The necessity of follow-up for radiation skin injuries in patients after percutaneous coronary interventions: radiation skin injuries will often be overlooked clinically.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) offers great benefit that could improve a patient's quality of life. However, numerous case reports of patient radiation injury resulting from PCI are being published, these reports likely represent a small fraction of the actual cases. PURPOSE: To demonstrate the appropriate duration of patient follow-up after PCI to identify radiation effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 400 consecutive PCIs. The radiation dose (dose-area product, cumulative dose, maximum skin dose), number of cine runs, and fluoroscopic time were recorded for all patients. The skin on the patients' backs was reviewed periodically after PCI. RESULTS: Radiation skin effects occurred in six patients from PCI of the right coronary artery in chronic total occlusion (CTO) patients (mild erythema; occurrence rate 1.5%). Skin injury in two patients appeared in cycles. In most cases, erythema was vividly seen at 4 weeks after PCI. CONCLUSION: Careful observation for skin injury is needed. At a few days following PCI, early erythema can be detected through careful observation by well-trained staff. At 7-10 days after PCI, most erythematous pigmentation can be detected. At 4 weeks after PCI, most skin erythema appears clearly, however, some cases of skin erythema occur without back pain. After that, follow-up every 6 months is needed to detect the reappearance of erythema.

Non-Lead Protective Aprons for the Protection of Interventional Radiology Physicians from Radiation Exposure in Clinical Settings: An Initial Study.

Radiation protection/evaluation during interventional radiology (IVR) poses a very important problem. Although IVR physicians should wear protective aprons, the IVR physician may not tolerate wearing one for long procedures because protective aprons are generally heavy. In fact, orthopedic problems are increasingly reported in IVR physicians due to the strain of wearing heavy protective aprons during IVR. In recent years, non-Pb protective aprons (lighter weight, composite materials) have been developed. Although non-Pb protective aprons are more expensive than Pb protective aprons, the former aprons weigh less. However, whether the protective performance of non-Pb aprons is sufficient in the IVR clinical setting is unclear. This study compared the ability of non-Pb and Pb protective aprons (0.25- and 0.35-mm Pb-equivalents) to protect physicians from scatter radiation in a clinical setting (IVR, cardiac catheterizations, including percutaneous coronary intervention) using an electric personal dosimeter (EPD). For radiation measurements, physicians wore EPDs: One inside a personal protective apron at the chest, and one outside a personal protective apron at the chest. Physician comfort levels in each apron during procedures were also evaluated. As a result, performance (both the shielding effect (98.5%) and comfort (good)) of the non-Pb 0.35-mm-Pb-equivalent protective apron was good in the clinical setting. The radiation-shielding effects of the non-Pb 0.35-mm and Pb 0.35-mm-Pb-equivalent protective aprons were very similar. Therefore, non-Pb 0.35-mm Pb-equivalent protective aprons may be more suitable for providing radiation protection for IVR physicians because the shielding effect and comfort are both good in the clinical IVR setting. As non-Pb protective aprons are nontoxic and weigh less than Pb protective aprons, non-Pb protective aprons will be the preferred type for radiation protection of IVR staff, especially physicians.

Cardiac function response to stenting in atherosclerotic renal artery disease with and without heart failure: results from the Carmel study.

AIMS: Consensus-derived guidelines recommend renal stenting for patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease (ARAD) and heart failure (HF). The aim of this prospective multi-centre observational study was to verify our hypothesis that changes in E/e', an echocardiographic correlate of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure, following renal stenting may differ between ARAD patients with and without HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study enrolled de novo ARAD patients undergoing renal stenting at 14 institutions. The primary endpoint was the difference in E/e' change between ARAD patients with and without HF. Clinical and echocardiographic data were prospectively collected at baseline, the day following renal stenting, and 1 month and 6 months afterwards. ARAD patients with HF were defined as patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class 2 and more, or a history of HF hospitalization. A total of 76 patients were included, and 39% were ARAD patients with HF. ARAD patients with HF had significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.028) and higher NYHA functional class (P < 0.001) and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) score (P = 0.001) than ARAD patients without HF. Also, ARAD patients with HF had significantly lower LV ejection fraction (P = 0.003) and e'-velocity (P = 0.003) and higher E/e' ratio (P = 0.001), left atrial volume index (LAVI) (P = 0.046), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (P = 0.001), LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) (P = 0.001), and LV mass index (P = 0.009) than ARAD patients without HF. All procedures were successful. In contrast to blood pressure and renal function, there was a significant interaction in E/e' (Pinteraction  < 0.001) between time and HF, and ARAD patients with HF showed a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in E/e' albeit those without HF. By the same token, there was a significant interaction in NYHA class (Pinteraction  < 0.001), MLHFQ score (Pinteraction  = 0.018), E-velocity (Pinteraction  = 0.002), LAVI (Pinteraction  = 0.001), LVEDV (Pinteraction  = 0.003), and LVESV (Pinteraction  = 0.001) between time and HF with a significant improvement in all these variables in ARAD patients with HF (NYHA class, P = 0.001; MLHFQ score, P = 0.002; E-velocity, P = 0.005; LAVI, P = 0.001; LVEDV, P = 0.017; and LVESV, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Change in LV filling pressure after renal stenting differed between ARAD patients with and without HF, with a significant improvement in LV filling pressure in patients with HF-ARAD. These unique findings might support clinical cardiac benefits of renal stenting in ARAD patients with HF.

CVIT expert consensus document on primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 2018.

While primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has significantly contributed to improve the mortality in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction even in cardiogenic shock, primary PCI is a standard of care in most of Japanese institutions. Whereas there are high numbers of available facilities providing primary PCI in Japan, there are no clear guidelines focusing on procedural aspect of the standardized care. Whilst updated guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction were recently published by European Society of Cardiology, the following major changes are indicated; (1) radial access and drug-eluting stent over bare metal stent were recommended as Class I indication, and (2) complete revascularization before hospital discharge (either immediate or staged) is now considered as Class IIa recommendation. Although the primary PCI is consistently recommended in recent and previous guidelines, the device lag from Europe, the frequent usage of coronary imaging modalities in Japan, and the difference in available medical therapy or mechanical support may prevent direct application of European guidelines to Japanese population. The Task Force on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics (CVIT) has now proposed the expert consensus document for the management of acute myocardial infarction focusing on procedural aspect of primary PCI.

Direct Dose Measurement On Patient During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Procedures Using Radiophotoluminescence Glass Dosimeters.

The purpose of this research was to measure accurate patient entrance skin dose and maximum skin absorbed dose (MSD) to prevent radiation skin injuries in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). We directly measured the MSD on 50 PCIs by using multiple radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters and a modified dosimetry gown. Also, we analysed the correlation between the MSD and indirect measurement parameters, such as fluoroscopic time (FT), dose-area product (DAP) and cumulative air kerma (C-AK). There were very strong correlations between MSD and FT, DAP and C-AK, with the correlation between MSD and C-AK being the strongest (r = 0.938). In conclusion, the regression lines using MSD as an outcome value (y) and C-AK as predictor variables (x) were y = 1.12x (R2 = 0.880). From the linear regression equation, MSD is estimated to be ~1.12 times that of C-AK in real time.

Efficient distal tip size of primary guidewire for antegrade percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusion: The G-FORCE study.

BACKGROUND: Although several new techniques have been introduced for CTO such as the retrograde approach, the fundamental question of what type of guidewire is the most appropriate as a primary guidewire in the antegrade approach has not been answered. METHODS: The G-FORCE study was designed as a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial to determine the efficient primary guidewire in antegrade approach for chronic total occlusion (CTO). The first guidewire was randomly assigned to a regular size distal tip group (0.014in. size) or tapered tip group (0.010in. or less). The primary endpoint was defined as successful lesion penetration by the first guidewire into distal true lumen. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT00987610. RESULTS: A total of 260 patients were enrolled, with an average age of 66±11years and 16% were female. The average J-CTO score was 1.8±1.1. The primary endpoint was achieved in 38% and 32% of patients using tapered and regular distal tip guidewires, respectively (P=0.80). The final PCI success rate was 81% vs. 85%, respectively (P=0.57). Easy CTO lesions with a J-CTO score=0 exhibited a primary endpoint significantly different between tapered and regular distal tip primary guidewires (79% vs. 40%; P=0.046). Guidewire distal coating or distal tip load did not relate with primary guidewire success rate. CONCLUSION: Tapered and regular distal tip guidewires are equivalent as a first choice for CTO. Tapered guidewires are superior for CTO lesions with a J-CTO score=0.

Fundamental study on the characteristics of a radiophotoluminescence glass dosemeter with no energy compensation filter for measuring patient entrance doses in cardiac interventional procedures.

Cardiac interventional procedures have been increasing year by year. However, radiation skin injuries have been still reported. There is a necessity to measure the patient entrance skin dose (ESD), but an accurate dose measurement method has not been established. To measure the ESD, a lot of radiophotoluminescence dosemeters (RPLDs) provide an accurate measurement of the direct actual ESD at the points they are arrayed. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of RPLD to measure the ESD. As a result, X-ray permeable RPLD (with no tin filter) did not interfere with the percutaneous coronary intervention procedure. The RPLD also had good fundamental performance characteristics. Although the RPLD had a little energy dependence, it showed excellent dose and dose-rate linearity, and good angular dependence. In conclusion, by calibrating the energy dependence, RPLDs are useful dosemeter to measure the ESD in cardiac intervention.

Evaluating the maximum patient radiation dose in cardiac interventional procedures.

Many of the X-ray systems that are used for cardiac interventional radiology provide no way to evaluate the patient maximum skin dose (MSD). The authors report a new method for evaluating the MSD by using the cumulative patient entrance skin dose (ESD), which includes a back-scatter factor and the number of cineangiography frames during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Four hundred consecutive PCI patients (315 men and 85 women) were studied. The correlation between the cumulative ESD and number of cineangiography frames was investigated. The irradiation and overlapping fields were verified using dose-mapping software. A good correlation was found between the cumulative ESD and the number of cineangiography frames. The MSD could be estimated using the proportion of cineangiography frames used for the main angle of view relative to the total number of cineangiography frames and multiplying this by the cumulative ESD. The average MSD (3.0 ± 1.9 Gy) was lower than the average cumulative ESD (4.6 ± 2.6 Gy). This method is an easy way to estimate the MSD during PCI.