RESUMEN
Compound 1 [(E)-4-fluoro-N-(6-((4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-((1S,4S)-4-(isopropylcarbamoyl)cyclohexyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ylidene)benzamide], a new, potent, selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor with potential application for the treatment of cancer, was selected as candidate to advance into efficacy studies in mice. However, the compound underwent mouse-specific enzymatic hydrolysis in plasma to a primary amine product (M1). Subsequent i.v. pharmacokinetics studies in mice showed that compound 1 had high clearance (CL) and a short half-life. Oral dose escalation studies in mice indicated that elimination of compound 1 was saturable, with higher doses achieving sufficient exposures above in vitro IC(50). Chemistry efforts to minimize hydrolysis resulted in the discovery of several analogs that were stable in mouse plasma. Three were taken in vivo into mice and showed decreased CL corresponding to increased in vitro stability in plasma. However, the more stable compounds also showed reduced potency against ALK. Kinetic studies in NADPH-fortified and unfortified microsomes and plasma produced submicromolar K(m) values and could help explain the saturation of elimination observed in vivo. Predictions of CL based on kinetics from hydrolysis and NADPH-dependent pathways produced predicted hepatic CL values of 3.8, 3.0, 1.6, and 1.2 l/hâ kg for compound 1, compound 2 [(E)-3,5-difluoro-N-(6-((4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-((1s,4s)-4-(isopropylcarbamoyl)cyclohexyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ylidene)benzamide], compound 3 [(E)-3-chloro-5-fluoro-N-(6-((4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-((1s,4s)-4-(isopropylcarbamoyl)cyclohexyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ylidene)benzamide], and compound 4 [(E)-N-(6-((4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-((1s,4s)-4-(isopropylcarbamoyl)cyclohexyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ylidene)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide], respectively. The in vivo observed CLs for compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 5.52, 3.51, 2.14, and 2.66 l/hâ kg, respectively. These results indicate that in vitro metabolism kinetic data, incorporating contributions from both hydrolysis and NADPH-dependent metabolism, could be used to predict the systemic CL of compounds cleared via hydrolytic pathways provided that the in vitro assays thoroughly investigate the processes, including the contribution of other metabolic pathways and the possibility of saturation kinetics.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Cromatografía Liquida , Hidrólisis , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Masculino , Ratones , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/sangre , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Transcriptional deregulation is a hallmark of many cancers and is exemplified by genomic amplifications of the MYC family of oncogenes, which occur in at least 20% of all solid tumors in adults. Targeting of transcriptional cofactors and the transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK9) has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to interdict deregulated transcriptional activity including oncogenic MYC. Here, we report the structural optimization of a small molecule microarray hit, prioritizing maintenance of CDK9 selectivity while improving on-target potency and overall physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. This led to the discovery of the potent, selective, orally bioavailable CDK9 inhibitor 28 (KB-0742). Compound 28 exhibits in vivo antitumor activity in mouse xenograft models and a projected human PK profile anticipated to enable efficacious oral dosing. Notably, 28 is currently being investigated in a phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion clinical trial in patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Adulto , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Quinasas Ciclina-Dependientes , Línea Celular Tumoral , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptosis , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Quinasa 9 Dependiente de la Ciclina , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs) lose sensitivity to androgen-deprivation therapies but frequently remain dependent on oncogenic transcription driven by the androgen receptor (AR) and its splice variants. To discover modulators of AR-variant activity, we used a lysate-based small-molecule microarray assay and identified KI-ARv-03 as an AR-variant complex binder that reduces AR-driven transcription and proliferation in prostate cancer cells. We deduced KI-ARv-03 to be a potent, selective inhibitor of CDK9, an important cofactor for AR, MYC, and other oncogenic transcription factors. Further optimization resulted in KB-0742, an orally bioavailable, selective CDK9 inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity in CRPC models. In 22Rv1 cells, KB-0742 rapidly downregulates nascent transcription, preferentially depleting short half-life transcripts and AR-driven oncogenic programs. In vivo, oral administration of KB-0742 significantly reduced tumor growth in CRPC, supporting CDK9 inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy to target AR dependence in CRPC.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de Receptores Androgénicos/farmacología , Quinasa 9 Dependiente de la Ciclina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Receptores Androgénicos/genética , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Antagonistas de Receptores Androgénicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Quinasa 9 Dependiente de la Ciclina/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/genética , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Agammaglobulinemia/historia , Enfermedades Genéticas Ligadas al Cromosoma X/historia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/historia , Agammaglobulinemia Tirosina Quinasa , Agammaglobulinemia/enzimología , Linfocitos B/enzimología , Linaje de la Célula , Cromosomas Humanos X/genética , Enfermedades Genéticas Ligadas al Cromosoma X/enzimología , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Masculino , Células Mieloides/enzimología , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/deficiencia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
A class of 2-acyliminobenzimidazoles has been developed as potent and selective inhibitors of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Structure based design facilitated the rapid development of structure-activity relationships (SAR) and the optimization of kinase selectivity. Introduction of an optimally placed polar substituent was key to solving issues of metabolic stability and led to the development of potent, selective, orally bioavailable ALK inhibitors. Compound 49 achieved substantial tumor regression in an NPM-ALK driven murine tumor xenograft model when dosed qd. Compounds 36 and 49 show favorable potency and PK characteristics in preclinical species indicative of suitability for further development.