A case series of CBT-T in routine clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: CBT-T is a relatively new, brief cognitive behavioral therapy eating disorder treatment for non-underweight patients. This study evaluates CBT-T independently from the team that developed the protocol, and examines the relationship between eating disorder duration and CBT-T effectiveness. METHOD: A case series design was used, comprising N = 40 adults with bulimia or atypical anorexia type eating disorders. CBT-T was delivered by CBT therapists in a specialist outpatient service. Mixed model analysis examined the interactions between eating disorder duration and change to eating disorder psychopathology and secondary impairment from pre-post treatment. Abstinence, good outcome, and remission rates were also provided. RESULTS: Intervention effect sizes were large. Treatment completers reported abstinence from binge eating and purging over the final 28-days, and 7-days of treatment at 30.1%, and 73.1%, respectively; 76.9% reported good outcome; and 23.1% reported remission. No relationship between eating disorder duration and treatment effectiveness was found. DISCUSSION: These findings build on existing evidence supporting provision of CBT-T in routine clinical practice, for patients with eating disorders of any duration. Replication, extension, and RCT will strengthen comparability with other evidence-based approaches.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders in primary care settings: Does it work, and does a greater dose make it more effective?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for eating disorders can be effective in a routine, primary care clinical setting, and to assess dose response. METHOD: The participants were 47 patients who commenced treatment with a publicly-funded primary care eating disorder service. They attended 7-33 sessions of individual CBT (mean = 17), using an evidence-based approach. Routine measures were collected pre- and post-therapy. RESULTS: Three-quarters of the patients completed treatment. Using intention to treat analysis (multiple imputation), the patients showed substantial improvements in eating attitudes, bulimic behaviors, and depression. However, there was no association between the level of improvement and the length of therapy past the 8th to 12th session. DISCUSSION: The level of effectiveness shown here is comparable to that previously demonstrated by more specialist services in secondary and tertiary care. The nonlinear association between number of sessions and recovery highlights the importance of early change, across the eating disorders.

The structure of the Klf4 DNA-binding domain links to self-renewal and macrophage differentiation.

Krueppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) belongs to the Sp/Klf family of zinc-finger transcription factors and is indispensable for terminal maturation of epithelial tissues. Furthermore, it is part of a small set of proteins that are used to generate pluripotent embryonic stem cells from differentiated tissues. Herein, we describe that a Klf4 zinc-finger domain mutant induces self-renewal and block of maturation, while wild-type Klf4 induces terminal macrophage differentiation. Moreover, we present the crystal structure of the zinc-finger domain of Klf4 bound to its target DNA, revealing that primarily the two C-terminal zinc-finger motifs are required for site specificity. Lack of those two zinc fingers leads to deficiency of Klf4 to induce macrophage differentiation. The first zinc finger, on the other hand, inhibits the otherwise cryptic self-renewal and block of differentiation activity of Klf4. Our data show that impairing the DNA binding could potentially contribute to a monocytic leukemia.

Impact of Well-being Interventions for Siblings of Children and Young People with a Chronic Physical or Mental Health Condition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Siblings of children and young people with a chronic illness are at increased risk of poor psychological functioning. A number of studies have attempted to implement and evaluate interventions targeting the psychological well-being of this at-risk group. This systematic review summarises the evidence regarding psychological functioning of siblings following an intervention targeting their well-being. The meta-analysis considered behaviour and knowledge, two of the most frequently studied outcomes. The following databases were used: PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Seventeen studies were eligible to be included in the systematic review and eight in the meta-analysis. Results from the systematic review reflected the inconsistency of intervention evaluations in this area with a high level of heterogeneity and a total of 23 outcomes considered across the 17 included studies. The meta-analysis estimated effect sizes using a standardised mean difference (SMD) approach. Pre-post analysis suggested significant improvement in behavioural outcomes and knowledge of their sibling's health conditions with a SMD of - 0.44 [95% CI (- 0.6, - 0.29); p = 0.000] and 0.69 [(95% CI = 0.42, 0.96); p = 0.000], respectively. The SMD was not significant for behavioural outcomes when considering treatment-control studies. In conclusion, the findings suggest interventions for well-being have a positive effect on the psychological functioning of siblings of children and young people with a chronic illness, but their specificity needs to be established. There is a need for further, more methodologically robust research in this area.