Phase 3 Trial of Selpercatinib in Advanced RET-Mutant Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Selpercatinib, a highly selective, potent RET inhibitor, has shown efficacy in advanced RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer in a phase 1-2 trial, but its efficacy as compared with approved multikinase inhibitors is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a phase 3, randomized trial comparing selpercatinib as first-line therapy with the physician's choice of cabozantinib or vandetanib (control group). Eligible patients had progressive disease documented within 14 months before enrollment. The primary end point in the protocol-specified interim efficacy analysis was progression-free survival, assessed by blinded independent central review. Crossover to selpercatinib was permitted among patients in the control group after disease progression. Treatment failure-free survival, assessed by blinded independent central review, was a secondary, alpha-controlled end point that was to be tested only if progression-free survival was significant. Among the other secondary end points were overall response and safety. RESULTS: A total of 291 patients underwent randomization. At a median follow-up of 12 months, median progression-free survival as assessed by blinded independent central review was not reached in the selpercatinib group and was 16.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.2 to 25.1) in the control group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.48; P<0.001). Progression-free survival at 12 months was 86.8% (95% CI, 79.8 to 91.6) in the selpercatinib group and 65.7% (95% CI, 51.9 to 76.4) in the control group. Median treatment failure-free survival as assessed by blinded independent central review was not reached in the selpercatinib group and was 13.9 months in the control group (hazard ratio for disease progression, discontinuation due to treatment-related adverse events, or death, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.42; P<0.001). Treatment failure-free survival at 12 months was 86.2% (95% CI, 79.1 to 91.0) in the selpercatinib group and 62.1% (95% CI, 48.9 to 72.8) in the control group. The overall response was 69.4% (95% CI, 62.4 to 75.8) in the selpercatinib group and 38.8% (95% CI, 29.1 to 49.2) in the control group. Adverse events led to a dose reduction in 38.9% of the patients in the selpercatinib group, as compared with 77.3% in the control group, and to treatment discontinuation in 4.7% and 26.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Selpercatinib treatment resulted in superior progression-free survival and treatment failure-free survival as compared with cabozantinib or vandetanib in patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer. (Funded by Loxo Oncology, a subsidiary of Eli Lilly; LIBRETTO-531 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04211337.).

Explaining International Trends in Mortality on Hemodialysis Through Changes in Hemodialysis Practices in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Case-mix adjusted hemodialysis mortality has decreased since 1998. Many factors that influence mortality may have contributed to this trend and these associations may differ by continental region. We studied changes in hemodialysis facility practices over time and their potential role in mediating changes in patient survival. STUDY DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Adult hemodialysis patients treated in hemodialysis 500 facilities participating in the Dialysis Outcomes Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) between 1999 and 2015 in the US, Japan, and 4 four European countries: Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK. PREDICTORS: Four practice measures at each facility: the percentages of patients with Kt/V>1.2, interdialytic weight gain [IDWG]<5.7%, phosphorus<6 mg/dL, and using AV fistulae. OUTCOMES: Patient survival. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Mediation analyses, adjusted for case mix, were conducted using 3-year study phase as the exposure and facility practice measures as potential mediators. RESULTS: In Europe, we observed a 13% improvement in overall case-mix adjusted survival per decade. Trends in facility practice measures, especially Kt/V and phosphorus, explained 10% improvement in case-mix survival per decade, representing 77% (10% explained of 13% improvement) of the observed improvement. In Japan, 73% of the observed 12%/decade improvement in case-mix adjusted survival could be attributed to facility practices, especially Kt/V and IDWG. In the US, 56% of the observed 47%/decade improvement in case-mix adjusted survival could be attributed to facility practices, especially AV fistula use and phosphorus control. LIMITATIONS: Unmeasured changes in the characteristics of the patient population over this period may confound the observed associations. CONCLUSION: The improvements in adjusted hemodialysis patient survival in Europe, Japan, and the US from 1999 to 2015 can be largely explained by improvements in specific facility practices. Future changes in patient survival may be responsive to further evolution in the implementation of common clinical practices.

Association of COVID-19 Versus COVID-19 Vaccination With Kidney Function and Disease Activity in Primary Glomerular Disease: A Report of the Cure Glomerulonephropathy Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Patients with glomerular disease (GN) may be at increased risk of severe COVID-19, yet concerns over vaccines causing disease relapse may lead to vaccine hesitancy. We examined the associations of COVID-19 with longitudinal kidney function and proteinuria and compared these with similar associations with COVID-19 vaccination. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study from July 1, 2021, to January 1, 2023. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: A prospective observational study network of 71 centers from North America and Europe (CureGN) with children and adults with primary minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, or IgA nephropathy. EXPOSURE: COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination. OUTCOME: Repeated measure of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); recurrent time-to-event outcome of GN disease worsening as defined by doubling of the urinary protein-creatinine ratio (UPCR) to at least 1.5g/g or increase in dipstick urine protein by 2 ordinal levels to 3+(300mg/dL) or above. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Interrupted time series analysis for eGFR. Prognostic matched sequential stratification recurrent event analysis for GN disease worsening. RESULTS: Among 2,055 participants, 722 (35%) reported COVID-19 infection; of these, 92 (13%) were hospitalized, and 3 died (<1%). The eGFR slope before COVID-19 infection was-1.40mL/min/1.73m2 (± 0.29 SD); within 6 months after COVID-19 infection, the eGFR slope was-4.26mL/min/1.73m2 (± 3.02 SD), which was not significantly different (P=0.34). COVID-19 was associated with increased risk of worsening GN disease activity (HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.01-1.80]). Vaccination was not associated with a change in eGFR (-1.34mL/min/1.73m2±0.15 SD vs-2.16mL/min/1.73m2±1.74 SD; P=0.6) or subsequent GN disease worsening (HR 1.02 [95% CI, 0.79-1.33]) in this cohort. LIMITATIONS: Infrequent or short follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with primary GN, COVID-19 infection was severe for 1 in 8 cases and was associated with subsequent worsening of GN disease activity, as defined by proteinuria. By contrast, vaccination against COVID-19 was not associated with change in disease activity or kidney function decline. These results support COVID-19 vaccination for patients with GN. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: In this cohort study of 2,055 patients with minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, or IgA nephropathy, COVID-19 resulted in hospitalization or death for 1 in 8 cases and was associated with a 35% increase in risk for worsening proteinuria. By contrast, vaccination did not appear to adversely affect kidney function or proteinuria. Our data support vaccination for COVID-19 in patients with glomerular disease.

Novel prognostic nomogram for predicting recurrence-free survival in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

AIMS: Recently, there have been attempts to improve prognostication and therefore better guide treatment for patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In 2022, the International MTC Grading System (IMTCGS) was developed and validated using a multi-institutional cohort of 327 patients. The aim of the current study was to build upon the findings of the IMTCGS to develop and validate a prognostic nomogram to predict recurrence-free survival (RFS) in MTC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from 300 patients with MTC from five centres across the USA, Europe, and Australia were used to develop a prognostic nomogram that included the following variables: age, sex, AJCC stage, tumour size, mitotic count, necrosis, Ki67 index, lymphovascular invasion, microscopic extrathyroidal extension, and margin status. A process of 10-fold cross-validation was used to optimize the model's performance. To assess discrimination and calibration, the area-under-the-curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, concordance-index (C-index), and dissimilarity index (D-index) were calculated. Finally, the model was externally validated using a separate cohort of 87 MTC patients. The model demonstrated very strong performance, with an AUC of 0.94, a C-index of 0.876, and a D-index of 19.06. When applied to the external validation cohort, the model had an AUC of 0.9. CONCLUSIONS: Using well-established clinicopathological prognostic variables, we developed and externally validated a robust multivariate prediction model for RFS in patients with resected MTC. The model demonstrates excellent predictive capability and may help guide decisions on patient management. The nomogram is freely available online at https://nomograms.shinyapps.io/MTC_ML_DFS/.

The Clinical Utility of Gallium-68-DOTATATE Positron Emission Tomography Scanning in Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Somatostatin receptor (SST) functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has broadened the diagnostic and staging capabilities for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Gallium-68 (68Ga)-DOTA-conjugated peptide (Tyr3)-octreotate (DOTATATE) is a radiotracer with a high affinity for type 2 SSTs expressed in several, but not all, MTCs. The utility of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and 18fluorine-labeled fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG)-PET/CT imaging in predicting MTC prognosis is also unknown. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective study, 103 of patients with MTC underwent assessment of SST2 and SST5 immunohistochemistry (IHC). A subgroup of 37 patients received 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging, and 13 received contemporaneous 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUV), mean SUV, metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion activity (TLA) were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-two patients (41%) demonstrated positive expression of SST2, and 45 (44%) had a positive SST5 IHC result. Seventeen patients (17%) expressed both SST2 and SST5. No survival advantage was identified with SST2 or SST5 IHC positivity. No correlation was noted between the maximum SUV, mean SUV, metabolic tumor volume, or TLA and SST2 and/or SST5 expression by IHC. Shorter survival was associated with a TLA of >20 (P = .04). A RET-negative status also appeared to have shorter survival, although this may be because the small numbers did not reach statistical significance (P = .12). CONCLUSION: Assessment of TLA from 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT may predict survival. SST2 IHC was not correlated with 68Ga-DOTATATE avidity. Metastatic disease may be optimally assessed by concurrent 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTATATE imaging.

Characterization of neoantigen-specific T cells in cancer resistant to immune checkpoint therapies.

Neoantigen-specific T cells are strongly implicated as being critical for effective immune checkpoint blockade treatment (ICB) (e.g., anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4) and are being targeted for vaccination-based therapies. However, ICB treatments show uneven responses between patients, and neoantigen vaccination efficiency has yet to be established. Here, we characterize neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells in a tumor that is resistant to ICB and neoantigen vaccination. Leveraging the use of mass cytometry combined with multiplex major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramer staining, we screened and identified tumor neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the Lewis Lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor model (mRiok1). We observed an expansion of mRiok1-specific CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) after ICB targeting PD-1 or CTLA-4 with no sign of tumor regression. The expanded neoantigen-specific CD8+ TILs remained phenotypically and functionally exhausted but displayed cytotoxic characteristics. When combining both ICB treatments, mRiok1-specific CD8+ TILs showed a stem-like phenotype and a higher capacity to produce cytokines, but tumors did not show signs of regression. Furthermore, combining both ICB treatments with neoantigen vaccination did not induce tumor regression either despite neoantigen-specific CD8+ TIL expansion. Overall, this work provides a model for studying neoantigens in an immunotherapy nonresponder model. We showed that a robust neoantigen-specific T-cell response in the LLC tumor model could fail in tumor response to ICB, which will have important implications in designing future immunotherapeutic strategies.

Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Patterns of Recurrence and Outcomes of Reoperative Surgery.

BACKGROUND: There remains uncertainty regarding the optimal extent of initial surgery and management of recurrent disease in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). We aim to describe the patterns of disease recurrence and outcomes of the reoperative surgery in a cohort of consecutively treated patients at a specialized tertiary referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 235 surgically treated patients with MTC at a tertiary referral center was performed using prospectively collected data. RESULTS: In the study period 1986-2022, 235 patients underwent surgery for MTC. Of these, 45 (19%) patients had reoperative surgery for cervical nodal recurrence at a median (range) 2.1 (0.3-16) years following the index procedure. After a median follow-up of 4 years, 38 (84%) patients remain free of structural cervical recurrence, although 15 (33%) underwent 2 or more reoperative procedures. No long-term complications occurred after reoperative surgery. Local cervical recurrence was independently predicted by pathologically involved nodal status (OR 5.10, P = .01) and failure to achieve biochemical cure (OR 5.0, P = .009). Local recurrence did not adversely affect overall survival and was not associated with distant recurrence (HR 0.93, P = .83). Overall survival was independently predicted by high pathological grade (HR 10.0, P = .002) and the presence of metastatic disease at presentation (HR 8.27, P = 0018). CONCLUSION: Loco-regional recurrence in MTC does not impact overall survival, or the development of metastatic disease, demonstrating the safety of the staged approach to the clinically node-negative lateral neck. When recurrent disease is technically resectable, reoperative surgery can be undertaken with minimal morbidity in a specialized center and facilitates structural disease control.

Efficacy of Selpercatinib in RET-Altered Thyroid Cancers.

BACKGROUND: RET mutations occur in 70% of medullary thyroid cancers, and RET fusions occur rarely in other thyroid cancers. In patients with RET-altered thyroid cancers, the efficacy and safety of selective RET inhibition are unknown. METHODS: We enrolled patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer with or without previous vandetanib or cabozantinib treatment, as well as those with previously treated RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer, in a phase 1-2 trial of selpercatinib. The primary end point was an objective response (a complete or partial response), as determined by an independent review committee. Secondary end points included the duration of response, progression-free survival, and safety. RESULTS: In the first 55 consecutively enrolled patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer who had previously received vandetanib, cabozantinib, or both, the percentage who had a response was 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55 to 81), and 1-year progression-free survival was 82% (95% CI, 69 to 90). In 88 patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer who had not previously received vandetanib or cabozantinib, the percentage who had a response was 73% (95% CI, 62 to 82), and 1-year progression-free survival was 92% (95% CI, 82 to 97). In 19 patients with previously treated RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer, the percentage who had a response was 79% (95% CI, 54 to 94), and 1-year progression-free survival was 64% (95% CI, 37 to 82). The most common adverse events of grade 3 or higher were hypertension (in 21% of the patients), increased alanine aminotransferase level (in 11%), increased aspartate aminotransferase level (in 9%), hyponatremia (in 8%), and diarrhea (in 6%). Of all 531 patients treated, 12 (2%) discontinued selpercatinib owing to drug-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 1-2 trial, selpercatinib showed durable efficacy with mainly low-grade toxic effects in patients with medullary thyroid cancer with and without previous vandetanib or cabozantinib treatment. (Funded by Loxo Oncology and others; LIBRETTO-001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03157128.).

A Detailed Histologic and Molecular Assessment of the Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Diffuse sclerosing variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (DS-PTC) is characterized clinically by a predilection for children and young adults, bulky neck nodes, and pulmonary metastases. Previous studies have suggested infrequent BRAFV600E mutation but common RET gene rearrangements. Using strict criteria, we studied 43 DS-PTCs (1.9% of unselected PTCs in our unit). Seventy-nine percent harbored pathogenic gene rearrangements involving RET, NTRK3, NTRK1, ALK, or BRAF; with the remainder driven by BRAFV600E mutations. All 10 pediatric cases were all gene rearranged (P = .02). Compared with BRAFV600E-mutated tumors, gene rearrangement was characterized by psammoma bodies involving the entire lobe (P = .038), follicular predominant or mixed follicular architecture (P = .003), pulmonary metastases (24% vs none, P = .04), and absent classical, so-called "BRAF-like" atypia (P = .014). There was no correlation between the presence of gene rearrangement and recurrence-free survival. Features associated with persistent/recurrent disease included pediatric population (P = .030), gene-rearranged tumors (P = .020), microscopic extrathyroidal extension (P = .009), metastases at presentation (P = .007), and stage II disease (P = .015). We conclude that DS-PTC represents 1.9% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and that actionable gene rearrangements are extremely common in DS-PTC. DS-PTC can be divided into 2 distinct molecular subtypes and all BRAFV600E-negative tumors (1.5% of papillary thyroid carcinomas) are driven by potentially actionable oncogenic fusions.

Pruritus in Hemodialysis Patients: Longitudinal Associations With Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Cross-sectional studies have reported an association of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) with adverse clinical events and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). We studied the longitudinal associations between changes in CKD-aP and clinical outcomes among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 7,976 hemodialysis recipients across 21 countries in phases 4-6 (2009-2018) of the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) who had 2 CKD-aP assessments approximately 12 months apart. EXPOSURES: Exposure status was based on the assessment of pruritis initially and again approximately 1 year later. Four groups were identified, including those with moderate or more severe pruritis only at the initial assessment (resolved), only at the second assessment (incident), at neither assessment (absent), or at both assessments (persistent). OUTCOMES: Laboratory values and PROs ascertained at the initial assessment of pruritis and 1 year later. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Linear mixed model to investigate changes in laboratory values and PROs over the 1-year study period across the 4 exposure groups. RESULTS: 51% of patients had moderate to severe CKD-aP symptoms at either assessment (22% at both). The prevalences of depression, restless sleep, and feeling drained increased over the study period (+13%,+10%, and+14%, respectively) among patients with incident pruritus and decreased (-5%, -8%, and -12%, respectively) among patients with resolved pruritus. Minimal changes in PROs over time were observed for the absent and persistent groups. Changes over time in laboratory values (phosphorus, Kt/V) were not detected for either of these groups. Compared with patients with absent CKD-aP, the adjusted HRs for patients with persistent CKD-aP were 1.29 (95% CI, 1.09-1.53) for all-cause mortality, 1.17 (1.07-1.28) for all-cause hospitalization, and 1.48 (1.26-1.74) for cardiovascular events. LIMITATIONS: No interim evaluation of CKD-aP symptoms between the 2 assessments; potential selection bias from patients who died or were otherwise lost to follow-up before the second assessment. CONCLUSIONS: CKD-aP symptoms are chronic, and these findings highlight the potential value of repeated assessment of this symptom using standardized approaches. Future research should systematically investigate potential causes of CKD-aP and options for its effective treatment. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Previous research has studied itching and its consequences in hemodialysis recipients only at a single time point. We surveyed 7,976 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis to assess itching over a period of 1 year. We found that, among those experiencing itching at the initial assessment, more than half had persistent symptoms 1 year later. Those in whom itching developed during follow-up were more likely to experience depression, poor sleep, long recovery times after dialysis, and feeling faint or drained. These patients also rated their quality of life as poorer than those who did not experience itching. These findings emphasize the potential value of clinical detection of itching and the pursuit of effective treatments for patients receiving dialysis experiencing these symptoms.

Utility of the Kidney Failure Risk Equation and Estimated GFR for Estimating Time to Kidney Failure in Advanced CKD.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: The Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) predicts the 2-year risk of kidney failure for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Translating KFRE-predicted risk or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) into time to kidney failure could inform decision making for patients approaching kidney failure. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: CKD Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (CKDOPPS) cohort of patients with an eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2 from 34 US nephrology practices (2013-2021). EXPOSURE: 2-year KFRE risk or eGFR. OUTCOME: Kidney failure defined as initiation of dialysis or kidney transplantation. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Accelerated failure time (Weibull) models used to estimate the median, 25th, and 75th percentile times to kidney failure starting from KFRE values of 20%, 40%, and 50%, and from eGFR values of 20, 15, and 10mL/min/1.73m2. We examined variability in time to kidney failure by age, sex, race, diabetes status, albuminuria, and blood pressure. RESULTS: Overall, 1,641 participants were included (mean age 69±13 years; median eGFR of 28mL/min/1.73m2 [IQR 20-37mL/min/1.73 m2]). Over a median follow-up period of 19 months (IQR, 12-30 months), 268 participants developed kidney failure, and 180 died before reaching kidney failure. The median estimated time to kidney failure was widely variable across patient characteristics from an eGFR of 20mL/min/1.73m2 and was shorter for younger age, male sex, Black (versus non-Black), diabetes (vs no diabetes), higher albuminuria, and higher blood pressure. Estimated times to kidney failure were comparably less variable across these characteristics for KFRE thresholds and eGFR of 15 or 10mL/min/1.73m2. LIMITATIONS: Inability to account for competing risks when estimating time to kidney failure. CONCLUSIONS: Among those with eGFR<15mL/min/1.73m2 or KFRE risk>40%), both KFRE risk and eGFR showed similar relationships with time to kidney failure. Our results demonstrate that estimating time to kidney failure in advanced CKD can inform clinical decisions and patient counseling on prognosis, regardless of whether estimates are based on eGFR or the KFRE. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Clinicians often talk to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease about the level of kidney function expressed as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and about the risk of developing kidney failure, which can be estimated using the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE). In a cohort of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, we examined how eGFR and KFRE risk predictions corresponded to the time patients had until reaching kidney failure. Among those with eGFR<15mL/min/1.73m2 or KFRE risk > 40%), both KFRE risk and eGFR showed similar relationships with time to kidney failure. Estimating time to kidney failure in advanced CKD using either eGFR or KFRE can inform clinical decisions and patient counseling on prognosis.

Kidney Function Decline and Serious Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients With CKD.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The impact of kidney function decline on serious ADR risk has been poorly investigated. We comprehensively describe ADRs and assess the relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serious ADR risk. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 3,033 participants in French Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) cohort study, a nationwide sample of nephrology outpatients with moderate to advanced CKD. PREDICTORS: Demographic and biological data (including eGFR), medication prescriptions. OUTCOME: ADRs (preventable or not) were prospectively identified from hospital discharge reports, medical records, and patient interviews. Expert pharmacologists used validated tools to adjudicate ADRs. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Restricted cubic splines in fully adjusted cause-specific Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the relationship between eGFR and the risk of serious ADRs (overall and by subtype). RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 4.7 years, 360 patients experienced 488 serious ADRs. Kidney and urinary disorders (n=170) and hemorrhage (n=170) accounted for 70% of serious ADRs. The most common medications classes were antithrombotics and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. The majority of those serious ADRs were associated with hospitalization (n=467), with 32 directly or indirectly associated with death and 22 associated with a life-threatening event. More than 27% of the 488 serious ADRs were preventable or potentially preventable. The eGFR is a major risk factor for serious ADRs. The risk of acute kidney injury was 2.2% higher and risk of bleeding ADRs was 8% higher for each 1mL/min/1.73m2 lower baseline eGFR. LIMITATIONS: The results cannot be extrapolated to patients who are not being treated by a nephrologist. CONCLUSIONS: ADRs constitute a major cause of hospitalization in CKD patients for whom lower eGFR level is a major risk factor. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have complex clinical presentations, take multiple medications, and often receive inappropriate prescriptions. Using data from a large, prospective CKD cohort, we found a high incidence of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The 2 most common serious ADRs were drug-induced acute kidney injury and bleeding. A large proportion of serious ADRs required hospital admission, and 11% led to death or were life threatening. Lower kidney function was a major risk factor for serious ADRs. Many of these serious ADRs were determined to be partly preventable through greater adherence to prescription guidelines. This report enhances our understanding of the potential toxicity of drugs taken by patients with moderate to advanced CKD. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring kidney function when prescribing drugs, particularly for high-risk medications such as antithrombotic agents.

International practice patterns of dyslipidemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease under nephrology care: is it time to review guideline recommendations?

BACKGROUND: In contrast to guidelines related to lipid therapy in other areas, 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines recommend conducting a lipid profile upon diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and treating all patients older than 50 years without defining a target for lipid levels. We evaluated multinational practice patterns for lipid management in patients with advanced CKD under nephrology care. METHODS: We analyzed lipid-lowering therapy (LLT), LDL- cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and nephrologist-specified LDL-C goal upper limits in adult patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min from nephrology clinics in Brazil, France, Germany, and the United States (2014-2019). Models were adjusted for CKD stage, country, cardiovascular risk indicators, sex, and age. RESULTS: LLT treatment differed significantly by country, from 51% in Germany to 61% in the US and France (p = 0.002) for statin monotherapy. For ezetimibe with or without statins, the prevalence was 0.3% in Brazil to 9% in France (< 0.001). Compared with patients not taking lipid-lowering therapy, LDL-C was lower among treated patients (p < 0.0001) and differed significantly by country (p < 0.0001). At the patient level, the LDL-C levels and statin prescription did not vary significantly by CKD stage (p = 0.09 LDL-C and p = 0.24 statin use). Between 7-23% of untreated patients in each country had LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL. Only 7-17% of nephrologists believed that LDL-C should be < 70 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: There is substantial variation in practice patterns regarding LLT across countries but not across CKD stages. Treated patients appear to benefit from LDL-C lowering, yet a significant proportion of hyperlipidemia patients under nephrologist care are not receiving treatment.

Phosphoprotein-based biomarkers as predictors for cancer therapy.

Disparities in cancer patient responses have prompted widespread searches to identify differences in sensitive vs. nonsensitive populations and form the basis of personalized medicine. This customized approach is dependent upon the development of pathway-specific therapeutics in conjunction with biomarkers that predict patient responses. Here, we show that Cdk5 drives growth in subgroups of patients with multiple types of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Phosphoproteomics and high throughput screening identified phosphorylation sites downstream of Cdk5. These phosphorylation events serve as biomarkers and effectively pinpoint Cdk5-driven tumors. Toward achieving targeted therapy, we demonstrate that mouse models of neuroendocrine cancer are responsive to selective Cdk5 inhibitors and biomimetic nanoparticles are effective vehicles for enhanced tumor targeting and reduction of drug toxicity. Finally, we show that biomarkers of Cdk5-dependent tumors effectively predict response to anti-Cdk5 therapy in patient-derived xenografts. Thus, a phosphoprotein-based diagnostic assay combined with Cdk5-targeted therapy is a rational treatment approach for neuroendocrine malignancies.

Impact of baseline tumor burden on overall survival in patients with radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer treated with lenvatinib in the SELECT global phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAI-R DTC) is an aggressive form of thyroid cancer. Lenvatinib is a multikinase inhibitor approved for treatment of RAI-R DTC. The impact of tumor response and tumor burden on overall survival (OS) after lenvatinib treatment in patients with RAI-R DTC was assessed. METHODS: Data from patients treated with lenvatinib (N = 261) in SELECT were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into lenvatinib responder or nonresponder subgroups and into low (≤40 mm) or high (>40 mm) tumor burden subgroups based on baseline sums of diameters of target lesions using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1 (cutoff values were determined by receiver-operating characteristic analyses). Associations of tumor response and tumor burden with OS were assessed. RESULTS: Median OS was prolonged in lenvatinib responders versus nonresponders (52.2 vs 19.0 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.32; 95% CI, 0.23-0.46). Patients with a lower tumor burden who received lenvatinib had prolonged OS versus those with a higher tumor burden (median OS, not reached vs 29.1 months, respectively; HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.28-0.63). Baseline tumor burden was associated with OS by multivariate analysis (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89; P = .0138). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a lower tumor burden receiving lenvatinib had prolonged OS compared with those with a higher tumor burden receiving lenvatinib. Baseline tumor burden may be a prognostic factor for OS in patients with RAI-R DTC treated with lenvatinib.

Cabozantinib for previously treated radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: Updated results from the phase 3 COSMIC-311 trial.

BACKGROUND: At an interim analysis (median follow-up, 6.2 months; n = 187), the phase 3 COSMIC-311 trial met the primary end point of progression-free survival (PFS): cabozantinib improved PFS versus a placebo (median, not reached vs. 1.9 months; p < .0001) in patients with previously treated radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAIR-DTC). The results from an exploratory analysis using an extended datacut are presented. METHODS: Patients 16 years old or older with RAIR-DTC who progressed on prior lenvatinib and/or sorafenib were randomized 2:1 to oral cabozantinib tablets (60 mg/day) or a placebo. Placebo patients could cross over to open-label cabozantinib upon radiographic disease progression. The objective response rate (ORR) in the first 100 randomized patients and the PFS in the intent-to-treat population, both according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 by blinded, independent review, were the primary end points. RESULTS: At the data cutoff (February 8, 2021), 258 patients had been randomized (cabozantinib, n = 170; placebo, n = 88); the median follow-up was 10.1 months. The median PFS was 11.0 months (96% confidence interval [CI], 7.4-13.8 months) for cabozantinib and 1.9 months (96% CI, 1.9-3.7 months) for the placebo (hazard ratio, 0.22; 96% CI, 0.15-0.32; p < .0001). The ORR was 11.0% (95% CI, 6.9%-16.9%) versus 0% (95% CI, 0.0%-4.1%) (p = .0003) with one complete response with cabozantinib. Forty placebo patients crossed over to open-label cabozantinib. Grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 62% and 28% of the cabozantinib- and placebo-treated patients, respectively; the most common were hypertension (12% vs. 2%), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (10% vs. 0%), and fatigue (9% vs. 0%). There were no grade 5 treatment-related events. CONCLUSIONS: At extended follow-up, cabozantinib maintained superior efficacy over a placebo in patients with previously treated RAIR-DTC with no new safety signals.

Patient-Reported Outcomes with Selpercatinib Treatment Among Patients with RET-Mutant Medullary Thyroid Cancer in the Phase I/II LIBRETTO-001 Trial.

BACKGROUND: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) standard of care includes multikinase inhibitors (MKIs), which can exacerbate disease-related diarrhea, primarily because of non-RET kinase inhibition. We report diarrhea and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with selpercatinib, a highly selective RET inhibitor, among patients with RET-mutant MTC in the ongoing, phase I/II LIBRETTO-001 trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Instrument completion time points were baseline (cycle 1, day 1) and approximately every other 28-day cycle until cycle 13 (every 12 weeks thereafter) for the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30, and baseline, weekly during cycle 1, and day 1 of every cycle for the modified Systemic Therapy-Induced Diarrhea Assessment Tool (mSTIDAT). A ≥10-point change from baseline in domain score was considered clinically meaningful. PROs were summarized through cycle 13 in all patients and by subgroups with or without prior exposure to MKIs vandetanib and/or cabozantinib (V/C). RESULTS: Among the overall MTC population (n = 226), 88 (39%) and 124 (55%) patients comprised the V/C-naïve and previous V/C subgroups, respectively. Compliance was >85% for both instruments at each time point. Most patients maintained/improved in all health-related quality of life (HRQoL) subscales throughout treatment. Improvements in diarrhea were clinically meaningful in 43.5% of patients overall and in 36.8% and 51.3% of V/C-naïve and previous V/C subgroups, respectively. At baseline, 80.4% of all patients reported diarrhea on mSTIDAT. The percentage of patients who reported diarrhea was reduced to less than half of all patients (range: 33.3%-48.3%) after cycle 2. CONCLUSION: These interim results demonstrate that patients with RET-mutant MTC improved/remained stable on all domains of HRQoL during treatment with selpercatinib. Future analyses will be conducted as the data mature.

Patient-Reported Outcomes with Selpercatinib Among Patients with RET Fusion-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Phase I/II LIBRETTO-001 Trial.

BACKGROUND: LIBRETTO-001 is an ongoing, global, open-label, phase I/II study of selpercatinib in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. We report interim patient-reported outcomes in patients with RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) version 3.0 at baseline (cycle 1, day 1), approximately every other 28-day cycle until cycle 13, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Data were evaluated through cycle 13 as few patients had reached later time points. A change of ≥10 points from baseline in domain scores was considered clinically meaningful. RESULTS: Among 253 selpercatinib-treated patients, 239 were categorized into subgroups by prior therapy: treatment-naïve (n = 39), one prior line of therapy (n = 64), or two or more prior lines of therapy (n = 136). The QLQ-C30 was completed by >85% of patients at each time point. Most patients overall and in each subgroup maintained or improved in all health-related quality of life (HRQoL) domains during treatment. The percentage of patients who experienced clinically meaningful improvements ranged from 61.1% to 66.7% for global health status, 33.3% to 61.1% for dyspnea, and 46.2% to 63.0% for pain. The 61.1% of patients with improved dyspnea had two or more prior lines of therapy; median time to first improvement was 3.4 months. At the first postbaseline evaluation (cycle 3), 45.9% of all patients reported a ≥10-point reduction in pain. CONCLUSION: In this interim analysis, the majority of patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC remained stable or improved on all QLQ-C30 subscales at each study visit, demonstrating favorable HRQoL as measured by the QLQ-C30 during treatment with selpercatinib.

Etelcalcetide Utilization, Dosing Titration, and Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) Marker Responses in US Hemodialysis Patients.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Clinical trial data have demonstrated the efficacy of etelcalcetide for reducing parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We provide a real-world summary of etelcalcetide utilization, dosing, effectiveness, and discontinuation since its US introduction in April 2017. STUDY DESIGN: New-user design within prospective cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 2,596 new users of etelcalcetide from April 2017 through August 2019 in a national sample of adult maintenance HD patients in the US Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). PREDICTORS: Baseline PTH, prior cinacalcet use, initial etelcalcetide dose. OUTCOME: Trajectories of etelcalcetide dose, chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) medications, and levels of PTH, serum calcium, and phosphorus in the 12 months after etelcalcetide initiation. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cumulative incidence methods for etelcalcetide discontinuation and linear generalized estimating equations for trajectory analyses. RESULTS: By August 2019, etelcalcetide prescriptions increased to 6% of HD patients from their first use in April 2017. Starting etelcalcetide dose was 15 mg/wk in 70% of patients and 7.5 mg/wk in 27% of patients; 49% of new users were prescribed cinacalcet in the prior 3 months. Etelcalcetide discontinuation was 9%, 17%, and 27% by 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation. One year after etelcalcetide initiation, mean PTH levels declined by 40%, from 948 to 566 pg/mL, and the proportion of patients with PTH within target (150-599 pg/mL) increased from 33% to 64% overall, from 0 to 60% among patients with baseline PTH ≥ 600 pg/mL, and from 30% to 63% among patients with prior cinacalcet use. The proportion of patients with serum phosphorus > 5.5 mg/dL decreased from 55% to 45%, while the prevalence of albumin-corrected serum calcium < 7.5 mg/dL remained at 1%-2%. There were increases in use of active vitamin D (from 77% to 87%) and calcium-based phosphate binders (from 41% to 50%) in the 12 months after etelcalcetide initiation. LIMITATIONS: Data are unavailable for provider dosing protocols, dose holds, or reasons for discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: In the 12 months after etelcalcetide initiation, patients had large and sustained reductions in PTH levels. These results support the utility of etelcalcetide as an effective therapy to achieve the KDIGO-recommended guidelines for CKD-MBD markers in HD patients.

Barriers to conservative care from patients' and nephrologists' perspectives: the CKD-REIN study.

BACKGROUND: Conservative care is increasingly considered an alternative to kidney replacement therapy for kidney failure management, mostly among the elderly. We investigated its status and the barriers to its implementation from patients' and providers' perspectives. METHODS: We analysed data from 1204 patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2] enrolled at 40 nationally representative nephrology clinics (2013-16) who completed a self-administered questionnaire about the information they received and their preferred treatment option, including conservative care, if their kidneys failed. Nephrologists (n = 137) also reported data about their clinics' resources and practices regarding conservative care. RESULTS: All participating facilities reported they were routinely able to offer conservative care, but only 37% had written protocols and only 5% had a person or team primarily responsible for it. Overall, 6% of patients were estimated to use conservative care. Among nephrologists, 82% reported they were fairly or extremely comfortable discussing conservative care, but only 28% usually or always offered this option for older (>75 years) patients approaching kidney failure. They used various terminology for this care, with conservative management and non-dialysis care mentioned most often. Among patients, 5% of those >75 years reported receiving information about this option and 2% preferring it. CONCLUSIONS: Although reported by nephrologists to be widely available and easily discussed, conservative care is only occasionally offered to older patients, most of whom report they were not informed of this option. The lack of a person or team responsible for conservative care and unclear information appear to be key barriers to its implementation.