la disciplina Medicina General en la Universidad Médica de Granma. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo durante octubre-noviembre 2020, se generó el diseño del curso III en Moodle. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos-empíricos para la conformación del producto final. Las fases utilizadas para el progreso fueron: planificación didáctica, creación y desarrollo del aula, elaboración de materiales didácticos y tutoriales, tutorización y seguimiento del estudiante y evaluación. Se enfatizó la privacidad estudiante-profesor en el aula virtual a través de contraseña para su entrada a la misma. Resultados: se diseñó un curso propio III, Prevención de enfermedades transmisibles en la comunidad, en el aula virtual, Universidad Médica en Granma. Incluyó seis unidades de aprendizajes, cuatro con contenidos propios del curso y dos con generalidades del curso y evaluación final, en esta última ubicada en la wiki para valorar por estudiantes la calidad del curso a través del PNI. Conclusiones: se diseñó curso virtual a través de Moodle, en correspondencia con el currículo propio, Plan E, del tercer semestre de la carrera Medicina. Lo que permitió la flexibilidad del plan de estudio y mayor consolidación de los contenidos sobre temáticas agobiantes al territorio desde el punto de vista preventivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: alongside the globalization of education and the growth of technologies, universities have found new learning spaces in virtual education. Objective: to design a virtual course that responds to the Plan-E syllabus for Medicine major, empowering students with theoretical skills that lead to the strengthening of work practice in subjects that respond, in the second academic year, to the Comprehensive Medicine discipline at Granma Medical University. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out during October-November 2020 granting the design of the corresponding course-III in Moodle platform, applying theoretical-empirical methods for the implementation of the final product. The phases used for progress were: didactic planning, creation and development of the classroom, planning of didactic materials and tutorials, tutoring and monitoring of the student and evaluation. Student-professor privacy in the virtual classroom was prioritized through a password for their entry to the virtual course. Results: designed the corresponding course III -prevention of communicable diseases in the community- in the virtual classroom of Granma Medical University. It included six learning units, four with course content and two related to course generalization and final evaluation, the latter included a Wiki to assess the quality of the virtual course by students through its positive, negative and interesting aspects. Conclusions: a virtual course was designed using the benefits of Moodle platform, to the corresponding Plan-E syllabus, for the third semester of Medicine major; thus achieving greater flexibility in the syllabus, better consolidation of the contents on issues that burden the territory from the point of view of prevention.

Impacto de la Medicina Familiar en Granma durante los años 2015-2016 / Impact of Family Medicine in Granma during the years 2015-2016

En la década de los ochenta como respuesta a la necesidad que generaron las condiciones de salud y niveles de vida alcanzados, se inicia el modelo del médico de familia con el objetivo de socializar el impacto de la Medicina Familiar en Granma durante los años 2015-2016 posterior a la implementación de las transformaciones del sector. Se realizó estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y como métodos estadísticos la distribución de frecuencias absolutas y la presentación de los resultados en gráficos. Las variables fueron: total de consultas en la APS y realizadas por los Médicos Generales Integrales, determinaciones realizadas en los laboratorios clínico y microbiológico, estudios imagenológicos realizados, consultas en cuerpo de guardia e ingresos domiciliarios, así como cantidad de graduados en la especialidad MGI. Las consultas en el 2016 superaron al 2015 y las propias al Médico General Integral en 496 151 y 252 002 respectivamente. En el laboratorio microbiológico aumentaron las determinaciones realizadas en el 2016 con respecto al 2015 en 139 819 y, en el laboratorio clínico disminuyó en 52 047. Aumentaron los estudios imagenológicos (24 007 Rx y 8 230 ultrasonidos). Decrecieron las consultas en cuerpo de guardia en 15 113 pacientes atendidos. Aumentaron los ingresos domiciliarios en mil 703. En los años estudiados se graduaron 271 y 381 especialistas I Grado respectivamente. Se socializaronindicadores medibles producto a las transformaciones que muestranimpacto positivo en Medicina Familiar. Crecieron las consultas en la Atención Primaria de Salud y por los MGI demostrando reorganización de los servicios, disminuyeron las consultas en los cuerpos de guardia, aumentaron los ingresos domiciliarios y los recursos humanos especializados en Primer Grado(AU)

In the decade of the eighties as a response to the need generated by the health conditions and levels of life achieved, the family doctor model was initiated with the aim of socializing the impact of Family Medicine in Granma during the years 2015-2016 after the implementation of the transformations of the sector. We performed an observational, descriptive and retrospective study, using theoretical, empirical methods and as statistical methods the distribution of absolute frequencies and the presentation of the results in graphs. The variables were: total number of consultations in the PHC and performed by the Integral General Practitioners, determinations made in the clinical and microbiological laboratories, imaging studies carried out, consultations in the body of the guard and home admissions, as well as number of graduates in the MGI specialty. The consultations in 2016 exceeded 2015 and those of the Integral General Physician in 496 151 and 252 002 respectively. In the microbiological laboratory, the determinations made in 2016 with respect to 2015 increased by 139 819 and in the clinical laboratory decreased by 52 047. Imaging studies (24 007 Rx and 8 230 ultrasounds) increased. Consultations in the body of the guard decreased in 15 113 patients attended. Home admissions increased by 703 thousand. In the studied years, 271 and 381 I Degree specialists graduated respectively. Measurable indicators were socialized product to the transformations that show positive impact in Family Medicine. The consultations in the Primary Health Care and the MGIs showed a reorganization of the services, the consultations in the guard corps decreased, the household income increased and the specialized human resources in the First Degree increased(EU)

Impacto de la Medicina Familiar en Granma durante los años 2015-2016 / Impact of Family Medicine in Granma during the years 2015-2016 / Impacto da Medicina de Família no Granma durante os anos de 2015 a 2016

RESUMEN En la década de los ochenta como respuesta a la necesidad que generaron las condiciones de salud y niveles de vida alcanzados, se inicia el modelo del médico de familia con el objetivo de socializar el impacto de la Medicina Familiar en Granma durante los años 2015-2016 posterior a la implementación de las transformaciones del sector. Se realizó estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y como métodos estadísticos la distribución de frecuencias absolutas y la presentación de los resultados en gráficos. Las variables fueron: total de consultas en la APS y realizadas por los Médicos Generales Integrales, determinaciones realizadas en los laboratorios clínico y microbiológico, estudios imagenológicos realizados, consultas en cuerpo de guardia e ingresos domiciliarios, así como cantidad de graduados en la especialidad MGI. Las consultas en el 2016 superaron al 2015 y las propias al Médico General Integral en 496 151 y 252 002 respectivamente. En el laboratorio microbiológico aumentaron las determinaciones realizadas en el 2016 con respecto al 2015 en 139 819 y, en el laboratorio clínico disminuyó en 52 047. Aumentaron los estudios imagenológicos (24 007 Rx y 8 230 ultrasonidos). Decrecieron las consultas en cuerpo de guardia en 15 113 pacientes atendidos. Aumentaron los ingresos domiciliarios en mil 703. En los años estudiados se graduaron 271 y 381 especialistas I Grado respectivamente.Se socializaron indicadores medibles producto a las transformaciones que muestran impacto positivo en Medicina Familiar. Crecieron las consultas en la Atención Primaria de Salud y por los MGI demostrando reorganización de los servicios, disminuyeron las consultas en los cuerpos de guardia, aumentaron los ingresos domiciliarios y los recursos humanos especializados en Primer Grado.

ABSTRACT In the decade of the eighties as a response to the need generated by the health conditions and levels of life achieved, the family doctor model was initiated with the aim of socializing the impact of Family Medicine in Granma during the years 2015-2016 after the implementation of the transformations of the sector. We performed an observational, descriptive and retrospective study, using theoretical, empirical methods and as statistical methods the distribution of absolute frequencies and the presentation of the results in graphs. The variables were: total number of consultations in the PHC and performed by the Integral General Practitioners, determinations made in the clinical and microbiological laboratories, imaging studies carried out, consultations in the body of the guard and home admissions, as well as number of graduates in the MGI specialty. The consultations in 2016 exceeded 2015 and those of the Integral General Physician in 496 151 and 252 002 respectively. In the microbiological laboratory, the determinations made in 2016 with respect to 2015 increased by 139 819 and in the clinical laboratory decreased by 52 047. Imaging studies (24 007 Rx and 8 230 ultrasounds) increased. Consultations in the body of the guard decreased in 15 113 patients attended. Home admissions increased by 703 thousand. In the studied years, 271 and 381 I Degree specialists graduated respectively. Measurable indicators were socialized product to the transformations that show positive impact in Family Medicine. The consultations in the Primary Health Care and the MGIs showed a reorganization of the services, the consultations in the guard corps decreased, the household income increased and the specialized human resources in the First Degree increased.

RESUMO Na década de 80, como resposta à necessidade gerada pelas condições de saúde e níveis de vida alcançados, o modelo de médico de família foi iniciado com o objetivo de socializar o impacto da Medicina de Família no Granma durante os anos de 2015-2016. após a implementação das transformações do setor. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo, utilizando métodos teóricos, empíricos e como métodos estatísticos a distribuição de frequências absolutas e a apresentação dos resultados em gráficos. As variáveis ​​foram: consultas totais em PHC e realizada por médicos de clínica geral, determinações em laboratórios clínicos e microbiológicos, estudos de imagem, consultas guarita e renda familiar e número de diplomados em MGI especialidade. As consultas em 2016 foram superiores a 2015 e as do médico generalista geral em 496 151 e 252 002, respectivamente. No laboratório de microbiologia, as determinações feitas em 2016 em relação a 2015 aumentaram em 139 819 e no laboratório clínico diminuíram em 52 047. Estudos de imagem (24 007 Rx e 8 230 ultrasounds) aumentaram. Consultas no corpo da guarda diminuíram em 15 113 pacientes atendidos. As internações domiciliares aumentaram em 703 mil. Nos anos estudados, 271 e 381 graduandos formaram-se, respectivamente, indicadores mensuráveis ​​foram produtos socializados para as transformações que apresentam impacto positivo na Medicina de Família. As consultas na Atenção Primária à Saúde e nos MGI mostraram uma reorganização dos serviços, as consultas no corpo de guarda diminuíram, a renda familiar aumentou e os recursos humanos especializados no Primeiro Grau aumentaram.

The tomato phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 (SlPLC2) is required for defense gene induction by the fungal elicitor xylanase.

The tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gene family is composed of six members, named SlPLC1 to SlPLC6, differentially regulated upon pathogen attack. We have previously shown that the fungal elicitor xylanase rapidly induces nitric oxide (NO), which is required for PI-PLCs activity and downstream defense responses in tomato cell suspensions. Here, we show that all six SlPLC genes are expressed in tomato cell suspensions. Treatment of the cells with xylanase induces an early increase in SlPLC5 transcript levels, followed by a raise of the amount of SlPLC2 transcripts. The production of NO is required to augment SlPLC5 transcript levels in xylanase-treated tomato cells. Xylanase also induces SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 transcript levels in planta. We knocked-down the expression of SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 by virus-induced gene silencing. We found that SlPLC2 is required for xylanase-induced expression of the defense-related genes PR1 and HSR203J.

Nitric oxide, nitrosyl iron complexes, ferritin and frataxin: a well equipped team to preserve plant iron homeostasis.

Iron is a key element in plant nutrition. Iron deficiency as well as iron overload results in serious metabolic disorders that affect photosynthesis, respiration and general plant fitness with direct consequences on crop production. More than 25% of the cultivable land possesses low iron availability due to high pH (calcareous soils). Plant biologists are challenged by this concern and aimed to find new avenues to ameliorate plant responses and keep iron homeostasis under control even at wide range of iron availability in various soils. For this purpose, detailed knowledge of iron uptake, transport, storage and interactions with cellular compounds will help to construct a more complete picture of its role as essential nutrient. In this review, we summarize and describe the recent findings involving four central players involved in keeping cellular iron homeostasis in plants: nitric oxide, ferritin, frataxin and nitrosyl iron complexes. We attempt to highlight the interactions among these actors in different scenarios occurring under iron deficiency or iron overload, and discuss their counteracting and/or coordinating actions leading to the control of iron homeostasis.

Identification of an Arabidopsis mitoferrinlike carrier protein involved in Fe metabolism.

Iron has a major role in mitochondrial as well as in chloroplast metabolism, however the processes involved in organelle iron transport in plants are only partially understood. To identify mitochondrial iron transporters in Arabidopsis, we searched for proteins homologous to the Danio rerio (zebrafish) Mitoferrin2 MFRN2, a mitochondrial iron importer in non-erythroid cells. Among the identified putative Arabidopsis mitoferrinlike proteins, we focused on that one encoded by At5g42130, which we named AtMfl1 (MitoFerrinLike1). AtMfl1 expression strongly correlates with genes coding for proteins involved in chloroplast metabolism. Such an unexpected result is supported by the identification by different research groups, of the protein encoded by At5g42130 and of its homologs from various plant species in the inner chloroplastic envelope membrane proteome. Notably, neither the protein encoded by At5g42130 nor its homologs from other plant species have been identified in the mitochondrial proteome. AtMfl1 gene expression is dependent on Fe supply: AtMfl1 transcript strongly accumulates under Fe excess, moderately under Fe sufficiency and weakly under Fe deficiency. In order to understand the physiological role of AtMfl1, we isolated and characterized two independent AtMfl1 KO mutants, atmfl1-1 and atmfl1-2: both show reduced vegetative growth. When grown under conditions of Fe excess, atmfl1-1 and atmfl1-2 mutants (seedlings, rosette leaves) contain less total Fe than wt and also reduced expression of the iron storage ferritin AtFer1. Taken together, these results suggest that Arabidopsis mitoferrinlike gene AtMfl1 is involved in Fe transport into chloroplasts, under different conditions of Fe supply and that suppression of its expression alters plant Fe accumulation in various developmental stages.

Mutilación genital femenina: elementos necesarios para su enfrentamiento / Female Genital Mutilation: necessary elements for its confrontation

Introducción: La mutilación genital femenina (MGF) es una costumbre violatoria de los derechos humanos de las niñas y las mujeres. Objetivo: Describir elementos necesarios relacionados con la mutilación genital femenina. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos disponibles en la plataforma Infomed (Pubmed, EBSCO, Hinari, Scielo) de 18 materiales científicos impresos y electrónicos relacionados con el tema, todos en el último quinquenio y utilizando los descriptores de búsqueda: mutilación genital femenina, tipos, complicaciones, factores de riesgos y prevención. Desarrollo: El número de niñas y jóvenes en riesgo de padecer mutilación genital aumenta en Europa y África, no se puede establecer una religión única, la práctica de la mutilación genital femenina es anterior al Islam y no es habitual entre la mayoría de los musulmanes. Existen diferentes tipos de mutilación: I, II, III, IV, depende de la región anatómica comprometida. Las complicaciones más sobresalientes son: dolor intenso, hemorragias, tétanos, septicemia y psicológicas. Se citan elementos preventivos por el sistema de salud que disminuye la práctica. Conclusiones: La MGF constituye una de las técnicas nefastas más significativas, sumado a ello los principios de internacionalismo del médico cubano prueba que la descripción de los componentes epidemiológicos, tipos, complicaciones de la práctica y el enfoque social de las acciones preventivas; ayudan a los trabajadores de la salud a revertir tal proceder(AU)

Introduction: Female genital mutilation is a violation of human rights of girls and women. Objective: to describe necessary elements related to female genital mutilation. Material and Methods: A literature review of 18 printed and electronic supported scientific materials related to the topic available in Infomed platforms databases (Pubmed, EBSCO, Hinari, Scielo) was performed, all included in the last five years and using searching describers: female genital mutilation, types, complications, risk factors and prevention. Development: The number of girls and young women at risk of genital mutilation increases in Europe and Africa, it is not possible to establish a single religion; practice regarding female genital mutilation predates Islam and is not common among most Muslims. There are different types of mutilation: I, II, III, IV, depends on the anatomical region. The most significant complications include severe pain, hemorrhage, tetanus, septicemia and psychological. Preventive elements are referred by the health system that reduces its practice. Conclusions: female genital mutilation is one of the most significant fateful techniques, added to it, the internationalism principles of the Cuban doctor, proof that the description of epidemiological components, types, complications of it practice and a social approach of preventive actions, help health workers to revert this conduct(AU)