RESUMEN
Introduction: After COVID-19, functional and tomographic lung alterations may occur, but there are no studies at high altitude where, due to lower barometric pressure, there are lower levels of arterial oxygen pressure and saturation in both normal subjects and patients with respiratory disease. In this study, we evaluated the computed tomographic (CT), clinical, and functional involvement at 3 and 6 months post-hospitalization in survivors with moderate-severe COVID-19, as well the risk factors associated with abnormal lung computed tomography (ALCT) at 6 months of follow-up. Materials and methods: Prospective cohort, after hospitalization for COVID-19, of patients older than 18 years residing at high altitude. Follow-up at 3 and 6 months with lung CT, spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), six-minute walk test (6MWT), and oxygen saturation (SpO2). Comparisons between ALCT and normal lung computed tomography (NLCT) groups with X2 and Mann-Whitney U test, and paired test for changes between 3 and 6 months. A multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the variables associated with ALCT at 6-month follow-up. Results: We included 158 patients, 22.2% hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU), 92.4% with typical COVID CT scan (peripheral, bilateral, or multifocal ground glass, with or without consolidation or findings of organizing pneumonia), and median hospitalization of 7 days. At 6 months, 53 patients (33.5%) had ALCT. There were no differences between ALCT and NLCT groups in symptoms or comorbidities on admission. ALCT patients were older and more frequently men, smokers and hospitalized in ICU. At 3 months, ALCT patients had more frequently a reduced forced vital capacity (< 80%), and lower meters walked (6MWT) and SpO2. At 6 months, all patients improved lung function with no differences between groups, but there were more dyspnea and lower exercise SpO2 in ALCT group. The variables associated with ALCT at 6 months were age, sex, ICU stay, and typical CT scan. Conclusion: At 6-month follow-up, 33.5% of patients with moderate and severe COVID had ALCT. These patients had more dyspnea and lower SpO2 in exercise. Regardless of the persistence of tomographic abnormalities, lung function and 6MWT improved. We identified the variables associated with ALCT.
RESUMEN
La enfermedad genética, como causa de discapacidad, es un problema de salud real pero subestimado. Aún son insuficientes las intervenciones oportunas y adecuadas en pacientes con discapacidad de origen genético. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de enfermedad genética en una población discapacitada del área rural de Anapoima, Colombia. Se evaluaron 35 pacientes con diferentes tipos de discapacidad y sus familias. Los diagnósticos etiológicos de los pacientes se clasificaron en cinco categorías de acuerdo con la carga genética: categoría I (enfermedades monogénicas), II (enfermedades cromosómicas), III (enfermedades multifactoriales), IV (enfermedades con origen desconocido) y V (enfermedades ambientales). Una vez practicados los estudios de genética, se volvieron a clasificar bajo las mismas categorías. Antes de practicar los estudios de genética, las enfermedades se ubicaban, principalmente, en la categoría IV seguida de la II. Al finalizar el estudio, la categoría IV disminuyó y la categoría I aumentó de manera importante. Estos hallazgos evidencian que la anamnesis adecuada, el examen físico, el genograma y los exámenes básicos de genética, contribuyen a la detección de enfermedades genéticas, incluso en niveles de atención de baja complejidad en salud. Se evaluó, además, el grado de cumplimiento de las guías de manejo para síndrome de Down en estos pacientes, siendo inadecuado por cada ítem. El abordaje del paciente en situación de discapacidad requiere, entre otras cosas, la valoración y los estudios genéticos. El conocer la etiología permitirá mejor entendimiento y aceptación del paciente y su familia de su condición, planear estrategias de prevención y tratamiento adecuadas, y mejorar el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre reproducción en la familia.
Genetic diseases are a common cause of disability, but this fact is underestimated. Properly and opportune medical interventions on patients with these diseases are not enough yet. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of genetic disease in a disabled population from a Colombian rural area. Thirty five patients and their families with different chronic disabling conditions were evaluated. Each patient was assigned to one of five groups on the basis of the presence or absence of an underlying chronic medical condition and whether that condition had a genetic basis or susceptibility as follows: I category (monogenic diseases), II (chromosomal disorders), III (multifactorial diseases), IV (unknown etiology diseases or acquired disorders without genetic determinant), V (no preexisting chronic medical condition, no genetic disease basis). Once genetic evaluation was performed, the etiologic diagnoses were reclassified according those categories. Before genetic evaluation, the patients were categorized in the IV and II categories. After the genetic evaluation and genetics tests were done, the patients of IV category dropped while patients in I category raised. This demonstrates that right anamnesis, physical exam, complete family history tree and some basic genetics tests are required for proper diagnosis of genetic diseases, even in centers of primary care. We also asses the medical guidelines compliance for the Down syndrome in this population and this was unsatisfactory. Finally, we conclude that establishment of the genetic disease contributes to patients and the families in the understanding of their condition and also promotes better strategies of medical attention, according to the medical needs of this patients, including reproductive assessment.