Characterization of gene expression associated with the adaptation of the nematode C. elegans to hypoxia and reoxygenation stress reveals an unexpected function of the neuroglobin GLB-5 in innate immunity.

Oxygen (O2) is a double-edged sword to cells, for while it is vital for energy production in all aerobic animals and insufficient O2 (hypoxia) can lead to cell death, the reoxygenation of hypoxic tissues may trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can destroy any biological molecule. Indeed, both hypoxia and hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) stress are harmful, and may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of many human diseases, such as myocardial ischemia and stroke. Therefore, understanding how animals adapt to hypoxia and H/R stress is critical for developing better treatments for these diseases. Previous studies showed that the neuroglobin GLB-5(Haw) is essential for the fast recovery of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) from H/R stress. Here, we characterize the changes in neuronal gene expression during the adaptation of worms to hypoxia and recovery from H/R stress. Our analysis shows that innate immunity genes are differentially expressed during both adaptation to hypoxia and recovery from H/R stress. Moreover, we reveal that the prolyl hydroxylase EGL-9, a known regulator of both adaptation to hypoxia and the innate immune response, inhibits the fast recovery from H/R stress through its activity in the O2-sensing neurons AQR, PQR, and URX. Finally, we show that GLB-5(Haw) acts in AQR, PQR, and URX to increase the tolerance of worms to Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Together, our studies suggest that innate immunity and recovery from H/R stress are regulated by overlapping signaling pathways.

Perfil de los ácidos grasos presentes en galletas y mezclas para tortas en venezuela / The fatty acid profile in cookies and cake mixes of venezuela

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la composición de los ácidos grasos y posible presencia de trans (AGT) en galletas y mezclas para tortas de diferentes clasificaciones de mayor consumo en Venezuela. Se realizó el análisis proximal de cada producto alimenticio cumpliendo estos con las normas COVENIN y A.O.A.C. La identificación y cuantificación de los ácidos grasos presentes se realizó por cromatografía gaseosa (CG), previa metilación. Los principales ácidos grasos presentes en las galletas fueron laúrico (C12:0), mirístico (C14:0), palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), oleico (C18:1Δ9c), linoleico (C18:2Δ9c,12c), linolénico (C18:3Δ9c,12c,15c) y Araquidico (C20:0), al igual que mostraron la presencia de los AGT elaídico (C18:1Δ9t), y ácido graso linolelaidico (C18:2Δ9t,12c) aunque este último solo en algunos productos. Se obtuvieron entre 42-63% en ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), 30-42% en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados AGMI), 6-17% para ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) y entre 0,11-2% de AGT en las galletas, y en las mezclas para tortas entre 32-83% de AGS, 6-24% de AGMI, 8-43% AGPI, y 1,5-2% en AGT; con variaciones de acuerdo a la matriz y tipo de producto. Se concluye que los productos alimenticios estudiados presentan el mayor contenido de ácidos grasos en saturados, y el menor en AGT, considerándose "cero trans" de acuerdo a MERCOSUR; contribuyendo así en la creación de una base de datos nacional sobre la composición de ácidos grasos en estos productos(AU)

The objective of this research was to study the fatty acid composition and presence of trans (TFA) in cookies and cake mixes of different classifications of high consumption in Venezuela. Proximate analysis was performed for each food product compliance with standards COVENIN and AOAC. The identification and quantification of the fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography (GC) after methylation. The main fatty acids present in the cookies were: lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic(C18: 1Δ9c), linoleic (C18: 2Δ9c, 12c), linolenic (C18: 3Δ9c,12c,15c) and arachidic (C20:0), as showed the presence of TFA elaidic (C18: 1Δ9t), linolelaidic fatty acid (C18: 2Δ9t,12c) although this last only for some products. Were obtained between 42-63% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 30-42%monounsaturated fatty acids MUFA), 6-17% for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and from 0.1 to 2% of TFA in biscuits , and cake mixes between 32-83% AGS, 6-24% of MUFA, 8-43% PUFA, and 1.5-2% in TFA, with variations according to the matrix and product type. It is concluded that food products studied showed the highest content of saturated fatty acids, and the lowest in AGT,considered "zero trans" according to MERCOSUR, thus contributing to the creation of a national database on the composition of fatty acids in these products(AU)

Left but not right temporal involvement in opaque idiom comprehension: a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study.

It has been suggested that figurative language, which includes idioms, is controlled by the right hemisphere. We tested the right hemisphere hypothesis by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to transiently disrupt the function of the frontal and temporal areas of the right versus left hemisphere in a group of normal participants involved in a task of opaque idiom versus literal sentence comprehension. Forty opaque, nonambiguous idioms were selected. Fifteen young healthy participants underwent rTMS in two sessions. The experiment was run in five blocks, corresponding to the four stimulated scalp positions ( left frontal and temporal and right frontal and temporal) and a baseline. Each block consisted of 16 trials-8 trials with idioms and 8 trials with literal sentences. In each trial, the subject was presented with a written sentence, which appeared on the screen for 2000 msec, followed by a pair of pictures for 2500 msec, one of which corresponded to the sentence. The alternative corresponded to the literal meaning for idioms and to a sentence differing in a detail in the case of literal sentences. The subject had to press a button corresponding to the picture matching the string. Reaction times increased following left temporal rTMS, whereas they were unaffected by right hemisphere rTMS, with no difference between idiomatic and literal sentences. Left temporal rTMS also reduced accuracy without differences between the two types of sentences. These data suggest that opaque idiom and literal sentence comprehension depends on the left temporal cortex.