A Sore Subject? An Examination of National Case-Based Chancroid Surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Chancroid has been a nationally notifiable condition in the United States since 1944, with cases reported to Centers Disease Control and Prevention through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Although frequently reported during the 1940s, <20 cases have been reported annually since 2011. We assessed the performance and utility of national case-based chancroid surveillance. METHODS: We reviewed the literature to contextualize chancroid surveillance through National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. We then assessed 4 system attributes, including data quality, sensitivity, usefulness, and representativeness: we reviewed chancroid cases reported during 2011-2020, conducted interviews with (a) sexually transmitted disease programs reporting ≥1 case in 2019 or 2020 (n = 9) and (b) Centers Disease Control and Prevention subject matter experts (n = 10), and reviewed published communicable disease reporting laws. RESULTS: Chancroid diagnostic testing is limited, which affects the surveillance case definition. National case-based surveillance has poor data quality; of the 2019 and preliminary 2020 cases (n = 14), only 3 were verified by jurisdictions as chancroid cases. Sexually transmitted disease programs report the system has low sensitivity given limited clinician knowledge and resources; experts report the system is not useful in guiding national control efforts. Review of reporting laws revealed it is not representative, as chancroid is not a reportable condition nationwide. CONCLUSIONS: Critical review of system attributes suggest that national case-based chancroid surveillance data have limited ability to help describe and monitor national trends, and chancroid's inclusion on the national notifiable list might need to be reconsidered. Alternative strategies might be needed to monitor national chancroid burden.

Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition Among High-Risk Heterosexuals With Nonviral Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nonviral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase risk of sexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Updated risk estimates carefully scrutinizing temporality bias of studies are needed. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42018084299) of peer-reviewed studies evaluating variation in risk of HIV infection among high-risk heterosexuals diagnosed with any of: Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases through December 2017 and included studies where STIs and HIV were assessed using laboratory tests or medical examinations and where STI was diagnosed before HIV. After dual screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment, we meta-analytically pooled risk ratios (RRs). RESULTS: We found 32 eligible studies reporting k = 97 effect size estimates of HIV acquisition risk due to infection with one of the abovementioned STIs. Most data were based on women engaged in sex work or other high-risk occupations in developing countries. Many studies did not measure or adjust for known confounders, including drug injection and condom use, and most were at medium or high risk of bias because of the potential for undetected HIV infection to have occurred before STI infection. Human immunodeficiency virus acquisition risk increased among women infected with any pathogen; the effect was greatest for women infected with Mycoplasma genitalium (RR, 3.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63-5.92; k = 2) and gonorrhea (RR, 2.81; 95% CI, 2.25-3.50; k = 16) but also statistically significant for women infected with syphilis (RR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.23-2.27; k = 17), trichomonas (RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.31-1.82; k = 17), and chlamydia (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08-2.04; k = 14). For men, data were space except for syphilis (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.22-2.58; k = 5). CONCLUSION: Nonviral STI increases risk of heterosexual HIV acquisition, although uncertainty remains because of risk of bias in primary studies.

Shigellosis Cases With Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections: Population-Based Data From 6 US Jurisdictions, 2007 to 2016.

BACKGROUND: Shigella species, which cause acute diarrheal disease, are transmitted via fecal-oral and sexual contact. To better understand the overlapping populations affected by Shigella infections and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States, we examined the occurrence of reported STIs within 24 months among shigellosis case-patients. METHODS: Culture-confirmed Shigella cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2016 among residents of 6 US jurisdictions were matched to reports of STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and all stages of syphilis) diagnosed 12 months before or after the shigellosis case. We examined epidemiologic characteristics and reported temporal trends of Shigella cases by sex and species. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2016, 10,430 shigellosis cases were reported. The annual number of reported shigellosis cases across jurisdictions increased 70%, from 821 cases in 2007 to 1398 cases in 2016; males saw a larger increase compared with females. Twenty percent of male shigellosis case-patients had an STI reported in the reference period versus 4% of female case-patients. The percentage of male shigellosis case-patients with an STI increased from 11% (2007) to 28% (2016); the overall percentage among females remained low. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the substantial proportion of males with shigellosis who were diagnosed with STIs within 24 months and the benefit of matching data across programs. Sexually transmitted infection screening may be warranted for male shigellosis case-patients.

Risk of HIV Acquisition Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Infected With Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) who have bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are at increased risk for HIV infection. We enhanced and updated past summary risk estimates. METHODS: We systematically reviewed (PROSPERO No. CRD42018084299) peer-reviewed studies assessing the risk of HIV infection among MSM attributable to Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Treponema pallidum (TP), and/or Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). We searched 3 databases through December 2017. We excluded studies with self-reported data or simultaneous STI and HIV assessment. We conducted dual screening and data extraction, meta-analytically pooled risk ratios (RRs), and assessed potential risk of bias. RESULTS: We included 26 studies yielding 39 RR (k) for HIV acquisition due to one of TP, NG, or CT. We did not identify eligible data for MG or TV, or for HIV transmission. HIV acquisition risk increased among MSM infected with TP (k = 21; RR, 2.68, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00-3.58), NG (k = 11; RR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.56-3.61), and CT (k = 7; RR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.59-2.48). Subanalysis RRs for all 3 pathogens were ≥1.66 and remained statistically significant across geography and methodological characteristics. Pooled RR increased for data with the lowest risk of bias for NG (k = 3; RR, 5.49; 95% CI, 1.11-27.05) and TP (k = 4; RR, 4.32; 95% CI, 2.20-8.51). We observed mostly moderate to high heterogeneity and moderate to high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: Men who have sex with men infected with TP, NG, or CT have twice or greater risk of HIV acquisition, although uncertainties exist because of data heterogeneity and risk of bias.

Severe Illness Associated with Reported Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids - Mississippi, April 2015.

On April 2, 2015, four patients were evaluated at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) in Jackson, Mississippi, for agitated delirium after using synthetic cannabinoids. Over the next 3 days, 24 additional persons went to UMMC with illnesses suspected to be related to synthetic cannabinoid use; one patient died. UMMC notified the Mississippi State Department of Health, which issued a statewide alert via the Health Alert Network on April 5, requesting that health care providers report suspected cases of synthetic cannabinoid intoxication to the Mississippi Poison Control Center (MPCC). A suspected case was defined as the occurrence of at least two of the following symptoms: sweating, severe agitation, or psychosis in a person with known or suspected synthetic cannabinoid use. A second statewide alert was issued on April 13, instructing all Mississippi emergency departments to submit line lists of suspected patients to MPCC each day. By April 21, 16 days after the first alert was issued, MPCC had received reports of approximately 400 cases, including eight deaths possibly linked to synthetic cannabinoid use; in contrast, during April 2012­March 2015, the median number of telephone calls to MPCC regarding synthetic cannabinoid use was one per month (range = 0­11). The Mississippi State Department of Health, with the assistance of CDC, initiated an investigation to better characterize the outbreak, identify risk factors associated with severe illness, and prevent additional illnesses and deaths.

Postmortem diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease.

We diagnosed invasive meningococcal disease by using immunohistochemical staining of embalmed tissue and PCR of vitreous humor from 2 men in New York City. Because vitreous humor is less subject than other body fluids to putrefaction, it is a good material for postmortem analysis.

Field investigation of high reported non-neonatal tetanus burden in Uganda, 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: Despite providing tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccine (TTCV) to infants and reproductive-age women, Uganda reports one of the highest incidences of non-neonatal tetanus (non-NT). Prompted by unusual epidemiologic trends among reported non-NT cases, we conducted a retrospective record review to see whether these data reflected true disease burden. METHODS: We analysed nationally reported non-NT cases during 2012-2017. We visited 26 facilities (14 hospitals, 12 health centres) reporting high numbers of non-NT cases (n = 20) or zero cases (n = 6). We identified non-NT cases in facility registers during 1 January 2016-30 June 2017; the identified case records were abstracted. RESULTS: During 2012-2017, a total of 24 518 non-NT cases were reported and 74% were ≥5 years old. The average annual incidence was 3.43 per 100 000 population based on inpatient admissions. Among 482 non-NT inpatient cases reported during 1 January 2016-30 June 2017 from hospitals visited, 342 (71%) were identified in facility registers, despite missing register data (21%). Males comprised 283 (83%) of identified cases and 60% were ≥15 years old. Of 145 cases with detailed records, 134 (92%) were clinically confirmed tetanus; among these, the case-fatality ratio (CFR) was 54%. Fourteen cases were identified at two hospitals reporting zero cases. Among >4000 outpatient cases reported from health centres visited, only 3 cases were identified; the remainder were data errors. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of non-NT cases and deaths occur in Uganda. The high CFR and high non-NT burden among men and older children indicate the need for TTCV booster doses across the life course to all individuals as well as improved coverage with the TTCV primary series. The observed data errors indicate the need for data quality improvement activities.

Severe illness associated with reported use of synthetic cannabinoids: a public health investigation (Mississippi, 2015).

STUDY OBJECTIVES: In April 2015, a multistate outbreak of illness linked to synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use was unprecedented in magnitude and severity. We identified Mississippi cases in near-real time, collected information on cases to characterize the outbreak, and identified the causative SC. METHODS: A case was defined as any patient of a Mississippi healthcare facility who was suspected of SC use and presenting with ≥2 of the following symptoms: sweating, severe agitation, or psychosis during April 2-May 3, 2015. Clinicians reported cases to the Mississippi Poison Control Center (MPCC). We used MPCC data to identify cases at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) to characterize in further detail, including demographics and clinical findings. Biologic samples were tested for known and unknown SCs by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). RESULTS: Clinicians reported 721 cases (11 deaths) statewide; 119 (17%) were UMMC patients with detailed data for further analysis. Twelve (10%) were admitted to an intensive care unit and 2 (2%) died. Aggression (32%), hypertension (33%), and tachycardia (42%) were common. SCs were identified in serum from 39/56 patients (70%); 33/39 patients (85%) tested positive for MAB-CHMINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) or its metabolites. Compared to all patients tested for SCs, those positive for MAB-CHMINACA were more likely to have altered mental status on examination (OR = 3.3, p = .05). CONCLUSION: SC use can cause severe health effects. MAB-CHMINACA was the most commonly detected SC in this outbreak. As new SCs are created, new strategies to optimize surveillance and patient care are needed to address this evolving public health threat.

Challenges to implementing communicable disease surveillance in New York City evacuation shelters after Hurricane Sandy, November 2012.

Hurricane Sandy hit New York City (NYC) on October 29, 2012. Before and after the storm, 73 temporary evacuation shelters were established. The total census of these shelters peaked at approximately 6,800 individuals. Concern about the spread of communicable diseases in shelters prompted the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to rapidly develop a surveillance system to report communicable diseases and emergency department transports from shelters. We describe the implementation of this system. Establishing effective surveillance in temporary shelters was challenging and required in-person visits by DOHMH staff to ensure reporting. After system establishment, surveillance data were used to identify some potential disease clusters. For the future, we recommend pre-event planning for disease surveillance.