Family-based association analysis between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and IRF6 polymorphism in an Iranian population.

OBJECTIVES: Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a common birth defect which is strongly associated with genetic factors. Previous studies in several populations showed a significant correlation between IRF6 rs642961 polymorphism and NSCL/P. The aim of this study is to indicate the correlation of IRF6 rs642961 polymorphism and NSCL/P in Iranian NSCL/P families. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, we analyzed IRF6 rs642961 genotype in 352 individuals from 102 Iranian nuclear families affected by NSCL/P using iPlex assay on a Sequenom MassARRAY platform. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Mendelian error checking were performed by Haploview 4.2. Allelic association analysis was conducted with family-based association tests implemented in FBAT program v2.03. RESULTS: The family-based association analysis revealed no significant association between IRF6 rs642961 genotypes and an increased NSCL/P risk. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to other Asian populations, our study indicates that the IRF6 rs642961 polymorphism cannot be a risk factor for NSCL/P in an Iranian population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Genetic factors have an important role in NSCL/P, among which interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) has been reported as a risk factor for NSCL/P in several populations; however, our data indicated no significant association between IRF6 polymorphism and NSCL/P in an Iranian population.

Effects of Transfer Energy Capacitive and Resistive On Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis:.

The use of transfer energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy to treat musculoskeletal pain has not been clearly established. Hence, this study was conducted to combine the available results. We searched the main databases, including PubMed (January 1950), Web of Knowledge (January 1945), Scopus (January 1980), and ProQuest (January 1983) until December 2021, to find the related studies. Only those studies were included that assessed the pain in participants who received TECAR therapy and compared it with a control group. Using the random effect model, standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated at a 95% confidence interval (CI). The differences between patients and control group were -1.04 after four weeks of intervention (95% CI: -1.59 to -0.48, I2=86.9%) and -1.80 after eight weeks (95% CI: -2.15 to -1.46, I2=87%), which was significant (P0.001). The intra-group pain comparison before and after two, four, and eight weeks of TECAR therapy obtained SMD levels of -3.96 (95% CI: -5.28 to -2.65, I2=96.9%), -4.12 (95% CI: -5.98 to -2.26, I2=97.3), and -5.03 (95% CI: -7.23 to -2.83, I2=92.2%), respectively. Despite some limitations, our findings may assist clinicians in decision-making about TECAR therapy for the approach to musculoskeletal pain based on evidence-based medicine.

Knowledge of Iranian Parents of Elementary School Children about Traumatic Dental Injuries and its Management.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBELM: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are frequent events during childhood, and emergency management of these injuries has positive outcomes. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of parents of school-aged children about dental trauma and to identify the effect of demographic variables such as age, gender, and education on their responses. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 300 parents of elementary school children were selected through cluster sampling from July 2012 to January 2013 in Yazd, Iran. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data on parents' knowledge about emergency management of dental trauma, and their demographic characteristics and previous experiences. Statistical analysis of data was performed by SPSS software version 11 using T-test and ANOVA. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: 296 out of 300 participants returned their questionnaires (mean age 33.8± QUOTE ± 5). The parents' knowledge about TDI managements was inadequate (average score = 7.03). According to T-test and ANOVA statistical tests, there was no significant relationship between knowledge and age (p= 0.155), gender of parents (p= 0.113), gender of children (p= 0.776), occupation (p= 0.112), and the information source (p= 0.160). The relationship between parents' knowledge and parental educational level was statistically significant (p= 0.010), and least significant difference (LSD) test showed that knowledge score of parents with Bachelor's degree or higher educational levels (7.83±4) was significantly more than other parents who were not educated (6.97±4), or had high school diploma (6.70±4). CONCLUSION: Majority of parents had little knowledge about TDI and emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth in children. Therefore, it seems that educational programs are necessary to improve parents' knowledge.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Elementary Schoolteachers on Dental Trauma and its Management in Yazd, Iran.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: School is one of the places with the greatest prevalence of occurrence of traumatic dental injuries. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge levels and attitudes of elementary school teachers towards dental trauma and its management. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, 281 elementary school teachers were selected through cluster sampling to answer the prepared questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS software by using ANOVA test and t-test. p Value<0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: The total knowledge and attitude were low and normal, respectively. No previous exposure to or close observation of a dental trauma was reported by 61.2% of teachers; while, 12.5% were trained on dental traumas first aid management. There was statistically significant relationship between the teacher's knowledge and previous first aids training. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of schoolteachers on emergency management of dental trauma is poor. Therefore, it seems to be helpful to consider the management of dental injuries especially avulsed teeth as a part of teachers' education.

Socket preservation using freeze-dried bone allograft with and without plasma rich in growth factors in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) and freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) are shown to promote bone healing. This study was aimed to histologically and histomorphometrically investigate the effect of combined use of PRGF and FDBA on bone formation, and compare it to FDBA alone and control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The distal roots of the lower premolars were extracted bilaterally in four female dogs. Sockets were randomly divided into FDBA + PRGF, FDBA, and control groups. Two dogs were sacrificed after 2 weeks and two dogs were sacrificed after 4 weeks. Sockets were assessed histologically and histomorphometrically. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U-tests utilizing the SPSS software version 20. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: While the difference in density of fibrous tissue in three groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.343), the bone density in grafted groups was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.021). The least decrease in all socket dimensions was observed in the FDBA group. However, these differences were only significant in coronal portion at week 4. Regarding socket dimensions and bone density, the difference between FDBA and FDBA+PRGF groups was not significant in middle and apical portions. CONCLUSION: The superiority of PRGF+FDBA overFDBA in socket preservation cannot be concluded from this experiment.

Evaluation of Apical Microleakage in Open Apex Teeth Using MTA Apical Plug in Different Sessions.

Aim. To compare microleakage of apexification using MTA in one or two sessions. Materials and Methods. 88 single rooted teeth were prepared and divided into two groups then received MTA apical plug. In the first group, the teeth were immersed in normal saline for 24 hours and then backfilled with guttapercha and AH26 sealer. In the second group, the teeth were obturated immediately after receiving apical plug. Four positive and four negative controls were selected. All specimens were placed in 1% methylene blue and decalcified in 5% nitric acid and finally were placed in methyl salicylate until getting transparent. All teeth were visualized for assessment of dye penetration under stereo dissecting microscope. Results. 36 and 35 teeth showed dye leakage in the first and second groups. Dye penetration into the entire canal length was confirmed in the positive control group, and in the negative control group no dye penetration was seen. Mean dye penetration in the first and second group was 5813 and 9152 µ m. t-test revealed a significant difference between dye penetrations of two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion. MTA requires adequate time for setting in the presence of the moisture, and final obturation should be delayed until final setting of MTA.

Investigation of TBX1 gene deletion in Iranian children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: correlation with conotruncal heart defects.

BACKGROUND: DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is the result of a microdeletion in chromosome 22q11.2 in over 90% of cases. DGS is the second most frequent syndrome after Down syndrome and has an incidence of 1/4000 births. Unequal crossover between low-copy repeats, on the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 22, usually results in a 3 Mb deletion in one of the chromosome 22 and a reciprocal and similarly sized duplication on the other one. Several studies have indicated that TBX1 (T-box 1) haploinsufficiency is responsible for many of the phenotypic traits of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are present in 75-85% of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in Western countries. METHODS: Among 78 patients fulfilling the criteria for DGS diagnosed by the fluorescence in situ hybridisation test, 24 had 22q11.2 deletion. Screening for TBX1 gene deletion was performed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS: Our results revealed that of 24 patients with TBX1 gene deletion, 12 had CTDs while 12 did not show any heart defects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that other genes or gene interactions may play a role in penetrance or the severity of heart disease among patients with DGS.

Evaluation of factors influencing child abuse leading to oro-facial lesions in Isfahan, Iran: A qualitative approach.

BACKGROUND: Since child abuse and neglect are serious conditions which can potentially lead to inappropriate dental health, we conducted this qualitative study to define the factors influencing child abuse and neglect, which lead to oro-facial lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted by social services employees. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants to capture a range of experiences such as the physical abuse, sexual abuse, role of family in child abuse, age, and gender. RESULTS: Participants demonstrated a range of perceptions which lead to child abuse including hitting on the head and slapping. Often subsidiary to this view, several factors were mentioned that occasionally influenced child abuse. These factors appeared to be idiosyncratic but could be drawn together into three categories: Cultural lacks which includes poverty, cruelty of parents and addiction, psychological disorders, and separation in the family which was seen in most of the children. CONCLUSION: This study has identified a variety of factors influencing the incidence of child abuse. Therefore, dentists should meticulously pay attention to children who have these risk factors in order to discover child abuse events. Quantitative research would reveal the extent of these factors. Dentists' knowledge of their roles in managing cases suffering from abuse might need to be assessed to see if dentists need further education in this important area.

Evaluation of orofacial lesions relating child abuse, Esfahan, Iran: A quantitative approach.

BACKGROUND: Family violence, including child abuse, neglect, and domestic violence, is a public health problem. The aim of this study was to provide data on prevalence and factors of Orofacial lesions relating child abuse in Iran to lend evidence to support preventing child abuse. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The overall approach was a case-note review of children having child abuse note, recording by personnel of social services. Research ethical approval was sought from the Central social service organization. This study was conducted in Isfahan, Iran (2011). RESULT: The mean age of children, when abuse had been occurred was 8 years (SD = 1.68), and there were approximately an equal number of boys and girls. Children had a high physical experience (66.1%).Of these children, at least 60% sustained trauma to the face and mouth. Emotional abuse was 77.1%, neglect was 64.1%, and lower experience of sexual abuse which was 4.1%. There was a strong relationship between gender and abuser which shows girls have been affected by stepfathers (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Preliminary data suggest that there are strong evidence regarding the incidence of child abuse relating orofacial lesions which dentists should be aware of them. Future trials may draw on these useful baseline data to help their study design.

Preoperative Topical Diclofenac and Ketorolac in Prevention of Pain and Discomfort Following Photorefractive Keratectomy: A Randomized Double-masked Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of a single dose of topical diclofenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.5%, with placebo and with each other in the prevention of post-PRK pain and discomfort. METHODS: In this randomized double-masked trial, adults undergoing bilateral PRK surgery were assigned to two arms. The first arm received a single dose diclofenac 0.1%, randomly in either the right, or left eye, and artificial tear (as the placebo) in the other eye. The second arm received ketorolac 0.5%, by the same pattern. The primary outcome of this study was ocular[1] pain assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS), and,[2] discomfort including itching, foreign body sensation, tearing and photophobia which were questioned in 4 degrees. RESULTS: In the final analysis, 47 and 36 subjects remained in the diclofenac and ketorolac treated arms, respectively. In both arms, on the first and second post-operation days, VAS scores were significantly lower in the pretreated eye. Moreover, on the first post-operation day, the intensity of all ocular discomfort items was statistically lower in the pretreated eyes; whereas, on the second day, such a difference was only observed for foreign body sensation and itching in the diclofenac treated arm and for photophobia in ketorolac treated arm. Comparison of the two arms (diclofenac pretreated eyes vs. ketorolac pretreated eyes) on both first and second post-operation days showed no significant difference neither in the VAS scores nor the ocular discomfort items. CONCLUSIONS: Either diclofenac or ketorolac instilled at a dose of one drop 30 minutes in advance of the operation would be equally beneficial in the short-term prevention of post-PRK pain and discomfort.