Robust synthesis of NIR-emissive P-rhodamine fluorophores.

P-Rhodamines were accessed by implementing a robust three step sequence consisting of (i) addition of m-metallated anilines to dichlorophosphine oxides, (ii) selective dibromination, and (iii) cyclization of the diaryllithium reagents derived from the dibromides to form the dihydroacridophosphine core of P-rhodamines. A modified route was developed to produce non-symmetric P-rhodamines. A library of prepared P-rhodamines provides first insight into dependence of fluorophore properties on the structure of P-rhodamines. A P-rhodamine with highest batochromic shifts and quantum yields in the class was identified.

Application of pyrrolo-protected amino aldehydes in the stereoselective synthesis of anti-1,2-amino alcohols.

Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of the 2,5-dimethylpyrrolo unit as a complementary N-protecting group in the highly diastereoselective synthesis of more than 20 different anti-amino alcohols (63-90% yields with up to 20 : 1 dr). Cleavage of the pyrrolo-N-protecting group was accomplished, e.g. in the presence of NH2OH under microwave conditions with yields exceeding 80%. The applicability of the protecting groups was further demonstrated by a short total synthesis of the sphinganine-like natural product clavaminol A. The introduction of the N-pyrrolo protecting group also offers the possibility to analyse product mixtures by NMR measurements due to the absence of conformational isomers, which are otherwise common for N-protecting groups.

Genetic characterization of indigenous goat breeds in Romania and Hungary with a special focus on genetic resistance to mastitis and gastrointestinal parasitism based on 40 SNPs.

Goat breeding has become an important sector in Eastern Europe, with Romania and Hungary being among the major producer countries. Given the limited number of research done up-to-date concerning genetic studies of indigenous goat breeds reared in Romania and Hungary, the current preliminary study aimed to analyze the variability of genes related to mastitis and gastrointestinal parasitism by using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP™). We studied 52 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to 19 genes in indigenous breeds from both countries, namely Banat's White (n = 36), Carpatina (n = 35) from Romania and Hungarian Milking (n = 79) and identified 16 polymorphic SNPs among 10 genes (PTX3, IL6, CLEC4E, IL8, IL1RN, IL15RA, TNFSF13, SOCS3, TNF and TLR3) in 150 animals. Furthermore, the diversity of the studied breeds was investigated. The PIC values ranged from 0.042 to 0.691. The mean values of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.235 and 0.246 respectively. The highest observed heterozygosity was obtained for IL15RA g.10343904C>T in Banat's White (0.464), IL15RA g.10354813C>T in Carpatina (0.577) and SOCS3 g.52626440T>G in Hungarian Milking (0.588). Pairwise FST values between the Romanian breeds and Romanian and Hungarian breeds were small (0.009 and 0.015), indicating the close relationship among the studied goat populations. From all the polymorphic SNPs identified, the Hungarian Milking breed showed the highest proportion of polymorphisms (100%), whereas the Carpatina breed had the lowest percentage (87.5%). The highest value of MAF was obtained for SOCS3 g.52626440T>G (0.46), IL15RA g.10343904C>T (0.47), IL15RA g.10344025C>T (0.45), and IL15RA g.10354813C>T (0.42). The 16 polymorphic SNPs identified in a panel of 150 unrelated individuals belonging to three Romanian and Hungarian indigenous goat breeds could be used in future genomic based breeding schemes as markers for genetic resistance to mastitis and gastrointestinal parasitism in goat breeds found in Eastern and Central Europe.

Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP™) genotyping of 48 polymorphisms at different caprine loci in French Alpine and Saanen goat breeds and their association with milk composition.

Using a novel and fast genotyping method called Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP™), we carried out a pilot study on 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to 40 genes in French Alpine (n = 24) and Saanen (n = 25) goats reared in Romania. Furthermore, the associations of the 13 polymorphic genetic variants with milk production and composition were investigated. Thirty-five SNPs did not show polymorphism in the studied populations. Polymorphic SNPs were detected in the following genes: CAST, CLEC4E, DES, GHRHR, HSP90AA1, IL15RA, IL1RN, IL8, MITF, PPRC1, SOCS3, TNF and TNFSF13. The studied Alpine population was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium at the g.62894878A>G locus (rs671391101) (P < 0.05). The results showed that four SNPs rs671391101 (GHRHR), rs640582069 (IL1RN) rs635583012 (SOCS3) and rs635969404 (IL15RA) out of the 13 polymorphic markers were significantly associated with milk production, protein, fat and lactose content in the Alpine breed. However, no significant effect was recorded in the Saanen population regarding milk yield or milk chemical composition. The current results provide new insights for the development of SNP marker-assisted selection technology in the goat industry and confirm the potential of using SNPs for the GHRHR, IL1RN, SOCS3, and IL15RA genes as candidate genes for selection, highlighting the direct implications of such genes for farm production outputs. The results from this study are relevant for future goat genomic studies and the inclusion of the associated traits into up-to-date selection schemes.

Preliminary report on ß-casein gene Met183QVal183 polymorphism in Romanian indigenous Zackel sheep breeds.

Genetic polymorphisms of the milk protein genes are important because of their effects on quantitative traits and technological properties of milk manufacturing. In the present study we identified the polymorphism of the beta-casein gene in two local sheep breeds (Racka n=98 and Turcana n=111) in Romania. The most studied variants at the ovine beta-casein (CSN2) locus are: A and G variants. Genomic DNA was extracted from hair follicles and beta-casein genotypes were determined by the rapid TaqMan (Applied Biosystems, USA) genotyping assay. Homozygote genotypes GG were not detected in any of the studied breeds. In both, the Racka and Turcana breeds, the A variant had a much higher frequency, 0.98% and 0.97%, respectively. In the current study, the fast DNA tests for genotyping ovine CSN2 were successfully optimized, however, further samples and correlations of genomic results with milk characteristics and production data are needed for the development of future selection schemes of the Romanian indigenous sheep breeds, with the ultimate purpose to produce low allergen level sheep milk and derived dairy products.

Genetic polymorphism of CSN2 gene in Banat White and Carpatina goats.

The main objective of the current study was to obtain preliminary results on genetic polymorhism of A and C variants at the CSN2 locus in indigenous Romanian goat (Banat White, Carpatina) breeds using a rapid and efficient genotyping method, TaqMan assay (Applied Biosystems, USA). Hair follicle samples were taken from 73 Banat White and 82 Carpatina purebred goats from Arad, Caras-Severin and Timis counties. After the optimization of the genotyping assay it was found that the most frequent allele at the CSN2 locus was C in Banat White breed, while CSN2*A and CSN2*C showed similar frequencies in Carpatina breed (0.51 and 0.49, respectively). All three genotypes were detected in the two studied breeds, however, AA was the least frequent, especially in Banat White. The studied polymorphisms are potential markers for milk production in the studied breeds and the results will be useful in future works aimed at identifying possible associations with milk production traits, in order to test the feasibility of producing hypoallergenic organic goat milk.

[Fatal traffic accidents and their association with the infant mortality rate and adolescence]. / Acidentes de trânsito fatais e sua associação com a taxa de mortalidade infantil e adolescência.

This ecological study evaluates the association between fatality rates in traffic accidents (FR-V) and the study variables: infant mortality rate (IMR), proportion of young drivers involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVA) with casualties, and the proportion of young residents from 1995 to 1998 in the Brazilian State capitals and the Federal District. There was an important association between the MVA fatality rate and IMR (r = 0.57; p = 0.002), that is, the less developed a society, the higher its traffic mortality rate. No significant association was found between the proportion of young drivers in MVA with casualties and the MVA fatality rate (r = -0.27; p = 0.184). Nevertheless, the strong association observed between the proportion of young residents and the MVA mortality rate (r = 0.59; p = 0.002) suggests a possible correlation between traffic mortality and adolescence.

Acidentes de trânsito fatais e sua associaçäo com a taxa de mortalidade infantil e adolescência / Fatal traffic accidents and their association with the infant mortality rate and adolescence

Foi realizado um estudo ecológico, buscando verificar a possível associaçäo entre o índice de mortos em acidentes de trânsito (IMíV) e as variáveis em estudo: a taxa de mortalidade infantil (TMI), a proporçäo de condutores jovens envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito com vítimas (PCJ-ATV) e a proporçäo de residentes jovens (PRJ), no período de 1995 a 1998, nas capitais das Unidades da Federaçäo e Distrito Federal. Os resultados revelam que existe importante associaçäo entre o IM-V e o indicador social taxa de mortalidade infantil (r = 0,57; p = 0,002), ou seja, quanto menos desenvolvida for uma sociedade, maior tende a ser sua mortalidade no trânsito. Quanto à PCJ-ATV näo foi encontrada associaçäo relevante entre este indicador e o IM-V (r = -0,27; p = 0,184). Entretanto, a forte associaçäo observada entre a PRJ e IM-V (r = 0,59; p = 0,002), indica que pode existir relaçäo entre a mortalidade no trânsito e adolescência

Trabalho precoce e riscos à saúde / Precocious work and risks to the health

O trabalho de crianças e adolescentes é um grave problema social que atinge toda a humanidade, e está estreitamente vinculado à condição econômica, não sendo, porém, restrito aos países pobres. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, culturais, legais e socioeconômicos do trabalho precoce, bem como estabelecer os principais riscos e suas eventuais conseqüências à saúde do menor trabalhador. Para tanto, levamos em consideração os tipos de trabalho mais provavelmente exercidos por menores no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul(AU)

Trabalho precoce e riscos O saúde / Early work and health risks

O trabalho de crianþas e adolescentes é um grave problema social que atinge toda a humanidade, e está estreitamente vinculado O condiþõo econ¶mica, nõo sendo, porém, restrito aos países pobres. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisõo bibliográfica sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, culturais, legais e socioecon¶micos do trabalho precoce, bem como estabelecer os principais riscos e suas eventuais conseq³Ûncias O saúde do menor trabalhador. Para tanto, levamos em consideraþõo os tipos de trabalho mais prevalentemente exercidos por menores no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (AU)

Asma pré-menstrual: realidade ou ficção? / Premenstrual asthma: reality or fiction?

A asma pré-menstrual foi descrita pela primeira vez no princípio do século passado e, desde então, muito se tem pesquisado a respeito desta patologia Esta se apresenta com os sinais clássicos de hiper-responsividade brônquica, aumento da secreção e constrição da musculatura, porém, chama a atenção sua relação com o período menstrual. Este trabalho propõe uma revisão atualizada da literatura, a fim de chamar a atenção do médico para sua ocorrência e ressaltar a importância de futuras investigações sobre o tema.

The premenstrual asthma was described for the firs time at the beginning of the last century and after that a lot have been worked about that. Fisipathology is the same of the classical asthma (bronquial hyperreactivity, increase production of secretion and muscular constriction), but with a special link with menstrual period. This paper is a review of the literature, with the purpose of make physicians think about it and stimulate research about it.

Trabalho precoce e riscos à saúde / Early work and health risks

O trabalho de crianças e adolescentes é um grave problema social que atinge toda a humanidade, e está estreitamente vinculado à condiçäo econômica, näo sendo, porém, restrito aos países pobres. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisäo bibliográfica sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, culturais, legais e socioeconômicos do trabalho precoce, bem como estabelecer os principais riscos e suas eventuais conseqüências à saúde do menor trabalhador. Para tanto, levamos em consideraçäo os tipos de trabalho mais prevalentemente exercidos por menores no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul