A Review of the Categorizations of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Bacterial Keratitis Ulcers and Day-1 Treatment Regimen When Using the Topical Fluoroquinolones 0.3% Ciprofloxacin and 0.3% Ofloxacin.

Background: There are published suggestions that bacterial keratitis (BK) can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe and that the day-1 antibiotic drop regimen may differ for each category using the topical second-generation fluoroquinolones 0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.3% ofloxacin (2FQ). The classification criteria are not consistently defined and the suggested regimens are often unreferenced and so here, the evidence base for applying such regimens in clinical practice is examined. Objective: To examine the evidence base regarding the categorization criteria used for BK and determine whether any evidence exists to support suggestions that different day-1 treatment regimen using the 2FQ may be applied based on any assigned categorization. Methods: The literature on BK treatment was reviewed, as were the clinical studies involving the commercially available 2FQ. All statements pertaining to classification and treatment paradigms involving BK were then collated and reviewed, as were the methodologies employed in the 2FQ clinical studies. Results: There have been no clinical trials using the 2FQ, or indeed any other topical antibiotics, which have used different day-1 drop regimen depending on the size, depth, and location of the ulcer or for ulcers classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Thus, there is no evidence to support the suggestion that a lower number of drops on day 1 is as effective as a higher number on categorized BK ulcers. Conclusions: No standardized method of categorizing BK was found, and there is no evidence to support the contention that mild, moderate, or smaller BK ulcers should be treated any differently to larger or severe ulcers on day 1. The manufacturers of 2FQ do not supply different treatment regimens for different ulcer sizes and severity categories. When using the 2FQ, all BK ulcers should be treated equally in line with the manufacturers' recommended day-1 treatment regimen.

Xanthine oxidase enzyme activity in keratoconic corneal epithelium.

PURPOSE: To assess the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme in keratoconic corneal epithelium and to evaluate its relationship with the keratoconus (KC) severity. METHODS: This prospective and randomized study included 66 eyes of 54 KC patients who received corneal collagen cross-linking treatment and 43 eyes of 32 patients who underwent photorefractive keratectomy due to their refractive error. During surgical procedures, the corneal epithelium was mechanically scraped and gathered to analyze the XO enzyme activity spectrophotometrically. The KC group was subdivided into three groups (stages 1, 2, and 3) according to the Amsler-Krumeich classification. The results were compared between the KC and the control group and in between KC subgroups. RESULTS: No significant differences in age and gender were found between the KC and control groups (p = 0.064 and p = 0.296, respectively). The mean XO activity levels of the KC and control groups were 173.57 ± 87.61 and 223.70 ± 99.52 mIU/mg, respectively (p < 0.001). In KC group, 33 eyes were at stage 1, 19 were at stage 2, and 14 were at stage 3. No significant difference was observed between KC subgroups regarding XO activity levels (p = 0.681). CONCLUSION: In this study, our findings revealed that ultraviolet-related pro-oxidant XO enzyme may have a role in the etiopathogenesis of KC. Further studies are needed to support our result. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: When we started this study in 2018, we did not have a "Clinical Trials Registration." However, we have ethics committee approval (date: 21. 02. 2018/No: 22).

Recovery dynamics of multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry from tropicamide dilation.

PURPOSE: To study the pupillary system by combining mydriasis and multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP). In particular, we explored how the dynamics of recovery differ for concurrently measured direct and consensual sensitivity, response delay, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for binocular mydriasis. METHODS: We recruited 26 normal participants, all with brown irides. The dichoptic mfPOP stimuli concurrently assessed 44-region/eye and both pupils. Two pre-dilation tests were followed by pairs of repeated tests at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h following dilation of both pupils with 1% tropicamide. Three subjects were retested with only the right pupil dilated. Linear models determined the independent effects of mydriasis upon the per-region and pupil measures over time. RESULTS: Post-dilation, the per-region delays initially decreased by 16.3 ± 6.02 ms (mean ± SE) (p < 0.0001, cf. baseline of 471.1 ± 4.36 ms), then increased to slower than baseline by 17.42 ± 5.57 ms after 4 h (p < 0.002), recovering to baseline at 8 h. By comparison, per-region sensitivities (constriction amplitudes) were still reduced by - 6.20 ± 0.70 µm at 8 h (p < 0.0001, cf. baseline of 21.1 ± 0.55 µm), recovered at 24 h, but rebounded at 48 h (p = 0.005). The SNRs for sensitivities and delays both recovered by 8-12 h. Across all the data, sensitivities reduced by 2.67 ± 0.25 µm/decade of age, and delay increased by 15.4 ± 1.98 ms/decade (both p < 0.00001). Data from 3 of the 26 subjects who repeated the testing for monocular dilation found that consensual response sensitivities were larger than direct for 8 h (p < 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The per-region sensitivities were affected for longer than SNRs or delays. Strong early SNRs indicated proportionately lower pupil noise for larger pupil diameters. Following mydriasis with tropicamide 1%, the constriction amplitude measurements with mfPOP should be considered only after 48 h, but time-to-peak can be measured after 8-12 h.

Relationship between tear eotaxin-2 and MMP-9 with ocular allergy and corneal topography in keratoconus patients.

PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship between the seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), eotaxin-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and the topographical findings in the keratoconus patients. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes of patients without SAC (Group 1), 34 eyes of patients with SAC (Group 2), and 20 eyes of control subjects (control group) were enrolled. Tear samples of the subjects were collected by Schirmer method. Corneal topography parameters, tear MMP-9, and tear eotaxin-2 levels were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean tear MMP-9 levels in Groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.004). MMP-9 level exhibited a positive correlation with the keratoconus stage and a negative correlation with the thinnest corneal thickness (r = 0.294, p = 0.018, and r = - 0.302, p = 0.006, respectively). The tear eotaxin-2 level was higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 and control group which is not statistically significant (p = 0.17). CONCLUSION: The tear eotaxin-2 did not exhibit any difference in the presence of keratoconus. The tear MMP-9 level was higher in the keratoconic eyes, and it showed a correlation with the stage of the disease and the corneal thickness.

Sterile keratitis after uneventful corneal collagen cross-linking in a patient with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

PURPOSE: To report on a keratoconus (KC) patient with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) who developed sterile keratitis after accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL). METHODS: An 18-year-old patient with ARS and KC who had previously undergone intrastromal ring segment implantation underwent accelerated CXL (9 mW/cm2 UVA intensity for 10 min). RESULTS: After uneventful surgery, the patient presented with severe photophobia, redness of the eye, and decreased vision 72 h following the procedure. Slit-lamp examination showed anterior multiple superficial stromal infiltrates in the central cornea with an overlying epithelium defect. Due to the lack of pain and absence of any pathogen from corneal samples, a diagnosis of sterile keratitis was considered. A combination of topical antibiotic and corticosteroid regimen was administered. Three months after CXL slit-lamp examination showed a mild stromal scar overlying the central cornea, which did not decrease visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism by which the sterile keratitis occurs following CXL remains unclear. For our case, the reason of post-CXL sterile keratitis could be considered as an immune response due to the staphylococcal antigens. Furthermore, the possible developmental disturbance of corneal stroma in ARS might have contributed to the development of post-CXL sterile keratitis.

Assessment of the visual pathways in patients with neurofibromatosis-1 by 3S-space technique with 3-Tesla MRI

Background/aim/AIM: We aimed to evaluate the size/tortuosity of the optic nerve (ON) and the dilatation of the ON sheath (ONS) in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) patients with 3T-MRI, and to assess the usefulness of 3D-SPACE in imaging the optic pathway, ON, and ONS in NF-1 patients. Materials and methods: Twenty consecutive NF-1 patients without optic pathway glioma (OPG) (Group 1), 16 consecutive NF-1 patients with OPG (Group 2), and 19 controls were included in this study. The thickness and tortuosity of the ON and the diameter of the ONS were measured on STIR and 3D-SPACE images. Results: The thickness of the ON was similar in all groups on STIR images (P>0.05). The mean ONS diameter was higher in Group 2 with this sequence (P=0.009). Controls had significantly lower grades of ON tortuosity than Groups 1 and 2 (P=0.001), and Group 1 had significantly lower ON tortuosity compared to Group 2 (P=0.001). Severe tortuosity was only detected in Group 2. Conclusion: ON tortuosity and ONS diameter were increased in NF-1 patients in the presence of OPG. High-resolution cranium imaging with the 3D-SPACE technique using 3T-MRI seems to be helpful for detection of the optic pathway morphology and pathologies in NF-1 patients.

Shifting of the Line of Sight in Tilted Disk Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the shifting of the line of sight (LoS) and the refractive, topographic, and aberrometric parameters that may be associated with the shifting of the LoS in eyes with tilted disk syndrome (TDS). METHODS: Eighty left eyes of 80 subjects with TDS (Study Group) and 70 left eyes of 70 subjects with myopia and astigmatism (Control Group) were included in this study. Line-of-sight coordinates on the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axes, refractive, topographic, and aberrometric parameters were evaluated. All parameters were compared between groups, and correlations were analyzed for the study group. RESULTS: In the study group, the LoS significantly shifted to the superotemporal direction compared with the control group (P=0.022 and P=0.008 respectively). The shift on y-axis was correlated with mean cylindrical refractive error (r=-0.283, P=0.011), total root mean square (RMS) (r=0.321, P=0.004), higher-order aberration RMS (r=0.300, P=0.007), vertical coma (r=0.430, P<0.001), and vertical trefoil values (r=-0.455, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated a superotemporal shifting of the LoS in eyes with TDS. As eyes with TDS have an important place among candidates for refractive and multifocal intraocular lens implantation surgeries, this shift must be accounted for to prevent decentralization and provide satisfactory outcomes.

Chiari 1 malformation with optic disc drusen.

A 32 year old female patient with CM 1 diagnosis was referred for the management of papilledema. Ophthalmologic examination revealed normal visual acuity (20/20 in both eyes), normal optic nerve function tests and normal slit-lamp biomicroscopic findings. Fundoscopy revealed bilateral irregular optic nerve heads with blurred margins. B scan ultrasonography (USG) and Spectral domain optical coherence tomography were performed and bilateral optic nerve heads were diagnosed as ODD. We concluded that the pseudopapilledema must be taken into account before making papilledema diagnosis in patients with CM 1 to protect the patients from redundant interventional procedures.

Outcomes of corneal collagen crosslinking using a customized epithelial debridement technique in keratoconic eyes with thin corneas.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the outcomes and possible complications of CXL performed with customized epithelial debridement technique to keratoconic corneas with the thinnest pachymetry values less than 400 µm. Nineteen eyes of 19 patients were included. The uncorrected (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), flattest and steepest keratometric (K) readings, central corneal thickness at the thinnest point (t-CCT), endothelial cell density (ECD) were assessed before and 12 months after CXL. The mean UCVA was increased (p = 0.001), while the mean BCVA did not show any difference (p > 0.05). The mean flattest and steepest K readings were decreased (p = 0.001). No change was observed in the mean t-CCT (p > 0.05). The mean ECD was decreased (p = 0.001). The mean pre-CXL and post-CXL percentages of polymegathism and pleomorphism did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05). CXL performed with customized epithelial debridement technique is successful in halting the progression of keratoconus in corneas thinner than 400 µm after 12 months of treatment. However, significant endothelial cell loss can occur after this procedure.

Biomechanical evaluation of cornea in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the corneal biomechanical parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to compare them with the healthy subjects. METHODS: Sixty patients with AS (study group) and 60 healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled in this prospective study. The study group was further classified as active (n:30) and inactive (n:30). After detailed ophthalmological examination including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer (IOPGAT), corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc), and Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) were measured with the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured with the Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). RESULTS: The study group's mean CH, CCT, IOPg, and IOPGAT values were lower than the control group (p < 0.05 for all variables). The mean CH, CRF, CCT, IOPg, and IOPGAT values were higher in active patients when compared to the inactive ones (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.013, p = 0.021, and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: AS patients have lower CCT, CH, IOPg, and IOPGAT when compared with healthy subjects. In the active stage of AS, patients present with higher levels of corneal biomechanical parameters with thicker corneas. IOPcc is a more accurate measurement than IOPGAT or IOPg in AS patients.

Can Corneal Biomechanical Properties Give Clues About Elasticity of Optic Nerve Scleral Component in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate corneal biomechanical properties among individuals with unilateral nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) compared to healthy gender- and age-matched subjects. METHODS: The study subjects were separated into 2 groups: 66 eyes of 33 patients with unilateral NAION (study group) and 33 eyes of 33 healthy individuals (control group). Reichert ocular response analyzer (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments) was used to assess corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), and Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure values. Also, central corneal thickness was measured using Scheimpflug camera combined with a Placido disc corneal topographer (Sirius; Costruzioni Strumenti Oftalmici). RESULTS: Mean CH and median CRF values were significantly lower in the affected eyes (8.8 ± 1.8 mm Hg, 9.4 mm Hg, respectively) and contralateral unaffected eyes (9.1 ± 1.6 mm Hg, 9.8 mm Hg, respectively) of NAION patients than those in the control group (9.9 ± 1.3 mm Hg, 10.4 mm Hg, respectively; all P < 0.017). Mean IOPcc was significantly higher in the affected eyes of NAION patients (19.2 ± 3.5 mm Hg) than in the eyes of control group (17.1 ± 3.6 mm Hg; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: CH and CRF are significantly reduced in patients with NAION, possibly indirectly reflecting structural weakness in the lamina cribrosa.

Corneal Biomechanical Properties in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the variations in biomechanical properties of the cornea in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS: A total of 53 RA patients, and 25 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled. Rheumatoid arthritis patients were classified as in active phase (group 1; n=24) or in remission phase (group 2; n=29). Corneal biomechanical parameters including corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), corneal compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), and Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) were measured with the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer. Topographical measurements, including central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth, iridocorneal angle, and corneal volume were measured using a Sirius corneal topographer. RESULTS: The mean CH was 9.43±1.17 mm Hg in group 1, 9.42±1.84 mm Hg in group 2, and 10.47±1.68 mm Hg in the control group (P=0.03). The mean IOPcc was 17.85±3.2 mm Hg in group 1, 17.95±3.49 mm Hg in group 2, and 15.36±3.11 mm Hg in the control group (P=0.008). The CH showed a significant positive correlation with CRF (P=0.000, r=0.809) and CCT (P=0.000, r=0.461), and a significant negative correlation with IOPcc (P=0.000, r=-0.469). CONCLUSIONS: Decrease in the mean CH measurements indicates that ultrastructural changes in the cornea may occur in the active phase, and these changes persist in the remission period. In addition, IOPcc is significantly affected by the corneal biomechanical properties. In RA patients, it is important to control the corneal parameters and IOP measurements against the irreversible changes on the optic nerve.

Efficacy of intralesional bevacizumab administration in primary pterygium: a quantitative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the regression of the pterygium tissue quantitatively after intralesional bevacizumab administration in patients with primary pterygium. METHODS: Thirty-three eyes of 33 patients with primary pterygium who underwent intralesional bevacizumab (1.25 mg per 0.05 mL) administration were included in this prospective study. The ocular irritation, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp and funduscopic examinations, corneal astigmatism, the horizontal length, and the thickness of the pterygium were assessed before and after 2 months of treatment. To evaluate the corneal astigmatism and the thickness of the pterygium, the Pentacam comprehensive eye scanner (Pentacam CES; Oculus GmbH) was used. RESULTS: After 2 months of bevacizumab administration, the average BCVA was improved (P=0.003). The average ocular irritation score, horizontal length, and the thickness of the pterygium were statistically significantly decreased (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: After 2 months of intralesional bevacizumab administration, the average amount of decrease in the horizontal length and thickness of the pterygium was 0.6 mm and 37 µm, respectively. Intralesional bevacizumab administration is useful in the management of primary pterygium without having any local or systemic adverse effects; however, repeated administrations are needed to provide clinically more significant results.

Tomographic, Biomechanical, and In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Changes in Cornea in Chronic Gout Disease.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the tomographic, biomechanical, and in vivo confocal microscopic (IVCM) effects of chronic gout disease on human cornea. METHODS: This prospective study included 60 eyes of 30 participants with chronic gout disease and 60 eyes of 30 healthy controls. Corneal thickness, keratometry (K) readings, and corneal aberrations were measured with Sirius 3 D corneal tomography system (Sirius, CSO, Italy). Corneal biomechanical properties (corneal hysteresis [CH], corneal resistance factor [CRF], and intraocular pressure [IOP] parameters) were assessed with an ocular response analyzer (ORA, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments). The number and morphology of corneal endothelial cells and the number of basal epithelial cells were evaluated with IVCM (Confoscan 4.0). Tear breakup time (TBUT) was also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean diagnosis time of the patients with gout was 91.2 ± 69.6 months (12-300 month). Among corneal tomography measurements, K readings were similar between the two groups, while total and higher-order aberrations(coma, trefoil,s pherical, and quadrafoil) were significantly higher in the gout group. In the evaluation of biomechanical measurements, the CH value was significantly lower and the corneal-compensated IOP value was significantly higher in the gout group (p = 0.02, p = 0.01, respectively). The two groups did not significantly differ regarding the CRF or Goldmann IOP (p = 0.61, p = 0.15, respectively). Among the IVCM parameters, the number of corneal basal epithelial cells and the percentage of corneal endothelial hexagonality were significantly lower in the gout group, but no significant difference was detected in terms of the number of endothelial cells or polymegathism (p = 0.02, p < 0.001, p = 0.18, p = 0.59, respectively). While TBUT was significantly lower in the gout group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that chronic gout disease increases the corneal aberrations and decreases the basal epithelial cell count, hexagonality ratio of endothelial cell and corneal biomechanics.

Efficacy and Safety of the Modified Cretan Protocol in Patients with Post-LASIK Ectasia

Objectives: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of the modified Cretan protocol in patients with post-laser in situ keratomileusis ectasia (PLE). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 26 eyes of 16 patients with PLE were treated with the modified Cretan protocol (combined transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy and accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking). Visual, refractive, tomographic, and aberrometric outcomes and point spread function (PSF) were recorded preoperatively and at 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment. Results: Both uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity were stable at 24 months postoperatively compared to baseline (from 0.89±0.36 to 0.79±0.33 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [LogMAR] and 0.31±0.25 to 0.24±0.19 LogMAR, respectively, p>0.05 for all values). The mean K1, K2, Kmean, thinnest corneal thickness, and spherical aberration at baseline were 45.76±5.75 diopters (D), 48.62±6.17 D, 47.13±5.89 D, 433.16±56.86 µm, and -0.21±0.63 µm respectively. These values were reduced to 42.86±6.34 D, 45.92±6.74 D, 44.21±6.4 D, 391.07±54.76 µm, and -0.51±0.58 µm at 24 months postoperatively (p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001, p=0.001, and p=0.02, respectively). The mean spherical equivalent, manifest cylinder, Kmax, central corneal thickness, other corneal aberrations (root mean square, trefoil, coma, quatrefoil, astigmatism), and PSF remained stable (p>0.05 for all variables), while anterior and posterior elevation were significantly improved at 24 months postoperatively (p<0.001 and p=0.02, respectively). No surgical complications occurred during the 24-month follow-up. Conclusion: The modified Cretan protocol is a safe and effective treatment option for PLE patients that provides visual stabilization and significant improvement in topographic parameters during the 24-month follow-up. Further studies are needed to support our results.

Diagnostic Power and Reproducibility of Objective Perimetry in Glaucoma.

PRCIS: An objective perimetry method provides four 30-2 style reports in 8 minutes. These comprise sensitivity and delay reports for both eyes. A combined report format shows comparable diagnostic power to two forms of automated perimetry. PURPOSE: To compare objective perimetry with two forms of standard automated perimetry (SAP) in glaucoma. METHODS: The study cohort contained 40 persons with glaucoma (PwG) and 94 normal control subjects. The PwG had both perimetric and pre-perimetric eyes. Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry was performed with the objectiveField Analyser® (OFA®), which independently assesses the visual fields of both eyes concurrently. Its OFA30 test assessed the central ±30°, and the OFA15 test assessed the central ±15°, both providing 30-2 style reports. The OFA tests were repeated two weeks apart to assess test-retest variability (TRV). OFA was compared with Matrix and HFA-SITA fast 24-2 threshold testing. Diagnostic power was quantified as area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC). Test durations, Mean Defects and Pattern Standard Deviations of the 4 tests were compared. RESULTS: At a median of 4.09±0.02 minutes/eye the OFA tests were quicker than SAP (all P≤0.0001), 2 minutes/eye if OFA per-region sensitivities and delays are considered separately. The %AUROCs for OFA, Matrix and HFA were not significantly different, averaging 93±3% (mean±SD) in perimetric eyes, and 73±6% in pre-perimetric eyes. For moderate to severe fields OFA TRV was less than published results for SAP. OFA30 mean defects were significantly correlated between repeats (r=0.91), and with OFA15 (r=0.93, both P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: OFA provides extra functional measures in the form of per-region delays, and between-eye asymmetries. Both the OFA wide-field and macular tests provided comparable diagnostic power to SAP and better TRV in damaged eyes.

Comparison of Hybrid Contact Lenses and Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses in Moderate and Advanced Keratoconus.

Objectives: We aimed to compare the clinical results and topographic data of the new generation hybrid contact lens (HCL) and rigid gas-permeable contact lens (RGPCL) in patients with moderate and advanced keratoconus. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, HCL users comprised group 1 and RGPCL users comprised group 2. Snellen uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and lens-corrected visual acuity (LCVA); manifest spherical-cylindrical values; corneal topography measurements (flat keratometry [K1], vertical keratometry [K2], mean K, maximum K [Kmax], central corneal thickness [CCT], and thinnest corneal thickness [TCT]); and cone location were recorded. Results: The study included 83 eyes of 51 patients in group 1 and 61 eyes of 40 patients in group 2. The groups were similar in age and gender (p>0.05). Mean LCVA (logMAR) was significantly lower than BCVA in both groups (p<0.001). The mean visual gain with contact lenses (Snellen chart) was 3.4±1.8 lines in group 1 and 4.0±2.1 lines in group 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups in BCVA, LCVA, or lines gained (p>0.05). There was also no significant difference between the two groups in terms of keratoconus stages, mean Kmax, CCT, TCT, or cone location (p>0.05), while mean UCVA (logMAR) and mean K were higher in group 2 (p<0.05). In both groups, the visual gain with lenses was higher in eyes with central cones, and there was significantly greater visual increase in group 2 (p=0.039). Conclusion: In moderate and advanced keratoconus, HCLs improved vision as much as RGPCLs and both lenses were more effective for central cones. Nevertheless, longer term of follow-up and larger numbers of patients are needed for long term follow-up results of HCL.

Incidence and Pattern of Neuro-Ophthalmological Disorders Presenting to Vitreoretinal Clinics in Bhutan: A 3-Year National Study.

Purpose: To inform national health policy, we quantified the pattern of neuro-ophthalmological disorders (NODs) presenting to the national vitreoretinal clinics in Bhutan. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: We reviewed all new NODs patients over three years. Demographic data, presenting complaints, treatment history, systemic diseases, diagnostic procedures, and diagnoses were quantified. Logistic regression examined the odds of factors linked to more common NODs. Results: Of 226 patients, the majority were males (54.0%), farmers (60.2%), and urbanites (55.8%). Loss of vision was the most common presenting complaint (57.9%), followed by head or orbital trauma (19.5%). The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 216 eyes (47.8%) was ≤6/60. Hypertension was the most common systemic disease (16.4%), followed by diabetes (3.5%), and intracranial space-occupying lesions (3.5%). Neuroimaging (37.6%) was the most common diagnostic test performed, followed by visual field testings (VFTs) (22.9%). With a NOD incidence of 7.8% p.a. (226/2913), optic atrophy (OA) was diagnosed in 134 patients (59.3%). Other common NODs were optic neuritis (15.5%), papilloedema (9.3%), and traumatic optic neuropathy (8.4%). Female gender increased the odds for glaucomatous OA by 2.65× (p = 0.044), and age by 1.09× per year (p < 0.001). Being female increased the odds of optic neuritis by 2.57× (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Over half of the NODs were OA, which could be curable with timely treatment. Improved treatment of glaucoma and non-communicable diseases would reduce the risk of NODs-induced visual loss in Bhutan. The need for improved neuro-ophthalmological assessment and a coordinated multidisciplinary approach to NODs are the highest priorities.

Differentiation of optic disc edema from optic nerve head drusen with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy of quantitative analysis of the optic nerve head and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) with the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in differentiating optic disc edema (ODE) from optic nerve head drusen (ONHD). METHODS: Prospective clinical study. Twenty-five eyes of 25 ODE patients (group 1), 25 eyes of 25 ONHD patients (group 2), and 25 eyes of 25 healthy subjects were included. The thickness of the peripapillary RNFL, the thickness of the subretinal hyporeflective space (SHYPS), the area of the SHYPS, the horizontal length of the optic nerve head, and the angle between the temporal RNFL and the optic nerve head (α-angle) were evaluated with SD-OCT. RESULTS: The mean RNFL thickness was significantly greater in group 1 when compared with group 2 and control group (P < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve areas for temporal and nasal RNFL thicknesses in differentiating group 1 and group 2 were 0.819 and 0.851, respectively (for temporal RNFL thickness >101.5 µm: sensitivity 92%, specificity 65%; for nasal RNFL thickness >74.5 µm: sensitivity 92%, specificity 47%). The mean SHYPS thickness, SHYPS area, and degree of the α-angle were greater in group 1 when compared with group 2 (P < 0.05). For the SHYPS thickness >464 µm: 85% sensitivity and 60% specificity; for the SHYPS area >811 µm: 85% sensitivity and 89% specificity; and for the α-angle >141°: 77% sensitivity and 95% specificity were obtained. CONCLUSION: The quantitative analysis of the optic nerve head and peripapillary RNFL with SD-OCT can provide useful data in differentiating ODE from ONHD.

Late corneal perforation with topical diclofenac sodium use after radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To report a case of spontaneous corneal perforation after radiotherapy connected with long-term use of topical 0.1% diclofenac sodium. METHODS: A 31-year-old man presented with corneal melting and spontaneous corneal perforation. From his medical history, it was learned that he underwent radiotherapy for his nasopharyngeal carcinoma 25 months ago. He has been on artificial tears and topical 0.1% diclofenac sodium for 1 month for his dry eye. Diclofenac sodium was discontinued, and the corneal perforation site was sutured along with a bandage contact lens application. RESULTS: Melting area disappeared, and stromal opacity was detected at the site of corneal perforation. CONCLUSION: Use of long-term diclofenac sodium for dry eye after radiotherapy was possibly responsible for the spontaneous corneal perforation in our patient. It should always be borne in mind that topical diclofenac sodium should be used with caution in patients with compromised ocular surface.