Integrating 'undetectable equals untransmittable' into HIV counselling in South Africa: the development of locally acceptable communication tools using intervention mapping.

BACKGROUND: The global campaign for "Undetectable equals Untransmittable" (U = U) seeks to spread awareness of HIV treatment as prevention, aiming to enhance psychological well-being and diminish stigma. Despite its potential benefits, U = U faces challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa, with low awareness and hesitancy to endorse it. We sought to develop a U = U communications intervention to support HIV counselling in primary healthcare settings in South Africa. METHODS: We used Intervention Mapping (IM), a theory-based framework to develop the "Undetectable and You" intervention for the South African context. The six steps of the IM protocol were systematically applied to develop the intervention including a needs assessment consisting of a systematic review and qualitative research including focus group discussions (FGD) and key informant (KI) interviews. Program objectives and target population were determined before designing the intervention components and implementation plan. RESULTS: The needs assessment indicated low global U = U awareness, especially in Africa, and scepticism about its effectiveness. Lay counsellors and clinic managers stressed the need for a simple and standardized presentation of U = U addressing both patients' needs for encouragement and modelling of U = U success but also clear guidance toward ART adherence behaviour. Findings from each step of the process informed successive steps. Our final intervention consisted of personal testimonials of PLHIV role models and their partners, organized as an App to deliver U = U information to patients in primary healthcare settings. CONCLUSIONS: We outline an intervention development strategy, currently in evaluation stage, utilizing IM with formative research and input from key U = U stakeholders and people living with HIV (PLHIV).

The end point of it is abstinence: a qualitative analysis of underlying factors influencing Christian leaders' adoption and implementation of sex and sexuality education in Bolgatanga, Ghana.

Adolescents' sexual and reproductive health challenges are of global public health concern and good quality sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education has an important role to play in addressing these negative sexual health outcomes. Yet in most Sub-Saharan African countries including Ghana, there is limited implementation of SRH education. Several environmental factors hinder the implementation of SRH education with the attitudes expressed by religious leaders having a major impact. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 Christian leaders in Bolgatanga, Ghana, to explore the factors influencing their decision to adopt and implement SRH education. Findings show that although Christian leaders were aware of (unsafe) sexual practices among adolescents, they held a conservative position on SRH education. While leaders were open to educating adolescents about sexual health, most held the opinion that SRH education for adolescents should be limited to abstinence-only and not acknowledge sexual activity or promote contraceptive use. Beliefs related to sexual morality, the perceived cause(s) of teenage pregnancy, and perceived responsibility for SRH education influenced Christian leaders' thinking about SRH education. Implementing SRH education programmes to address young people's sexual behaviour will require intervention programmes to change Christian leaders' beliefs and attitudes towards SRH education.

Considerable doubt about rubella screening and vaccination among unvaccinated orthodox protestant women: a mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: Women who are susceptible to rubella are advised to vaccinate against rubella to prevent infection in future pregnancies, and thus avert the risk of congenital rubella syndrome in their unborn child. Rubella outbreaks periodically occur in the under-vaccinated orthodox Protestant community in the Netherlands. The objective of this mixed-methods study was to determine and understand personal experience with rubella, perceived rubella susceptibility, and intention to accept rubella screening and vaccination among unvaccinated orthodox Protestant women. The ultimate aim of this study was to inform policy and practice and contribute to the prevention of cases of congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted combining an online survey and semi-structured interviews among unvaccinated Dutch orthodox Protestant women aged 18-40 years. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed using codes and categories. RESULTS: Results of the survey (167 participants) showed that most participants had personal experience with rubella (74%, 123/167) and 101 women (61%, 101/167) indicated they had had rubella themselves. More than half of the women were undecided whether to accept rubella susceptibility screening (56%; 87/156) or rubella vaccination (55%; 80/146). Qualitative findings (10 participants) showed that most women thought they were not susceptible to rubella. Indecisiveness and negative attitudes to accept rubella vaccination were related with religious arguments to object vaccination and with women's perception of absence of imminent threat of rubella. Furthermore, results showed presence of misconceptions among women in the interpretation of their susceptibility and high confidence in their parents' memory that they had experienced rubella as a child although no laboratory screening had been conducted. CONCLUSIONS: In light of an imminent rubella outbreak in the Netherlands, a tailored education campaign should be prepared aimed at and established in cooperation with the under-vaccinated orthodox Protestant community. Health care providers should provide adequate information on rubella and support decision-making in order to stimulate women to make a deliberate and informed decision on rubella screening and, if necessary, subsequent vaccination.

Moderators of the Effectiveness of UPcomplish on Office Workers' Sedentary Behaviour, Quality of Life, and Psychosocial Determinants: A Stepped Wedge Design.

BACKGROUND: In the earlier developed and evaluated 12-week UPcomplish intervention, the aim was to reduce sedentary behaviour (SB) among office workers and increase their quality of life (QoL). In the current study, we explored moderators of effectiveness. METHOD: We applied a stepped wedge design with five intervention groups starting with time lags of seven weeks (n = 142, 96 females). Participants wore the VitaBit to continuously measure SB and received surveys about QoL and psychosocial determinants at the beginning, middle, and end of the intervention. We regressed baseline participant characteristics and behaviours onto intra-individual improvements (centred around calendar week means) in determinants, SB, performance objectives, and QoL. RESULTS: Those scoring high in baseline intention, task performance, stress, vitality, and emotional well-being improved less in these variables. Baseline stress (ß = - 0.05 [SE = 0.01; 95% CI = - 0.08, - 0.02; pcorrected = .02]) and emotional well-being (ß = 0.02 [SE = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.03; pcorrected = .02]) were associated with improvement in contextual performance. Baseline attitude (ß = - 12.92 [SE = 3.93; 95% CI = - 20.80, - 5.04; pcorrected = .02]) and perceived behavioural control (PBC; ß = - 9.27 [SE = 3.04; 95% CI = - 15.37, - 3.16; pcorrected = .03]) were negatively associated with improvements in emotional well-being. Post hoc analyses with a sub-group scoring lower in determinants revealed that improvement in PBC was positively associated with SB registration. CONCLUSION: Participants scoring low in baseline determinants might profit from UPcomplish via an increase in PBC. In combination with changes within organizations (e.g. the implementation of standing desks), UPcomplish might potentially reduce SB. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NL7503 - registered 1 February 2019.

Who is providing HIV testing services? The profile of lay counsellors providing HIV testing services in Johannesburg, South Africa in the treat-all era.

BACKGROUND: Lay counsellors are critical in sustaining access to HIV testing services (HTS) and psychosocial support for persons living with HIV (PLHIV). We aimed to describe the professional and psychosocial profiles of lay counsellors in primary healthcare (PHC) clinics in Johannesburg, South Africa under the universal-test-and-treat (UTT) policy context. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive analysis of a cross-sectional survey among adult (≥ 18 years) lay counsellors from 20 PHC facilities (2-3/ clinic) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Consenting counsellors were interviewed between June 2018 and March 2019. We report on counsellors' demographic profiles, training, work experience, and mental and emotional well-being. RESULTS: Overall, 55 consenting adult (≥ 18 years) lay counsellors (92.7% female, median age 37 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 33-44, and 27.3% HIV diagnosed) were surveyed. Most (85.5%) were Department of Health lay counsellors receiving a volunteer stipend at the time. Overall, 56.4% had been working as counsellors for five years or longer. The majority (87%) had completed the National HIV Testing Services Policy Guidelines-recommended 10-day basic counselling training, but 45.2% had not completed refresher training within the guideline's required 24 months. Reported operational barriers include lack of designated space for counselling (56.4%), inadequate professional supervision and support (40.7%) and insufficient emotional support (over 56.4%), and 60% were overwhelmed by their workload. A total of 18.2% had major depressive symptoms, and the same proportion scored low for psychological well-being. While most (87.3%) reported moderate job satisfaction, 50.9% actively sought alternative employment. CONCLUSION: Despite lay counsellors' significant role in delivering HIV care in South Africa, there has been minimal investment in their skills development, emotional support, and integration into the formal health workforce. Counsellors' persisting unmet psychosocial, training, and professional needs could impact their efficacy in the UTT era.

A qualitative analysis of factors influencing the implementation of antiretroviral treatment adherence policy in Ghana: stakeholders perspective.

BACKGROUND: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS launched the 90-90-90 initiative. Failure to meet the target reflects the difficulties in successfully implementing HIV treatment policy. There are research gaps in exploring personal and external factors influencing HIV treatment in Ghana. To fill this gap, we explored individual and environmental (interpersonal, community and structural) factors influencing stakeholders' HIV treatment policy implementation in Ghana. METHODS: Fifteen qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted among representatives in different management positions at hospitals, health directorates, the Ghana AIDS Commission, the National AIDS and STI control program, and the National Association of People Living with HIV. RESULTS: Using thematic analysis, the findings suggest that individual and environmental factors such as attitude towards policy, awareness of HIV treatment policy, training received on policy implementation, difficulties related to patient factors, alternate sources of HIV care, inefficient policy decision-making, monitoring and evaluation of HIV treatment policy, lack of HIV treatment policy implementation training, poor availability of logistics, policy and guidelines, infrastructure, organization of training, and staff availability may hinder successful HIV treatment policy implementation. CONCLUSION: Several individual and environmental (interpersonal, community and structural) factors seem to influence HIV treatment policy implementation. To ensure successful policy implementation stakeholders need to receive training on new policies, availability of sufficient supplies of material resources, inclusive decision-making, receive supportive monitoring of policy implementation, and oversight.

Just-in-Time, but Still Planned: Lessons Learned From Speeding up the Development and Implementation of an Intervention to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination in University Students.

The process of developing a behavior change intervention can cover a long time period. However, in times of need, this development process has to be more efficient and without losing the scientific rigor. In this article, we describe the just-in-time, planned development of an online intervention in the field of higher education, promoting COVID-19 vaccination among university students, just before they were eligible for being vaccinated. We demonstrate how intervention development can happen fast but with sufficient empirical and theoretical support. In the developmental process, Intervention Mapping (IM) helped with decision-making in every step. We learned that the whole process is primarily depending on the trust of those in charge in the quality of the program developers. Moreover, it is about applying theory, not about theory-testing. As there was no COVID-19-related evidence available, evidence from related fields helped as did theoretical knowledge about change processes, next to having easy access to the target population and important stakeholders for informed qualitative and quantitative research. This project was executed under unavoidable time pressure. IM helped us with systematically developing an intervention, just-in-time to positively affect vaccine acceptance among university students.

The role of psychosocial variables in breast self-examination practice: Results from focus group discussions in Surabaya, Indonesia.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a global life-threatening disease. Breast self-examination (BSE) followed by timely diagnosis and treatment is a viable screening method for populations with limited health care access such as Indonesia. Knowledge of the beliefs underlying BSE could benefit the development of future health education efforts to promote BSE and breast cancer awareness among Indonesian women, with the ultimate aim to achieve early detection and promote long-term survivals. The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying beliefs of BSE among women in Surabaya, Indonesia in accordance with the reasoned action approach (RAA) framework. Moreover, we investigated what these women considered an effective approach to improve breast awareness and promote BSE in their social networks. METHOD: The participants included 62 women aged 18-55 (M = 32,9) in Surabaya, Indonesia who were divided into nine focus groups. Directed content analysis was employed to analyze the data. RESULTS: Six psychosocial determinants of performing BSE emerged from the analysis: knowledge, attitude and beliefs, risk perception, norms, perceived behavior control, and intention. Furthermore, the participants identified face-to-face meetings with visual media and healthcare professionals as effective channels to enhance breast awareness. CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the application of the RAA for BSE, and reveals the importance of face-to-face meetings involving healthcare professionals and women's social networks for breast education.

Psychosocial and organizational barriers and facilitators of meningococcal vaccination (MenACWY) acceptance among adolescents and parents during the Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify differences and similarities among adolescents and parents in various psychosocial factors influencing meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY) vaccination acceptance. Besides, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic was assessed as well as resulting organizational adjustments. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among adolescents that attended the appointment for the MenACWY vaccination in South Limburg between May and June 2020, and their parents. Independent t-tests and χ2 test were performed to explore differences in psychosocial and organisational factors between adolescents and parents. RESULTS: In total, 592 adolescents (20%) and 1197 parents (38%) filled out the questionnaire. Adolescents scored lower on anticipated negative affect towards MenACWY vaccination refusal [t (985.688) = - 9.32; ρ < 0.001], moral norm towards MenACWY vaccination acceptance [t (942.079) = - 10.38; ρ < 0.001] and knowledge about the MenACWY vaccination and meningococcal disease [t (1059.710) = - 11.24; ρ < 0.001]. Both adolescents and parents reported a social norm favouring accepting childhood vaccinations, but adolescent scored higher [t (1122.846) = 23.10; ρ < 0.001]. The Covid-19 pandemic did barely influence the decision to accept the MenACWY vaccination. Only 6% of the participants indicated that Covid-19 influenced their decision. In addition, the individual vaccination appointment was rated very positive. Most adolescents (71.5%) and parents (80.6%) prefer future vaccinations to be offered individually rather than having mass vaccinations sessions. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an indication of which psychosocial and organisational factors should be addressed in future MenACWY vaccination campaigns. Individual vaccination appointments for adolescents should be considered, taking the costs and logistical barriers into account.

Breast self-examination as a route to early detection in a lower-middle-income country: assessing psychosocial determinants among women in Surabaya, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer has become a public health concern in Indonesia. Regular breast self-examination (BSE) is considered an important first step for its early detection, especially in countries with limited healthcare access, as it is the case in Indonesia. This study aimed to confirm and assess the psychosocial determinants of intention to perform BSE and BSE performance. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 204 women aged 18-65 years in Surabaya, Indonesia. A 64-item survey was conducted, included variables from the Reasoned Action Approach, and the Health Belief Model, presented questions about demographics, breast cancer knowledge, and behavior related to BSE. RESULTS: Most women (72.5%) expressed intention to perform BSE; however, only 7.8% and 2.9% performed BSE per week and per month, respectively, in the past year. Breast cancer knowledge and attitudes towards BSE were uniquely associated with BSE performance. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and BSE attitudes were unique correlates of intention. Perceived benefits and barriers and subjective norms were significantly associated with intention and BSE behavior in bivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Breast screening education should incorporate strategies for improving attitudes towards BSE, PBC, and breast cancer knowledge with perceived benefits and barriers and subjective norms as relevant targets.

The Effects of UPcomplish on Office Workers' Sedentary Behaviour, Quality of Life and Psychosocial Determinants: A Stepped-Wedge Design.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behaviour (SB) affects cardiometabolic health and quality of life (QoL). We examine the effects of UPcomplish, a 12-week data-driven intervention, on SB, QoL and psychosocial determinants among office workers. METHODS: Participants were recruited via judgement sampling. Five groups starting with time-lags of 7 weeks (n = 142, 96 females) received 14 feedback messages (FBMs) which were tailored to SB patterns, goals and hurdles. Participants received questionnaires at the beginning, middle and end of the intervention and wore an accelerometer measuring SB, operationalized as proportions (compositional data approach, CoDA) and summed squared sitting bouts (SSSB). We used linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for weeks (between-subjects) and individuals (within-subjects). RESULTS: UPcomplish did not reduce SB. Within-subjects compared to baseline, FBM #3 (ßCoDA = 0.24, p < .001, 95% CI [0.15, 0.33]; ßSSSB = 20.83, p < .001, 95% CI [13.90, 27.28]) and #4 (ßCoDA = 0.20, p < .001, 95% CI [0.11, 0.29]; ßSSSB = 24.80, p < .001, 95% CI [15.84, 33.76]) increased SB. QoL was unaffected. Perceived susceptibility was lower after FBMs #6 to #8 (ßbetween = - 0.66, p = .04, 95% CI [- 1.03, - 0.30]; ßwithin = - 0.75, p = .02, 95% CI [- 1.18, - 0.32]). Within-subjects, intentions to sit less were higher after FBMs #1 to #5 (1.14, p = .02, 95% CI [0.61, 1.66]). Improvements in determinants and in SB were not associated, nor were improvements in SB and in QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to VitaBit only, UPcomplish was not beneficial. Environmental restructuring might be superior, but detailed analyses of moderators of effectiveness are needed.

Male Partner Involvement and Development of HIV-exposed Infants in Rural South Africa.

Male partner involvement (MPI) during the prenatal and postnatal periods has been proven to have a beneficial effect on infant development. Infants born to HIV seropositive mothers with lacking or no prenatal and postnatal male partner support may be at a higher risk for adverse developmental outcomes. This study examined the effect of MPI on cognitive, communicative, fine, and gross motor development in 160 infants born to HIV seropositive mothers attending Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services in rural South Africa. Results of the bivariate logistic regression showed that both prenatal (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.01, 1.26; p < 0.05) and postnatal MPI (at 12 months) (1.19; 1.07, 1.31; p < 0.005) were associated with risk for delayed gross motor development in HIV exposed infants. Decreased postnatal MPI (0.85; 0.75, 0.98; p < 0.05) was significantly associated with risk for delayed cognitive development. Not living together with a male partner (2.01; 1.06, 3.80; p < 0.05) was significantly associated with risk for delayed cognitive development. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, decreased postnatal MPI (0.85; 0.75, 0.98; p < 0.05) was significantly associated with risk for delayed cognitive development. On the other hand, postnatal MPI (1.30; 1.12, 1.50; p < 0.005) was associated with risk for delayed gross motor development among HIV exposed infants. Increased MPI can have beneficial effects on infants' cognitive development. Interventions in PMTCT programs should promote increased prenatal and postnatal MPI to improve cognitive development in HIV exposed infants.

Risky motorcycle riding behaviour among young riders in Manipal, India.

BACKGROUND: Motorcycles are one of the most commonly used transportation modes in low and middle-income countries. In India, motorized two-wheelers comprise 70% of the total vehicle population, and motorcycle users are considered the most vulnerable road users. It is essential to understand the risky riding behaviour and associated factors among the motorcyclists to develop evidence-based traffic safety programs targeting motorcycle riders. The purpose of the current study was two-fold. First, it aimed to determine the appropriate structure of a modified version of the MRBQ among young riders in Manipal, India. Second, it assessed to what extent MRBQ factors were associated with self-reported crash involvement and violations. METHODS: The motorcycle rider behaviour questionnaire (MRBQ) is a 43-item scale that assesses five aspects of risky motorcycle rider behaviour, i.e., violations, control errors, traffic errors, stunts, and protective equipment. The MRBQ, along with measures of socio-demographic variables and the number of motorcycle crashes, was filled out by 300 young motorcycle riders who were in the age group of 18-25 years and had been riding for at least the past three years (93% males, 92.3% students). RESULTS: Five factors emerged out of the MRBQ after an exploratory factor analysis: traffic errors, control errors, stunts, protective equipment, and violations. Cronbach's alpha for these factors ranged from .66 to .82. Reports of performing stunts and committing violations were positively associated with self-reported near-crash experiences over the past three months. Riders reporting stunts, violations and using a motorcycle of 125-200 cc reported having received more fines in the last three months. These findings were confirmed in both univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression models. CONCLUSION: The study assessed the factor structure of a modified version MRBQ and the extracted factors associations with self-reported crash involvement. The factor structure revealed in the current study is consistent with MRBQ factor structures found in other countries. However, the support for a relationship between MRBQ factors and self-reported crashes was less significant. The findings suggest that if replicated by future studies, local policymakers are advised to focus on the five MRBQ factors while planning future interventions to achieve a reduction in the number of road crashes among motorcyclists.

Maternal Health Outcomes and Male Partner Involvement Among HIV Infected Women in Rural South Africa.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the association between Male Partner Involvement (MPI) and maternal health outcomes among women attending Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services in rural South Africa. The association between Male Partner Participation in the main study (MPP) and maternal health outcomes among these women was also investigated. METHODS: The study utilized data collected from 535 HIV infected women in a randomized controlled trial between 2015 and 2016. Maternal health outcome data (delivery mode, pregnancy systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pregnancy body mass index, pregnancy CD4 count, and pregnancy viral load) were collected from the women's antenatal record forms accessed from the primary healthcare facilities. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between socio-demographic characteristics of the women, MPI, and MPP with maternal health outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age of the women was 29.03 years (SD = 5.89). No significant associations were found between MPI and any of the maternal health outcomes contrary to what was hypothesized. Both the bivariate and multivariate analysis indicated a significant association between MPP and higher pregnancy viral load, contrary to the study hypothesis. Insignificant associations were found between MPP and both pregnancy CD4 count and pregnancy blood pressure. The only significant association between maternal health outcomes and socio-demographic characteristics, was between educational attainment and higher pregnancy CD4 count in both the bivariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION FOR PRACTICE: The study showed no significant support for MPI in improving maternal health outcomes of women in PMTCT in rural South Africa. Future studies should include additional maternal health outcomes for investigation.

PrEP Interest Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Netherlands: Covariates and Differences Across Samples.

Despite increased availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), PrEP uptake has remained low. To promote uptake, factors related to PrEP interest among relevant target populations warrant investigation. The aim of this study was to provide an analysis of PrEP interest among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Netherlands, while taking study recruitment strategies into account. We recruited 154 MSM from an LGBT research panel (AmsterdamPinkPanel) and 272 MSM from convenience sampling. Both samples were part of the Flash! PrEP in Europe Survey and were compared on their PrEP interest, usage intentions, and sexual behavior. We conducted logistic regression analyses to discover variables associated with PrEP interest and intentions. Participants from the AmsterdamPinkPanel were less likely to use PrEP, had less knowledge of PrEP, and were less interested in PrEP than participants from convenience sampling. Significant covariates of PrEP interest were being single, more prior PrEP knowledge, sexual risk behaviors, such as not having used a condom during last sex and having ever used drugs in a sexual context, and not participating in the AmsterdamPinkPanel. Adding the recruitment strategy to the regression increased explained variance on top of predictors already described in the literature. Increased sexual risk behavior is related to increased PrEP interest and it helps to identify PrEP target groups. Recruitment strategies have a substantial impact on findings regarding PrEP interest and usage intentions. This study emphasizes the importance of using multiple strategies for recruiting participants to obtain a more comprehensive view of MSM's attitudes toward PrEP.

"To die is better than to tell": reasons for and against disclosure of chronic hepatitis B status in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: People with a condition subject to stigmatisation, such as chronic hepatitis B, face the dilemma of whether or not to disclose their status. In Ghana, 12.3% of the adult population has the hepatitis B virus (HBV). One key strategy for breaking the cycle of hepatitis B transmission is the disclosure of hepatitis B status by people with chronic hepatitis B (PWHB). Disclosure can facilitate preventive actions to reduce hepatitis B transmission (e.g., not sharing personal items and avoiding contact with blood and body fluids). Disclosure can also motivate family members of PWHB to get tested, linked to care and clinically managed in order to reduce the progression of hepatitis B to liver cirrhosis and cancer. Given the importance of disclosure, we set out to explore reasons for and against disclosure of chronic hepatitis B status in the Greater Accra and Upper East region of Ghana. METHODS: In this exploratory qualitative study, 18 participants (10 from the Greater Accra region and 8 from the Upper East region) were recruited for semi-structured interviews. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were then processed using QSR Nvivo version 10.0 and analysed for themes. RESULTS: Participants were selective disclosers, disclosing in some contexts and not in others. Reasons for non-disclosure of chronic hepatitis B status were: 1) fear of stigmatisation and 2) previous negative experiences with disclosure. Reasons for disclosure were: 1) wanting close contacts to get tested or vaccinated, 2) trusting the disclosure target(s), and 3) needing social and/or financial support. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight various reasons for and against disclosure of chronic hepatitis B status in Ghana. Because anticipated, observed, and experienced stigma were important motivations for non-disclosure of chronic hepatitis B status, we recommend the development and implementation of theory and evidence-based stigma reduction interventions that are culturally appropriate, and that prioritize the participation of target populations. We also recommend the provision of counselling and support services that assist PWHB in their disclosure decision-making processes.

Violence typologies and sociodemographic correlates in South African adolescents: a three-wave cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Violence victimisation and violence perpetration may co-occur in adolescents. Understanding the sociodemographic correlates of the independent and joint profiles of victimisation and perpetration may inform preventive interventions. This study examined the associations of sociodemographic factors with four violence typologies, namely, 1) non-involvement in both victimisation and perpetration, 2) victims only, 3) perpetrators only, and 4) victim-perpetrators. Trends in the prevalence of the four violence typologies over the three survey years were also examined. METHODS: We used data from the three nationally representative South African Youth Risk Behaviour Surveys conducted in 2002, 2008, and 2011 and included a multi-ethnic sample of adolescents (n = 30,007; boy: 46.9%, girls: 53.1%; M age = 16 years, SD = .06). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 8030 (30.8%) adolescents who had non-involvement in both victimisation and perpetration, 8217 were victims only (29.8%), 2504 were perpetrators only (9.0%), and 7776 were victim-perpetrators (24.6%). Logistic regression analyses showed that being a girl increased the odds of non-involvement (OR: 1.47, 99% CI: 1.36-1.58) and being victims only (OR: 1.90, 99% CI: 1.76-2.05). Being a boy increased the odds of being perpetrators only (OR: 0.42, 99% CI: 0.37-0.47) and victim-perpetrators (OR: 0.51, 99% CI: 0.47-0.55). Adolescents who did not have an absent mother had higher odds of non-involvement (OR: 0.78, 99% CI: 0.62-0.97). Lower monthly allowance increased the odds of victimisation only (OR: 0.99, 99% CI: 0.97-1.00), whereas higher monthly allowance increased the odds of perpetration only (OR: 1.05, 99% CI: 1.03-1.08). Trend analysis showed that between 2002 to 2011, there was an increase in the prevalence of non-involvement in adolescents (p < .001), a decrease in the prevalence of victims only (p < .05) and victim-perpetrators (p < .001), and no changes in the prevalence of perpetrators only (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors are uniquely associated with different violence typologies suggesting the need for tailored interventions to target adolescents with differed risks to violence victimisation and perpetration. Strengthening family relations, particularly between mother and child, may protect adolescents from the experiences of victimisation and perpetration.

Co-designing obesity prevention interventions together with children: intervention mapping meets youth-led participatory action research.

BACKGROUND: Youth-led Participatory Action Research (YPAR) involves children throughout the process of developing and implementing interventions. Combining YPAR with a structural approach for designing and planning interventions, such as Intervention Mapping (IM), may further improve implementation and effectiveness of interventions. This paper describes how YPAR and IM were combined in the Kids in Action study. METHODS: The Kids in Action study aims to improve health behaviors of 9-12-year old children living in a low socioeconomic neighborhood in Amsterdam, by co-designing interventions with these children. At each of four schools 6-8 children (N = 18-24 total per year) and two academic researchers formed participatory groups that met weekly or every fortnight during two school years. An IM expert panel advised the participatory groups on the application of IM. RESULTS: Following the IM protocol, we conducted a participatory needs assessment with children, parents and professionals, in IM-step 1. In IM-step 2, the IM expert panel constructed matrices of program objectives, and the children provided feedback. In collaboration with children programs were designed and produced using an iterative process during IM-steps 3-4. In IM-step 5, the participatory groups and professional community partners designed the implementation plan. Finally, in IM-step 6, the protocol of the process and effect evaluation - executed by academic researchers with input from children - was developed. CONCLUSIONS: By combining YPAR and IM, several interventions have been developed and implemented, varying from a school water policy to extracurricular sports activities. Sharing responsibility with children was challenging when combining IM with YPAR. In YPAR children are given as much autonomy as possible, while traditional IM development work is primarily done by academic researchers. Strengths in combining IM and YPAR include the involvement of the end-users - children - throughout the process while at the same time developing interventions based on existing evidence. Time-management, a multidisciplinary team, and flexibility are important conditions when combining IM with YPAR. A strong community project group, with professionals who were willing to help children develop and execute their ideas, was an important success factor. This study can serve as an example to other YPAR studies developing interventions using the IM protocol.

Self-Reported Long-Term Antiretroviral Adherence: A Longitudinal Study Among HIV Infected Pregnant Women in Mpumalanga, South Africa.

We evaluate the impact of a multi-session cognitive behavioral prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) intervention on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. A total of 683 women were enrolled into a randomized control trial conducted at twelve community health centres (CHCs) in Mpumalanga Province. Participants were randomized to Standard Care or Enhanced PMTCT Intervention (EI). EI received three group and three individual intervention sessions. EI impact was ascertained on ART adherence (baseline vs 12 months post-partum). Women in the intervention groups were less likely to remain stable with regards to ART adherence over time compared to the control groups. In predicting if women become adherent over time, the intervention condition had no impact. However, the intervention condition was significantly positively associated with change to non-adherence. The enhanced cognitive-behavioral PMTCT intervention did not show any improvement in relation to maternal ART adherence relative to standard PMTCT care.Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: number NCT02085356.

ERPs Reveal Disengagement Processes Related to Condom Use Embarrassment in Intention-Behavior Inconsistent Young Adults.

The use of barrier protections such as condoms has consistently been reported to reduce the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. However, it has also been reported that the association between condom use intentions and behavior is, at best, often weak. Furthermore, embarrassment associated with purchasing condoms and negotiating their use has been shown to negatively impact the frequency of condom use. Using electroencephalography to analyze P300 event-related potential components known to measure early attention allocation, we examined electrophysiological evidence of early attention disengagement for embarrassing health information. Forty young adults-34 females and six males-participated in an adapted version of Posner's visual cueing paradigm. All were high in intention to use condoms, but half were intention-behavior consistent and half were intention-behavior inconsistent. Compared to intention-behavior consistent participants, those with intention-behavior inconsistency showed a reduced P300 component when attending to a visual target opposite to the field in which embarrassing self-relevant health information was presented, indicating more efficient early attention disengagement from such embarrassing health information. In conclusion, our electrophysiological data suggest that high intention alone may be not sufficient to predict adolescents' condom use behavior.