Transforming waiting pauses into opportunity for physical activity: the "Activate your Wait" pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Physical activity is recognized as a major health determinant. However, the prevalence of inactivity can be as high as 80% in some adult subpopulations. From the urgent need to implement strategies to fight sedentary behaviour, considering that physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure, the pilot study "Activate your Wait" was born. The project aim is to transform waiting pauses during everyday life into opportunities to perform simple stretching and active mobilization exercises. METHODS: The pilot study was carried out in 2019 at Terme S. Egidio (Italy). It was divided in three phases: in the pre-intervention a questionnaire was used to evaluate the interest in the project (96 responders); during the intervention, examples of simple exercises that people can do by themselves were illustrated and undertaken by about 120 participants; in the post-intervention an evaluation questionnaire was administered (71 responders). RESULTS: The intervention aroused enthusiastic participation and high approval and resulted in an increase both in willingness to perform exercises during daily waiting pauses (68% vs 94%) and belief in positive results of physical activity on health (74% vs 96%). CONCLUSIONS: In a context where the opportunities for physical activity are decreasing and a sedentary lifestyle has reached a high level, this project represents a contribution to the increase in the awareness of the importance of physical activity and the promotion of the culture of movement in the entire population, with an opportunity of easy accessibility in different contexts of life, at all ages.

[Influenza vaccination coverage in Lombardy Region: a twenty-year trend analysis (1999-2019)].

Recent events and phenomena, such as A(H1N1) pandemic in 2009, "Fluad case" (2014-2015) and the spread of vaccine hesitancy, affected influenza vaccination coverage rates in Italy. In this study, the annual coverage rates in Lombardy Region and in Italy (from 1999-2000 season) have been critically described and compared. Regarding both the general population and the elderly over-65s, Lombardy's coverages always remained consistently below the national average. However, declines and peaks occurred simultaneously. The current slight recovery, both at national and regional level, is not sufficient. Coverages are still widely below the recommended thresholds.

Trends in childhood vaccinations coverage in Lombardy Region after the National Vaccine Prevention Plan (2017-19) and the new law on mandatory vaccinations.

In Italy, over the last decade, the spread of vaccine hesitancy has caused a steep decrease in vaccination coverage rates, both at the national and regional level. In this study, we pool and critically analyze childhood immunization coverage rates (2011-2018) in Lombardy, Italy's most populated region, and compare them to national trends. Overall, childhood vaccination coverage in Lombardy is slightly higher the Italian national average. In 2017, the law on mandatory vaccinations came into force, acting as a powerful tool for coverage increase.

Passive air sampling: the use of the index of microbial air contamination.

BACKGROUND: Bioaerosol plays an important role in human life with potentially infectious, allergic and toxic effects. Active and passive methods can be used to assess microbial air contamination, but so far there is not a unanimous consensus regarding the indications about methods to be used and how to interpret the results. The passive method has been standardized by the Index of Microbial Air contamination (IMA). Classes of contamination and maximum acceptable levels of IMA have been proposed, related to different infection or contamination risks. The aim of this study was to provide information about the use of the passive sampling method, with reference to the IMA standard. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Scopus for articles published until January 2020 reporting the citation of the article by Pasquarella et al. "The index of microbial air contamination. J Hosp Infect 2000". Only studies in English language where the IMA standard was applied were considered. Studies regarding healthcare settings were excluded. RESULTS: 27 studies were analyzed; 12 were performed in Europe, 8 in Asia, 5 in Africa, 2 in America. Cultural heritage sites, educational buildings and food industries were the most common indoor monitored environments; in 8 studies outdoor air was monitored. CONCLUSIONS: This review has provided a picture of the application of standard IMA in different geographic areas and different environments at risk of airborne infection/contamination. The analysis of the results obtained, together with a wider collection of data, will provide a useful contribution towards the definition of reference limits for the various types of environments to implement targeted preventive measures.

The campaign "This Is Public Health" in Italy, set up by a team of Public Health Schools in Northern Italy.

Despite the great effort to raise awareness among health promotion, nowadays Public Health policies are not often recognized as important tools. For this reason, the Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach is instrumental in tackling this information gap. In 2018, the US Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH) launched an international campaign called "This is Public Health" (TIPH), whose aim was "to brand public health and raise awareness of how it affects individuals, communities and populations". The Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), in coordination with ASPPH, decided to create a European campaign to support and to reproduce the American one, by opening a challenge among the European Public Health Schools. The Schools and Programs of PH of Vita-Salute "San Raffaele" University, Milan, University of Parma, University of Pavia and Politecnico of Milan won this bid. In this "briefing on" we present a report on the Italian project for raising awareness of Public Health among general population and health care personell.

["Activate your Wait" project : pilot study carried out at a thermal centre]

Physical activity is recognised as a major health determinant, with positive effects on health, environmental sustainability and economy. National surveillance data show that one out of three Italians - adult and elderly alike - declares to be sedentary, with a progressively increasing trend. From the urgent need to implement strategies to promote physical activity the "Activate your Wait" ("Attiva l'Attesa") project was born, aimed at transforming the waiting pauses during day to day life into opportunities to perform simple stretching and active mobilization exercises. The pilot study was carried out at the Terme S. Egidio, Suio Terme Castelforte (Latina). The results of the questionnaire distributed in the pre-intervention phase, aimed at assessing the users' interest in the project and physical activity in general, are reported. The questionnaire was administrated in the waiting rooms in September 2018 and September 2019. A total of 129 subjects responded to the questionnaire: 43% declared themselves sedentary, 73% reported willingness to perform simple physical exercises while waiting, and 76% believed that physical activity during waiting moments could have a positive impact on health. The project's subsequent goal is to identify suitable exercises to be proposed during the intervention period, which can be easily reproduced independently by users in their everyday life.

The educational background of the Top Managers of the Italian Health Authorities: results of a study on eight Regions.

A survey to investigate the educational background of the Health Top Managers recently appointed by Italian Regions as CEOs (Chief Executive Officer) of Local Health Authorities (ASL) and General Hospitals was performed in April 2019, approximately one year after the entry into force of the new law for their selection (D.Lgs 171/2016). The study follows a similar one carried out by Bocconi University in 2013 and focuses on 8 Italian Regions (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Umbria, Lazio, Basilicata, Sicily, Sardinia). The study examined the CVs of the 112 recently appointed CEOs: the average age is 58.7 years, with the proportion of female surprisingly low (16%). About half of them (50.5%) have a Degree in Medicine and Surgery. Among Managers with a non-medical degree (49.5%), Law (21) and Economic sciences (21) are the most common degrees. Among medical doctors, 33 (58.9%) are specialists in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Overall, our data are consistent with those recorded in 2013 (except a decrease in medical graduates -18.5%) and confirm the diversified backgrounds of Health Managers. The background in Public Health, acquired from the 35 Schools of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, remains relevant among Managers of the Italian National Health Service.

The University Degree in Environment and workplace prevention techniques: a quasi unicum Course in the European panorama for non-medical professionals involved in prevention activities.

The University Degree programme in Environment and workplace prevention techniques (Tecniche della Prevenzione nell'Ambiente e nei Luoghi di Lavoro) is a 3-year course established in Italy in 2000 by the Ministry of University to train healthcare professionals responsible for prevention activities such as environment and food controls, and workplaces prevention, operating both in the National Health Service and in private settings. Frontal teaching activities and training programmes include a background in bio-medical sciences, epidemiology, public health, social sciences and law, including the inspection and control tasks of health and safety in living and working environment, food hygiene, environmental controls and veterinary public health, which represent the field of specific competences of graduates. Currently, 38 courses have been activated in 30 Italian Universities, but relatively few similar courses are present in Europe (similar programmes were found in France, Spain, UK and Belgium) causing the lack of internalization and student exchange programmes. It is essential to identify similar training tasks in other European countries, in order to enhance cultural exchanges and the development of research activities in these strategic areas.

On field vaccine effectiveness in three periods of 2018/2019 influenza season in Emilia-Romagna Region.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK: Epidemic influenza is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in people at risk. The vaccine reduces complications, hospitalization and mortality excess, as well as health care and social costs. Aim of the study was to estimate the influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in Emilia-Romagna Region during the 2018/2019 season. METHODS: Within the context of virological surveillance conducted at the Regional Reference Laboratory of Parma, nasal/throat swabs were performed by sentinel practitioners and clinicians, on patients with ILI (Influenza-like illness). VE estimates, overall and against subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), were evaluated in three periods of the season, using a test-negative case-control design. RESULTS: From November 2018 to April 2019, 2,230 specimens were analyzed: 1,674 (75.1%) performed by clinicians and 556 (24.9%) by sentinel practitioners of the regional network. The season was characterized by the predominant circulation of influenza type A viruses: 57.4% belonged to subtype A(H3N2), 41.2% to subtype A(H1N1)pdm09. 23.5% of patients was vaccinated against influenza with quadrivalent or adjuvate vaccine. The overall VE was -5% (95% CI -33% - 18%) with a decreasing trend during the season. The overall VE against subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 was 39% (95% CI 11% - 58%) and remained stable during the season. The overall VE against subtype A(H3N2) was -43% (95% CI -89% - -9%), and showed an important decreasing trend. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility to make accurate and continuous VE estimates during the season will help to better define the composition of the vaccine for the following season.

Bridging gaps in care: Implementation of a pharmacist-led transitions-of-care program.

PURPOSE: The development and implementation of a hospitalwide, pharmacist-led transitions-of-care (TOC) program are described. METHODS: This 21-week quality improvement initiative was conducted from October 1, 2015, to February 26, 2016, at Memorial Hospital Pembroke. A TOC team was comprised of pharmacists, a pharmacy resident, pharmacy students, a physician, case managers, and nurses. All patients over the age of 18 admitted to the inpatient telemetry unit were included in this initiative. The primary endpoint was a sustained improvement in Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) scores for "Communication About Medications" and "Care Transitions: Understood the Purpose of Taking Medications." Secondary outcomes included 90% of admission and 80% of discharge medication reconciliations reviewed by a pharmacist. RESULTS: A total of 661 patients were included. The HCAHPS scores for "Communication About Medications" and "Care Transitions: Understood the Purpose of Taking Medications" had a sustained improvement during the study period. A pharmacist completed 94% and 75% of admission and discharge medication reviews, respectively, and a total of 1,579 interventions were made. Discharge education was completed at a rate of 73%. CONCLUSION: After a quality improvement initiative developed by pharmacists was implemented, HCAHPS scores showed improvement and more patients received medication reconciliation.

Symptomatic orthostasis with extended-release nifedipine and protease inhibitors.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors are prone to drug interactions with other agents. As individuals with HIV infection live longer, the clinical significance of many interactions is becoming recognized. A 51-year-old man with HIV infection who was receiving extended-release nifedipine developed symptomatic orthostasis and heart block after starting antiretroviral therapy that included nelfinavir. He experienced dizziness, fatigue, and hypotension and developed complete heart block with a junctional escape rhythm. Electrocardiogram abnormalities abated within 24 hours of discontinuing antiretroviral therapy. The patient developed orthostatic symptoms after restarting nelfinavir. He was switched successfully to an efavirenz-based regimen. Subsequent administration of antiretroviral therapy containing ritonavir and indinavir with extended-release nifedipine resulted in recurrence of his orthostatic symptoms. Discontinuation of atenolol, and nifedipine dosage reduction by 50% were effective in managing his orthostatic changes. Careful monitoring by clinicians is necessary when concomitant administration of HIV protease inhibitors are prescribed with other agents that are metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system.

Low-dose ritonavir for protease inhibitor pharmacokinetic enhancement.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of low-dose ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic enhancer for HIV protease inhibitors. DATA SOURCES: Primary articles, review articles, and conference abstracts identified by MEDLINE search (1995-May 2001) and secondary sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: Low-dose ritonavir (100-200 mg) is increasingly being combined with HIV protease inhibitors to improve their effectiveness and allow less frequent dosing. An evaluation of the clinical evidence supporting this practice was conducted. CONCLUSIONS: Limited outcome data exist for low-dose ritonavir-based regimens in general. Although preliminary data appear promising, more clinical evidence is needed to determine the optimal dosing, long-term safety, and relative effectiveness of this approach. The role of these regimens in early therapy remains to be defined.