Covid-19 en la población LGBTIQ+ en Ecuador: Perspectivas de una junta asesora comunitaria.

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Perceptions of power and sexual pleasure associated with sexual behaviour profiles among Latino sexual minority men.

In a body of research typically focused on risk reduction and disease prevention, other factors motivating the sexual behaviours of Latino sexual minority men, such as resource-based power and sexual pleasure, are less well understood. To this end, Latino immigrant sexual minority men living in New York City were surveyed about their sexual behaviours, perceived power differentials, and pleasure from insertive and receptive anal intercourse. Power and pleasure were examined as associations with behavioural profiles identified through latent class analysis, adjusting for age and partner type. Four latent classes of Latino sexual minority men were identified based on behaviours reported during the most recent sexual event: behaviourally insertive (14.2%), behaviourally versatile (25.9%), behaviourally receptive (29.2%), and limited penetrative behaviour (30.7%). Participants who derived pleasure from insertive and receptive anal intercourse had higher odds of belonging in the behaviourally insertive and behaviourally receptive class, respectively. Perceptions of resource-based power were not associated with class membership. Findings highlight the importance of sexual pleasure as a driver of sexual behaviour, irrespective of power dynamics. Sexual health curricula and interventions for sexual minority men should consider sexual pleasure and sex-affirmative frameworks when providing sexuality education and promoting sexual wellbeing.

Transgender/nonbinary young adults' exposure to cissexism-related social stressors: Variation across gender groups.

BACKGROUND: Young adults who are transgender and/or nonbinary (TNB) experience discrimination, violence, and other social stressors as a result of cissexism, the system of power relations that marginalizes people whose genders diverge from sociocultural expectations for the sex they were assigned at birth. However, variation in TNB young adults' exposure to social stressors across gender groups, particularly specific nonbinary gender groups (e.g., agender, genderqueer), has not been well characterized. METHODS: We analyzed data from an online cross-sectional survey of U.S. TNB young adults (N = 667; ages 18-30 years; 44% White, 24% multiracial, 14% Black, 10% Latinx, 7% Asian, 1% another race/ethnicity), assessing gender non-affirmation; cissexist discrimination, rejection, and victimization; general discrimination; sexual assault victimization; and psychological, physical, and sexual abuse in childhood/adolescence. We used generalized linear models to test for variation in stressors across six gender groups (transgender woman [n = 259], transgender man [n = 141], agender [n = 36], gender fluid [n = 30], genderqueer [n = 51], nonbinary [n = 150]) and compare each group to the full sample. We performed similar analyses among nonbinary gender groups. RESULTS: Exposure to stressors was considerable in all groups. Several stressors (e.g., past-year cissexist discrimination) did not vary significantly by gender group. Compared to the full sample, transgender women reported greater lifetime cissexist rejection and lifetime and past-year cissexist victimization. Compared to the full sample, transgender men and women reported greater lifetime cissexist discrimination and lower past-year gender non-affirmation. No stressors varied significantly across nonbinary gender groups. CONCLUSION: Among TNB young adults, women, men, and nonbinary people experience distinct patterns of some (though not all) stigma-related stressors. Decisions about (dis)aggregating research participants by gender group, or providing gender-tailored services for TNB people, should account for patterning of pertinent stressors. Efforts to eliminate structural cissexism should address intersections with other systems of power relations, including sexism and binary normativity.

A life course health development model of HIV vulnerabilities and resiliencies in young transgender women in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Globally transgender women (TW) are at heightened vulnerability for HIV infection. In Lima Peru, sharp increases in HIV prevalence are seen among TW ages 25 years and older highlighting the need for early HIV prevention efforts for young TW. This study conducted in-depth qualitative interviews to elucidate the social and developmental contexts of HIV vulnerability for young TW in Lima Peru. METHODS: Between November 2019 and February 2020, young TW ages 16-24 years (n = 21) in Lima Peru were purposively sampled using in-person (e.g., face-to-face outreach) and online (e.g., social media, networking websites) social network-based methods. Interviews were conducted in Spanish and a rapid qualitative analysis was conducted using a modified immersion crystallization methodology to identify themes. RESULTS: Five themes emerged, informing the conceptualization of a Life Course Health Development Model of HIV Vulnerabilities and Resiliencies: (1) interpersonal contexts (family, school, partners, sexual debut, trans mothers); (2) structural vulnerabilities (poverty, educational constraints, migration, hostile environments, sex work, police violence); (3) concomitant mental health and psychosocial factors (discrimination, violence, depression, suicidality, substance use, life hopes/dreams/future expectations); (4) gender affirmation processes (gender identity development, hormones, surgery, legal name/gender marker change); (5) HIV prevention and treatment barriers (PrEP uptake, HIV care, condom use, risk reduction). CONCLUSIONS: Young TW experience formidable developmental challenges associated with transphobia, violence, and pre-maturely facing accelerated milestones. Developmentally and culturally appropriate interventions to mitigate HIV vulnerability in Peru are needed, including those that consider co-occurring stigma-related conditions in adolescence and young adulthood.

PrEP initiation and discontinuation among transgender women in the United States: a longitudinal, mixed methods cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Transgender women in the United States experience high HIV incidence and suboptimal Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) engagement. We sought to estimate PrEP initiation and discontinuation rates and characterize PrEP discontinuation experiences among a prospective cohort of transgender women. METHODS: Using a sequential, explanatory, mixed-methods design, 1312 transgender women at risk for HIV acquisition were enrolled from March 2018 to August 2020 and followed through July 2022 (median follow-up 24 months; interquartile range 15-36). Cox regression models assessed predictors of initiation and discontinuation. In-depth interviews were conducted among 18 participants, including life history calendars to explore key events and experiences surrounding discontinuations. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated to generate typologies of discontinuation, inform meta-inferences and facilitate the interpretation of findings. RESULTS: 21.8% (n = 286) of participants reported taking PrEP at one or more study visits while under observation. We observed 139 PrEP initiations over 2127 person-years (6.5 initiations/100 person-years, 95% CI: 5.5-7.7). Predictors of initiation included identifying as Black and PrEP indication. The rate of initiation among those who were PrEP-indicated was 9.6 initiations/100 person-years (132/1372 person-years; 95% CI: 8.1-11.4). We observed 138 PrEP discontinuations over 368 person-years (37.5 discontinuations/100 person-years, 95% CI: 31.7-44.3). Predictors of discontinuation included high school education or less and initiating PrEP for the first time while under observation. Four discontinuation typologies emerged: (1) seroconversion following discontinuation; (2) ongoing HIV acquisition risk following discontinuation; (3) reassessment of HIV/STI prevention strategy following discontinuation; and (4) dynamic PrEP use coinciding with changes in HIV acquisition risk. CONCLUSIONS: PrEP initiation rates were low and discontinuation rates were high. Complex motivations to stop using PrEP did not consistently correspond with HIV acquisition risk reduction. Evidence-based interventions to increase PrEP persistence among transgender women with ongoing acquisition risk and provide HIV prevention support for those who discontinue PrEP are necessary to reduce HIV incidence in this population.

Sexual Role Identity and Anal Sex Positioning among Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican Immigrant Sexual Minority Men.

Sexual role identities for anal sex and anal sex positionings are often conflated in research. This study aimed to identify profiles of sexual minority men based on sexual role identity and anal sex positioning and determine correlates of these profiles, including individual (i.e., HIV-status identity, condom use, partner type, sexual orientation) and cultural (i.e., same-race partnering, country of birth, acculturation) factors. A sample of Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican immigrant sexual minority men (n = 480) living in New York City were surveyed about identity and positioning at the two most recent encounters. Individual and cultural factors were examined as correlates of profiles identified through latent class analysis. Four latent classes were identified: No Labels (12%), Receptive Bottoms (16%), Insertive Tops (23%), Insertive and Receptive Versatiles (49%). We found a concordance rate of ~70% between identity and behavior. A proportion (12%) of behaviorally versatile men chose not to use sexual role labels. Living with HIV was associated with receptive and versatile classes, sex with main partners was associated with versatility, and sexual orientation differed across classes. Identity and behavior should not be used interchangeably in research or applied domains, particularly given the complexities of versatility and men who prefer to not use labels.

HIV awareness and prevention strategies among transgender women in the Eastern and Southern United States: findings from the LITE Study.

INTRODUCTION: Transgender women (TW) experience an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. This study identified patterns of HIV awareness and prevention strategies used by TW who were not living with HIV. METHODS: Data were drawn from a baseline survey of the LITE Study, a multi-site cohort of TW in Eastern and Southern United States (March 2018-August 2020). We conducted a latent class analysis to identify classes of HIV awareness and prevention strategies among TW who reported past 12-month sexual activity (N = 958) using 10 variables spanning HIV knowledge, receipt and use of HIV prevention strategies, and sexual practices. Due to differences across the cohort arms, classes were estimated separately for TW enrolled in site-based versus online study arms. We identified demographic characteristics, gender-affirming indicators and HIV vulnerabilities associated with class membership. RESULTS: Four parallel classes emerged: class 1 "limited strategies-less sexually active" (15% and 9%, site-based and online, respectively), class 2 "limited strategies-insertive sex" (16%/36%), class 3 "limited strategies-receptive sex" (33%/37%) and class 4 "multiple strategies-insertive and receptive sex" (36%/18%). Across all classes, condomless sex, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)/post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) prevention knowledge and awareness were high but reported PrEP/PEP use was low. Compared with class 1, membership in class 4 was associated with being a person of colour (site-based OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.15-4.00, online OR = 4.54, 95% CI = 1.09-18.81) increased odds of self-perceived medium-to-high HIV risk (site-based OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 2.17-7.80, online OR = 11.73, 95% CI = 2.98-46.13), sexually transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis (site-based OR = 6.69, 95% CI = 3.42-13.10, online OR = 8.46, 95% CI = 1.71-41.78), current sex work (site-based OR = 6.49, 95% CI = 2.61-16.11, online OR = 10.25, 95% CI = 1.16-90.60) and 2-4 sexual partners in the last 3 months (site-based OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.33-5.13). Class 3, compared with class 1, had increased odds of current sex work partners (site-based OR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.19-8.07) and of having 2-4 sexual partners in the last 3 months (site-based OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.85-7.39). CONCLUSIONS: TW have varied HIV awareness and prevention strategy utilization, with clear gaps in the uptake of prevention strategies. Algorithms derived from latent class membership may be used to tailor HIV prevention interventions for different subgroups and those reached through facility-based or digital methods.

Identity and Relational Factors Associated with Sexual Role and Positioning for Anal Sex among Colombian Sexual Minority Men.

This study aimed to identify Top, Bottom, and Versatile sexual role identities and anal sex behavior profiles using latent class analysis in a sample of 942 sexual minority men living in Bogotá. A Versatile-insertive and receptive class (52.2%) was the most prevalent of the four resulting classes, whereas the least common was a class (1.7%) that did not use labels and had a low probability of anal sex. We examined whether identity and relational factors (i.e., sexual orientation, LGBT collective identity, and partner type) were associated with profiles. Gay identity was associated with versatile and receptive classes and bisexual identity was associated with insertive and versatile classes. LGBT collective identity was associated with the class characterized by Bottom identity and receptive positioning. Partner type was not associated with class membership, but versatile behaviors were more common among encounters with a main partner. Models using data at different timescales offered consistent patterns of behavior between the last encounter and the past three months, though the versatile class in the three-month model split into two classes based on frequency of versatile positioning. Findings highlight the relationship between sexual identity and positioning and can inform interventions for sexual health education and identity development.

Gender Affirmation and Body Modification Among Transgender Persons in Bogotá, Colombia.

This paper examined structural, social, and personal characteristics that shape the processes of gender affirmation and body modification among transgender persons (assigned male at birth) in Bogotá, Colombia. Qualitative data from life-history interviews (N=14) and a focus group (N=11) explored research questions concerning the ways in which the internal psychological and external contextual processes influence individuals' decisions and behaviors concerning hormonal treatment, injections, or surgery. Research questions concerning practices and consequences of treatment performed without medical supervision were addressed through qualitative data, as well as quantitative data from 58 transgender participants. Findings indicated variation in ways participants conceptualized gender (e.g., binary or fluid), but an increased feminine presentation was a strong personal desire expressed by many and often encouraged by romantic partners and transgender friends. Transgender individuals within participants' social networks were frequently instrumental not only in providing information about hormones and contouring injections, but also in carrying out procedures-sometimes with negative consequences. Body modification procedures occurred primarily outside the health care system, due to limited access to or awareness of medical care, societal stigma, social norms within the transgender community, and personal decision-making. Public health approaches to protect the health of transgender persons undergoing body modification were suggested.

[Inflammation study in unstable angina and myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation. Value of ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein]. / Estado inflamatorio en el angor inestable e infarto de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST. Valor de la proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the inflammatory state in Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST-segment elevation by means of the value of the High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation. To assess if there are differences between unstable angina and myocardial infarction and if it has prognostic value of cardiovascular complications during one year follow up. METHODS: 61 patients diagnosed of Acute Coronary Syndrome without ST-segment elevation were studied: mean age of 67 +/- 11 years old, 26% women. The value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers (leukocytes and fibrinogen) were analysed and were compared in those patients with unstable angina versus myocardial infarction without ST elevation. Follow up during one year of cardiovascular complications (death with cardiac origin, infarction, refractory ischemia or rehospitalization because of cardiovascular cause) and its relation with the inflammatory markers. RESULTS: 75% of the patients showed increased levels of High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (> 2 mg/l). 47 patients (77%) were diagnosed of Infarction without ST elevation and the remainders of Unstable Angina. There were no statistically significant differences between subgroups, neither in the median value of the C-reactive protein: 4.49 mg/l in infarction versus 4.5 mg/l in Angina (p = ns) nor in the percentage of patients with high levels of C-reactive protein (77% in infarction versus 71% in Angina). With regard to the other inflammatory markers (fibrinogen and leukocytes) no differences between subgroups were found. None of the inflammatory markers showed predictive value about the appearance of the composite end-point during one year follow up. CONCLUSIONS: The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein is elevated in patients with Acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation, but no difference in the inflammatory state of patients with unstable angina versus myocardial infarction without ST elevation was found. In our series, these markers were not related with the risk of cardiovascular complications.

HIV testing among MSM in Bogotá, Colombia: the role of structural and individual characteristics.

This study used mixed methods to examine characteristics related to HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bogotá, Colombia. A sample of 890 MSM responded to a computerized quantitative survey. Follow-up qualitative data included 20 in-depth interviews with MSM and 12 key informant interviews. Hierarchical logistic set regression indicated that sequential sets of variables reflecting demographic characteristics, insurance coverage, risk appraisal, and social context each added to the explanation of HIV testing. Follow-up logistic regression showed that individuals who were older, had higher income, paid for their own insurance, had had a sexually transmitted infection, knew more people living with HIV, and had greater social support were more likely to have been tested for HIV at least once. Qualitative findings provided details of personal and structural barriers to testing, as well as inter-relationships among these factors. Recommendations to increase HIV testing among Colombian MSM are offered.

Estado inflamatorio en el angor inestable e infarto de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST. Valor de la proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible / Inflammatory state in unstable angina and myocar dial infarction without st segment elevation. Value of high-sensitive C-reactive protein

Objetivos: Analizar el estado inflamatorio en el Síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST mediante el valor de la Proteína C-Reactiva Ultrasensible y otros marcadores de inflamación. Determinar si hay diferencias entre la angina inestable y el infarto miocardio y si se relaciona con la aparición de complicaciones cardiovasculares en el seguimiento a un año. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 61 pacientes diagnosticados de Síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST (SCA): edad media 67 ñ 11 años, 26 por ciento mujeres. Se analizó el valor de la Proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible y otros marcadores de inflamación (leucocitos y fibrinógeno) y se compararon pacientes con Angor inestable frente a Infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del ST. Seguimiento durante un año de complicaciones cardiovasculares (muerte de origen cardiaco, infarto, isquemia refractaria o rehospitalización por causa cardiovascular) y su relación con los marcadores inflamatorios. Resultados: El 75 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron valores aumentados de Proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (valor >2 mg/l). 47 pacientes (77 por ciento) fueron diagnosticados de Infarto sin elevación ST y el resto de Angina inestable. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos subgrupos respecto al valor de la mediana de la Proteína C-reactiva: 4,49 mg/l en el infarto, frente a 4,50 mg/l en el angor (p= ns) ni tampoco en el porcentaje de pacientes con Proteína C-reactiva elevada (77 por ciento en infarto vs 71 por ciento en angor). Respecto a otros marcadores inflamatorios (leucocitos y fibrinógeno) tampoco encontramos diferencias entre subgrupos. Ninguno de los marcadores inflamatorios fueron predictivos de aparición del evento combinado al año de seguimiento. Conclusiones: La Proteína C-Reactiva ultrasensible se encuentra aumentada en los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin ascenso de ST, sin embargo no encontramos diferencias en el estado inflamatorio de los pacientes con Angina inestable frente al Infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del ST. Tampoco, en nuestra serie, estos marcadores mostraron valor predictivo sobre la aparición de eventos cardiacos al año (AU)

Edema pulmonar no cardiogénico postextubación / Postextubation non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

El edema pulmonar no cardiogénico por obstrucción de la vía aérea superior, aunque descrito inicialmente en niños, se presenta en adultos excepcionalmente y se han descrito casos esporádicos. Aunque el cuadro clínico generalmente es benigno y se resuelve normalmente en menos de 36 h desde su instauración, algunos casos desarrollan insuficiencia respiratoria grave de más larga evolución. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que desarrolló edema pulmonar no cardiogénico tras laringoespasmo postextubación, de características graves, y analizamos los posibles mecanismos patogénicos (AU)