Periprosthetic fracture following anterior approach or dislocation after posterior approach: which one is the lesser evil?

INTRODUCTION: The most common approaches in total hip arthroplasty (THA) have different complication profiles; anterior-approach (AA-THA) has an increased risk of periprosthetic fractures (PPF); posterior-approach (PA-THA) is associated with higher dislocation risk. However, the relative severity of one versus the other is unknown. This study aims to compare outcome of patients who suffered PPF after AA-THA with those that sustained dislocation after PA-THA. METHODS: This is a retrospective, single-center, multi-surgeon, consecutive case-series of primary THA patients. In a cohort of 9867 patients who underwent THA, 79 fulfilled the approach-specific, post-operative complication criteria, of which 44 were PPF after AA-THA and 35 with dislocation after PA-THA (age 67.9 years (range: 38.0-88.1), 58.2% women). Outcome included complication- and revision- rates, and patient-reported outcomes including Oxford Hip Score (OHS). RESULTS: At 5.8 years follow-up (range: 2.0-18.5), reoperation was more common in the dislocation after PA-THA group (23/35 vs. 20/44; p = 0.072). Change of surgical approach occurred in 15/20 of patients with PPF after AA-THA, but none in those with dislocation after PA-THA. Following re-operation, complication rate was greater in the PPF group (9/20 vs. 4/23; p = 0.049). At latest follow-up, OHS were superior in the PPF after AA-THA group [42.6 (range: 25.0-48.0) vs. 36.6 (range: 21.0-47.0); p = 0.006]. CONCLUSION: Dislocation following PA-THA is more likely to require revision. However, PPF following AA-THA requires more often a different surgical approach and is at higher risk of complications. Despite the increased surgical burden post-operative PROMs are better in the peri-prosthetic fracture group, especially in cases not requiring reoperation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, case-control study.

Prevalence of anemia and association with outcome in joint arthroplasty - is there a difference between primary and revision cases?

PURPOSE: Anemia has been shown to be a modifiable pre-operative, patient factor associated with outcome following arthroplasty. The aims of this retrospective study were to (1) ascertain the prevalence of preoperative anemia in patients undergoing primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty at a tertiary referral center and (2) to test the association with outcome and whether it differs between primary and revision cases. METHODS: All hip and knee primary and revision arthroplasties performed at a Canadian academic, tertiary-care, arthroplasty center between 2012 and 2017 were included in this study. The study group consisted of 5944 patients, of which 5251 were primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties or Hip Resurfacings and 693 were revision arthroplasties (65% hip revisions/35% knee revisions). Anemia was classified as per WHO definition (hemoglobin < 130 g/L for men and < 120 g/L for women). All anemic patients were grouped into mild, moderate or severe anemia. Length-of-stay, perioperative transfusion-rate, 90-day readmission, overall complication rate and reoperation rates were recorded. The effect of preoperative anemia and the effect of severity of the anemia was evaluated through multivariable regression analysis controlling for relevant covariates. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 15% (786/5251) of the primary patients and 47% (322/693) of the revision arthroplasty patients were anemic preoperatively. Anemic revision patients were 3.1 times more likely (95% CI: 1.47-6.33) to obtain blood transfusions during the hospital stay, compared to a 4.9 times higher risk in primary patients. The odds ratio to sustain any postoperative complication if anemic was 1.5 times higher (95% CI: 0.73-3.16) in revision patients and 1.7 in primary cases. In addition, the 90-day readmission rate among both groups was 1.6 times higher in anemic patients. Furthermore, anemic revision patients had a 5.3 days longer length of stay (95% CI: 2.63-7.91), compared to only 1 additional day in anemic primary patients (95% CI: 0.69-1.34). CONCLUSION: In this study cohort, the prevalence of anemia in patients awaiting revision arthroplasty was 3 times higher (46.6%) than in primary arthroplasty patients (18.7%). Preoperative anemia was associated with similarly, inferior outcomes in both groups. To reduce postoperative complications and the "burden" associated with anemia, these findings strongly recommend optimizing the preoperative hemoglobin in all arthroplasty patients. However, revision patients are affected more frequently, and particular attention must therefore be taken to this growing group in the future. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Revision TKA with a distal femoral replacement is at high risk of reinfection after two-stage exchange for periprosthetic knee joint infection.

PURPOSE: Megaprosthetic distal femoral reconstruction (DFR) is a limb-salvage procedure to address bone loss following two-stage revision for periprosthetic knee joint infection (PJI). The purpose of this study was to analyze the survival of DFR compared to hinged total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was hypothesized that DFR was associated with a poorer survival. METHODS: In this retrospective single-center study, 97 subjects who underwent two-stage revision of chronic knee PJI were included. Among these, 41 were DFR. The diagnosis of PJI was established using the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria. Implant survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test as well as multivariate Cox regression at a minimum follow-up period of 24 months. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 59 (interquartile range (IQR) 45-78) months. Overall, 24% (23/97) of patients required revision surgery for infection. The infection-free survival of rotating hinge revision TKA was 93% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 86-100%) at five years compared to 50% (95% CI 34-66%) for DFR. In multivariate analysis, the risk factors for reinfection were DFR reconstruction (HR 4.7 (95% CI 1-22), p = 0.048), length of megaprosthesis (HR 1.006 (95% CI 1.001-1.012), p = 0.032) and higher BMI (HR 1.066, 95% CI 1.018-1.116), p = 0.007). 10% (4/41) of patients undergoing DFR underwent amputation to treat recurrent infection. CONCLUSION: Megaprosthetic DFR as part of a two-stage exchange for PJI is a salvage treatment that has a high risk for reinfection compared to non-megaprosthetic TKA. Patients must therefore be counseled accordingly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective observational study, Level IV.

Does Surgical Approach Influence the Natural History of the Unstable Total Hip Arthroplasty?

BACKGROUND: Dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a significant complication that occurs in 0.3%-10% of cases with 13%-42% of patients requiring revision surgery. The literature has primarily focused on the dislocation risk associated with different surgical approaches. However, little is known about the natural history of the dislocated hip and whether surgical approach of the index THA is associated with further instability and revision surgery. METHODS: This is a retrospective, single-center, multi-surgeon consecutive case series of all patients who experienced THA dislocation from 2002 to 2020. Patients were excluded if the initial dislocation was secondary to infection or fracture. The natural history of the cohort as per approach was determined. Outcome measurements of interest were the number of dislocations; the treatment surrounding each dislocation; the necessity and type of revision; and the complications encountered. RESULTS: Of the 75 patients, 58 (77%) dislocated within 6 months following primary THA. The anterior group had greater odds of dislocation within 2 weeks post-THA compared to the lateral and posterior groups (P = .04). The mean number of dislocations per patient was significantly lower in the anterior (1.5 ± 0.7) compared to the lateral (2.4 ± 1.2) and posterior (2.1 ± 1.0) groups (P = .02). Revision surgery was needed in 30% (6/20) of patients in the anterior, 69% (25/36) of the posterior, and 68% (13/19) of the lateral groups (P = .01). CONCLUSION: This study illustrates that while primary THA dislocations happen earlier with the anterior approach, they are typically less complicated and have a lower risk of recurrent instability and revision surgery.

Anterior hip replacement: lower dislocation rates despite less restrictions?

INTRODUCTION: Dislocation in Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common postoperative complication and reason for revision surgery. The direct anterior approach has become more popular over the last decade. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative dislocation rates of the direct anterior and the posterior approach at a one-year follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 797 consecutive hips operated through a posterior approach [698 patients (307 male, 391 female)] between 2009 and 2012, were compared to 690 selected THA [610 patients (423 female, 187 male)] operated since 2012. Anterior hip replacement surgery was primarily indicated for patients demanding increased flexibility after surgery (Yoga) or were considered a higher risk for dislocation. RESULTS: During a one-year follow-up there were eight dislocations out of 797 THA (1%) in the posterior group and none in the 690 THA (0%) in the anterior group (p-value of 0.008). Average time to dislocation was 7.5 weeks in the posterior group. Five of eight patients with dislocations needed revision surgery due to persistent instability. CONCLUSION: Even in a higher-risk patient population, the direct anterior approach showed a lower dislocation rate compared to the posterior approach in the first year after surgery.

Spinal pathology and outcome post-THA: does segment of arthrodesis matter?

INTRODUCTION: The presence of lumbar spine arthrodesis (SA) is associated with abnormal spinopelvic characteristics and inferior outcome post total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, whether patients with upper segment SA are also at increased risk of complications is unknown. This study aims to (1) determine if upper segment SA is associated with inferior THA outcomes; (2) assess spino-pelvic characteristics; and (3) test whether static or dynamic spinopelvic characteristics correlate with outcome post-THA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective, case-matched, cohort study from a tertiary referral centre, 40 patients (59 hips) that had undergone both THA and any level of spinal arthrodesis (49 THA-Lumb and 10 THA-Cerv) were compared with 41 patients (59 hips) who had THA-only without known spinal pathology. Spino-pelvic characteristics [including severity of Degenerative-Disc-Disease (DDD); spinal balance and stiffness] and outcome, including patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), at minimum of 1-year post-THA were assessed. RESULTS: THA-Lumb and THA-Cerv groups had greater number of complications and inferior hip and spinal PROMs compared to THA-Only (p < 0.001). Similar spinopelvic characteristics were seen between the THA-Cerv and THA-Lumb, which were significantly different to the THA-only group. The presence of DDD and unbalanced or stiff spine was associated with increased dislocation and inferior PROMs in the whole cohort. CONCLUSIONS: THA in the presence of SA, regardless of level, is associated with inferior outcomes and an increased risk for dislocation. The presence of a SA is associated with increased risk of adverse spinopelvic characteristics. Such characteristics were strongly associated with increased dislocation-risk and inferior PROMs. It is likely that these adverse characteristics are the most important adverse predictor, rather than segment of SA per se.

Acute Renal Failure After the First Stage of a 2-Stage Exchange for Periprosthetic Joint Infection.

BACKGROUND: Two-stage exchange using antibiotic-loaded spacers is a common approach in treating periprosthetic joint infections. Acute kidney injury (AKIN) can be a systemic complication of this procedure. This study investigates the prevalence of AKIN and identifies potential risk factors. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective analysis of patients undergoing 2-stage exchange using a spacer in 285 patients treated between 2010 and 2017. Risk factors were evaluated using parametric and nonparametric analyses and a multivariate, binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of patients (95/285) developed an AKIN postoperatively. Twenty-four percent (23/95) of these patients had an acute on chronic kidney failure with a previously impaired renal function. In multivariate analysis, a higher age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.034; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1-1.068; P = .046) and a higher baseline creatinine level (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.237-3.052; P = .004) were risk factors for AKIN. Treatment with vancomycin in the spacer or systemically was not associated with AKIN while a high vancomycin blood level (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.913-3.992; P = .086) and fungal infections were (HR, 3.482; 95% CI, 0.968-12.521; P = .056). Furthermore, in univariate analysis, a higher median Charlson comorbidity index (4 vs 3, P = .007), a lower preoperative hemoglobin (10.9 vs 11.7 g/dL, P = .008), and a higher number of blood transfusions (1 vs 0, P = .004) were associated with AKIN. CONCLUSION: AKIN is common in patients undergoing 2-stage exchange. Associated patient factors, particularly in patients with chronic renal dysfunction, should be optimized. The general use of glycopeptide antibiotics was no risk factor for AKIN.

Gastrocnemius Muscle Flaps for Soft Tissue Coverage in Periprosthetic Knee Joint Infection.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue deficiency in total knee arthroplasty infection is a potentially devastating complication. Gastrocnemius muscle flaps can be used to address this problem. We aim at reporting survival rates of these reconstructions and identify risk factors for failure. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of all flaps performed at a single center between 2006 and 2019 was performed. Clinical and microbiological results were assessed in 43 cases after a median follow-up period of 53 months (25%-75% interquartile range 18-79). Function was assessed using the Oxford Knee Score. We analyzed the infection-free survival and identified risk factors using survival comparison and (non-)parametric testing. RESULTS: Infection-free survival was 71% at 2 years and 63% at 5 years. The rate of subsequent amputation was 16% with a mortality rate of 26% during follow-up. Four patients did not undergo reimplantation and 11 patients received an arthrodesis implant. There were no failures of the flap itself. The Charlson Comorbidity index was the only relevant risk factor for reinfection. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were most common organisms identified. Postoperative function was limited with a mean Oxford Knee Score of 20. CONCLUSION: Gastrocnemius flap coverage is a valid option for soft tissue reconstruction in periprosthetic infections to retain a functioning limb despite a high complication rate and the risk of subsequent amputation.

A single centre study of 41 cases on the use of porous tantalum metal implants in acetabular revision surgery.

BACKGROUND: This study aims at investigating cup survival of porous tantalum revision cups and identifies risk factors for failure. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 41 patients treated between 2010 and 2012. Main indications were aseptic loosening in 83% and two-stage exchange after periprosthetic joint infection in 17% of cases. Mean follow-up period was 72 months. Femoral megaprostheses were used in 13% of cases. Most defects were classified as Paprosky 3b (29%). Function was assessed using the Harris Hip score. RESULTS: Aseptic cup survivorship was 80% at 104 months (95% Confidence Interval 67.4-92.4). Overall implant survival was 73%. Major bone loss defects (Paprosky types 2c to 3b) were associated with a significantly higher rate of failure than minor defects (P = 0.002). There were eight cases of aseptic loosening (19.5%) and two of infection (4.9%). Previous surgeries, indication for acetabular revision, patient-related risk factors and use of megaprostheses did not significantly influence implant survival. The Harris Hip Score improved from a median of 40 (Interquartile range 31-45) to 82 (interquartile range 65-88) postoperative (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the use of porous tantalum metal implants in acetabular revision surgery achieves good to excellent short- term and mid-term functional results and an acceptable complication rate relative to the extent of defect and previous surgery. However, one should be aware of potential limitations of the implants in addressing large defects and discontinuity.

Two stage revision with a proximal femur replacement.

BACKGROUND: Despite very good prosthesis retention times, the growing numbers of primary implantations of hip endoprostheses are leading to increasing numbers of revision operations. Periprosthetic infection, particularly in revision implants, often leads to a massive loss of bone stock, so that in a two-stage exchange the only option left is implantation of a megaendoprosthesis. This retrospective study investigated the clinical and functional outcome for patients who received megaendoprostheses in the proximal femur in two-stage exchange procedures. METHODS: Forty-nine patients were treated between 1996 and 2014 (mean age 71 years, mean follow-up period 52 months). Microorganisms were isolated intraoperatively in 44 patients (89.9%). The reinfection rate was documented in patients who did not undergo any further revision surgery due to mechanical failure (primary) and in patients who had subsequent revisions after reimplantation and subsequent reinfection (secondary). RESULTS: The mean C-reactive protein level at the time of reimplantation was 1.25 mg/dL (range 0.5-3.4). The primary success rate with curative treatment for prosthetic joint infection was 92% (four of 49 patients). The secondary success rate with infection revision cases was 82% (three of 17 revision cases). The mean Harris hip score was 69 (range 36-94). The majority of patients needed different types of walking aid or even wheelchairs, and only 50% of the patients were able to walk outside. CONCLUSIONS: Reinfections occurred in only 8% of patients who underwent two-stage exchanges with a proximal femur replacement. When revision surgery for the proximal femur replacement was required for mechanical reasons, however, the associated reinfections increased the reinfection rate to 18%. Proximal femur replacement achieves a clear reduction in pain, maintenance of leg length, and restoration of limited mobility, and the procedure thus represents a clear alternative to the extensive Girdlestone procedure, which is even more immobilising, or mutilating amputation.

Do Changes in the Production Process Affect the Outcome of Ceramic Liners: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study.

BACKGROUND: In 2011, the current liner was withdrawn from the market because of the potential risk for liner fracture secondary to increased pressures used to assemble the metal locking ring. The present study provides a short-term follow-up of patients with this implant. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 63 consecutive hips in 53 patients operated by a single surgeon using a recalled ceramic-on-ceramic bearing. There were 30 women and 23 men with an average age of 50.6 years (range 20.3-63.5 years). The mean follow-up was 36.8 months. RESULTS: Six hips in 6 patients were revised (9.5%) because of a liner-fracture during the follow-up period. All liner fractures were identified on computer tomography imaging. Nine patients had self-reported episodes of squeaking (14.3%). All 6 patients that underwent revision surgery for liner fracture described squeaking before revision. There were no revisions for other causes. Two of the revised patients had a subsequent dislocation (33%). CONCLUSION: The recalled ceramic liner lots have an increased liner fracture rate. Patients with mechanical symptoms or squeaking should undergo computer tomography to rule out liner facture.

Valgus Stress Radiographs Predict Lateral-Compartment Cartilage Thickness but Not Cartilage Degeneration in Varus Osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Intact cartilage in the lateral compartment is an important requirement for medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. This study sought to determine how measurements of joint space width in the lateral compartment on valgus stress radiographs compare to cartilage thickness as measured with a precise needle test, and whether cartilage thickness is a predictor of cartilage degeneration. METHODS: A consecutive series of 100 knees undergoing total knee arthroplasty for end-stage varus osteoarthritis was studied. Twenty-eight knees were retrospectively excluded because not all data were available, leaving 72 knees (61 patients; mean age, 67 years [49-87]). On calibrated valgus stress radiographs, lateral-compartment joint space width was measured. During surgery, osteochondral samples of the distal lateral femur and the lateral tibia plateau were harvested. Cartilage thickness and histology were assessed. Cartilage thickness of tibia and femur was defined as lateral-compartment cartilage thickness. RESULTS: Lateral-compartment joint space width on valgus stress radiographs and lateral-compartment cartilage thickness correlated well (rs = 0.671, P < .001). However, no correlation of cartilage histology according to the osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology assessment system, and cartilage thickness on the lateral tibia plateau (rs = -0.060, P = .614) and cartilage thickness on the distal lateral femur (rs = -0.128, P = .282) was observed. CONCLUSION: Valgus stress radiographs can assess combined cartilage thickness in the lateral compartment of the knee. Cartilage thickness, however, is a poor predictor of cartilage degeneration.

Deep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis After Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Study on the Safety of Aspirin.

BACKGROUND: Although venous thromboembolism is one of the leading causes of morbidity after knee arthroplasty, little data exist on the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 112 patients undergoing UKA to determine the incidence of DVT utilizing aspirin 325 mg twice a day (BID) for 4 weeks postoperatively as DVT prophylaxis. The data were compared with a recent randomized controlled trial of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty utilizing aspirin and Lovenox in conjunction with pneumatic compression devices. RESULTS: One patient (0.9%) had an asymptomatic DVT, and none developed clinical symptoms of either DVT or pulmonary embolus. The incidence of asymptomatic and symptomatic DVT was 0.9% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that 325 mg of aspirin BID for 4 weeks results in a very low risk of DVT for patients undergoing UKA.

Silver-coated megaprostheses: review of the literature.

Periprosthetic infection remains one of the most serious complications following megaendoprostheses. Despite a large number of preventive measures that have been introduced in recent years, it has not been possible to further reduce the rate of periprosthetic infection. With regard to metallic modification of implants, silver in particular has been regarded as highly promising, since silver particles combine a high degree of antimicrobial activity with a low level of human toxicity. This review provides an overview of the history of the use of silver as an antimicrobial agent, its mechanism of action, and its clinical application in the field of megaendoprosthetics. The benefits of silver-coated prostheses could not be confirmed until now. However, a large number of retrospective studies suggest that the rate of periprosthetic infections could be reduced by using silver-coated megaprostheses.

Cobalt serum levels differ in well functioning Birmingham resurfacing and Birmingham modular THA.

INTRODUCTION: Metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings are known to release metal ions secondary to wear and corrosion. This may cause local reactions (adverse soft tissue reactions and osteolysis) and systemic effects. Little is known about the exact pattern and the differences between large head MoM total hip replacements (THA) and resurfacings (HR). QUESTIONS: (1) Is there a difference in metal ion concentrations between HR and MoM-THR using the same bearing design (Birmingham Hip Resurfacing System, Smith & Nephew, Inc. Memphis, TN, USA)? (2) Are metal ion levels changing over time in MoM-THA or HR? (3) Do acetabular inclination angle and femoral component size influence cobalt and chromium levels? Is there a correlation between clinical outcome and metal ion levels? MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in 77 well functioning unilateral Birmingham HR and 42 well functioning unilateral modular Birmingham MoM-THA (Smith & Nephew, Inc. Memphis, TN, USA) operated on between 2007 and 2012. Blood samples were taken at a minimum of 13 months and subsequent during annual follow-ups. RESULTS: (1) Cobalt levels were significantly higher in MoM-THA compared to HR (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in chromium levels (p = 0.313). (2) Cobalt is increasing over time in MoM-THA (p = 0.030) whereas metal ions remain stable in HR. (3) Metal ion levels were not affected by acetabular inclination angle and femoral component size in MoM-THA. Chromium levels correlate with the femoral component size (r = -0.240; p = 0.037), the UCLA activity score (r = -0.344; p = 0.003) and the VAS (r = 0.263; p = 0.38) in HR. CONCLUSION: Considering that HR and MoM-THA used the same MoM bearing design, increased cobalt levels may be related to trunnion wear or corrosion. Elevated cobalt levels should raise concern for corrosion related failure in MoM-THA.

Do cobalt and chromium levels predict osteolysis in metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty?

INTRODUCTION: Serum metal ions are part of the regular follow-up routine of patients with metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties (MoM-THA). Increased cobalt levels have been suggested to indicate implant failure and corrosion. QUESTIONS: (1) Is there a correlation between the size of the osteolysis measured on a CT scan and metal ion levels? (2) Can metal ion levels predict the presence of osteolysis in MoM-THA? (3) Are cobalt and chromium serum levels or the cobalt-chromium-ratio diagnostic for osteolysis? MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans of patients (n = 75) with a unilateral MoM-THA (Birmingham Hip System, Smith & Nephew, TN, USA) implanted by a single surgeon were reviewed to determine the presence of osteolysis. Statistical analysis was performed to detect its association with metal ion levels at the time of the imaging exam. RESULTS: The incidence of osteolysis was the same in men and women (35.6 vs 35.7 %). The cobalt-chromium-ratio correlates with the size of the osteolysis on the CT scan and the femoral component size in the overall study population (p = 0.050, p = 0.001) and in men (p = 0.002, p = 0.001) but not in women (p = 0.312, p = 0.344). The AUC for the cobalt-chromium-ratio to detect osteolysis was 0.613 (p = 0.112) for the overall population, 0.710 for men (p = 0.021) and 0.453 (p = 0.684) for women. The data suggest that a cut off level of 1.71 for the cobalt-chromium-ratio has a sensitivity of 62.5 % and specificity of 72.4 % to identify male patients with osteolysis. CONCLUSIONS: The disproportional increase of cobalt over chromium, especially in male patients with large component sizes can not be explained by wear alone and suggests that other processes (corrosion) might contribute to metal ion levels and might be more pronounced in patients with larger component sizes.

Imaging of ceramic liner fractures in total hip arthroplasty: the value of CT.

Fracture of a ceramic liner of a total hip arthroplasty is rare and is radiographically occult if not displaced. We report on two patients in whom ceramic liner fracture was radiographically occult but was diagnosed on subsequent CT scan through appropriate windowing.

Ultrasound and fluoroscopy are unnecessary for injections into the arthritic hip.

PURPOSE: We investigated the effectiveness of non-image-guided hip injections. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 369 intra-articular hip injections in 331 patients using anatomical landmarks. The percentage and duration of pain relief was documented. Hip injections were grouped in responders and nonresponders (50 % maximum pain relief as a cut off). RESULTS: In 82% (n = 304) of hip injections, patients responded positively and experienced >50 % pain relief. Nonresponders had a significantly higher body mass index (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Hip injections using anatomical landmarks are an effective treatment option for patients with osteoarthritis of the hip.

Minimal invasive posterior total hip arthroplasty: are 6 weeks of hip precautions really necessary?

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative hip dislocations have been reported in 0.5 to 10.6 % of patients after primary posterolateral total hip arthroplasty (THA). Hip precautions are currently recommended for 6 weeks postoperatively to reduce early dislocation and facilitate healing of the posterior soft tissue repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the impact of a modified 4-week precaution protocol on the dislocation rate, 698 consecutive patients (797 hips) operated by a single surgeon between September 2008 and December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. All patients had a standard THA using a minimal invasive posterior approach with posterior soft tissue repair and 28-36-mm head size. 98.7 % of the patients were available for follow-up. RESULTS: There were eight (1 %) dislocations in 797 hips in the first 12 months after surgery with 4 weeks of hip precautions. The average time to dislocation was 7.5 weeks after surgery (range 1.0-16.9 weeks); two dislocations (25 %) took place in the first 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Shortening the time of posterolateral hip precautions from 6 to 4 weeks after surgery does not increase the risk of postoperative dislocation.

Does stem design influence component positioning in total hip arthroplasty using a minimal invasive posterolateral approach?

PURPOSE: Limited data exist for the reconstructive potential of short bone-preserving stems in THA using a minimal invasive posterolateral approach. Our study aim was to assess the effect of stem design on the reconstruction of hip offset and leg length in MIS posterolateral THA. METHODS: This retrospective consecutive single-surgeon study compares hip offset and leg length, as well as acetabular component positioning (cup anteversion; inclination) of 129 THAs with a cementless standard-length stem (Synergy®) and 143 THAs with a cementless short bone-preserving stem (Trilock®). RESULTS: In reference to the contralateral side, the mean difference in hip offset was 0.9 mm (p = 0.067) for the standard stem and 0.1 mm (p = 0.793) for the short stem, respectively. Leg-length discrepancy was 0.7 mm (Synergy®) and 0.9 mm (Trilock®), respectively. A total of 233 (86 %) acetabular components fell within the target zone for anteversion and inclination. CONCLUSION: Accurate component positioning in MIS posterolateral approach THA is possible and is not influenced by the type of stem.