RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To compare levetiracetam and phenytoin as prophylaxis for the short-term development of status epilepticus (SE) during care of pediatric patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Nonprespecified secondary analysis using propensity score matching. SETTING: We used the Approaches and Decisions in Acute Pediatric TBI Trial (ADAPT NCT04077411) dataset (2014-2017). SUBJECTS: Patients less than 18 years old with Glasgow Coma Scale Score less than or equal to 8 who received levetiracetam or phenytoin as a prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 516 total patients who qualified for the case-control study, 372 (72.1%) patients received levetiracetam, and 144 (27.9%) received phenytoin. After propensity score matching, the pair-matched analysis with 133 in each group failed to identify an association between levetiracetam versus phenytoin use and occurrent of SE (3.8% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.22), or mortality (i.e., in-hospital, 30-d and 60-d). However, on closer inspection of the statistical testing, we cannot exclude the possibility that selecting levetiracetam rather than phenytoin for prophylaxis was associated with the following: up to a mean difference of 7.3% greater prevalence of SE; up to a mean difference of 13.9%, 12.1%, and 13.9% greater mortality during the hospital stay, and 30-, and 60-days after hospital arrival, respectively. Last, analysis of 6 months Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended score in those without premorbid comorbidities, there was an association between favorable outcomes and use of phenytoin rather than levetiracetam prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: In ADAPT, the decision to use prophylactic levetiracetam versus phenytoin failed to show an association with occurrence of subsequent SE, or mortality. However, we are unable to exclude the possibility that selecting levetiracetam rather than phenytoin for prophylaxis was associated with greater prevalence of SE and mortality. We are unable to make any recommendation about one prophylactic anticonvulsant medication over the other, but recommend that further larger, contemporary studies in severe pediatric TBI are carried out.
Asunto(s)
Anticonvulsivantes , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo , Levetiracetam , Fenitoína , Estado Epiléptico , Humanos , Fenitoína/uso terapéutico , Levetiracetam/uso terapéutico , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Anticonvulsivantes/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Niño , Femenino , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/mortalidad , Preescolar , Adolescente , Estado Epiléptico/tratamiento farmacológico , Estado Epiléptico/prevención & control , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Lactante , Puntaje de Propensión , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Early operative intervention, craniotomy, and/or craniectomy are occasionally warranted in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Persistent increased intracranial pressure or accumulation of intracranial hematoma postsurgery can result in higher mortality and morbidity. There is a gap in information regarding the outcome of repeat surgery (RS) in pediatric patients with severe TBI. METHODS: An observational cohort study titled Approaches and Decisions in Acute Pediatric TBI Trial data was obtained from the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System. All pediatric patients who underwent craniotomy or decompressive craniectomy, survived more than 44 hours and were found to have persistent elevated intracranial pressure >20 mmHg for 2 consecutive hours were included in the study. The purpose of the study was to find the outcomes of RS in pediatric severe TBI. Propensity based matching was used to find the outcomes. The primary outcome was 60-day mortality. RESULTS: Out of 1000 total patients enrolled in the Approaches and Decisions in Acute Pediatric Trial, 160 patients qualified for this study. Propensity score matching created 13 pairs of patients. There were no significant differences found between the groups who had RS versus those who did not have repeat surgery on baseline characteristics. There were no significant differences found between the groups regarding 60-day mortality, median hospital days, median intensive care unit days, and 6-month favorable outcome on Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended score. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in mortality between patients who underwent a second surgery and patients who did not have to undergo a second surgery.
Asunto(s)
Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo , Lesiones Encefálicas , Craniectomía Descompresiva , Hipertensión Intracraneal , Humanos , Niño , Reoperación , Lesiones Encefálicas/cirugía , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/cirugía , Hipertensión Intracraneal/cirugía , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
This review article highlights the disparities evident in pediatric trauma care in the United States. Social determinants of health play a significant role in key aspects of trauma care including access to care, gun violence, child abuse, head trauma, burn injuries, and orthopedic trauma. We review the recent literature as it relates to these topics. The findings from these recent studies emphasize the important principle that trauma care for children should be designed with a focus on equity for all children.